Greater Damage Research Articles

Tax Avoidance and Regulation of Transfer Pricing: From the Perspective of International Law

With the social economy developing continuously and the deepening of economic globalization, the scale of multinational corporations is expanding increasingly. However, due to the gap in tax rates between different countries, multinational corporations have room for tax planning. As a common means of tax avoidance in multinational enterprises, transfer pricing is officially realized by relying on the difference of tax rates in different countries. But transfer pricing in bring huge profits to multinational companies at the same time, the multinational home and host country revenue caused great damage, so the transfer pricing has become the focus of the tax authority regulation, this paper mainly through the case analysis of Coca-Cola company, this paper expounds the multinational companies through the transfer pricing tax avoidance and transfer pricing multidimensional adjustment of thinking. Therefore, for multinational corporations, under the constraints of relevant laws and norms, reasonable planning and control of the risk of transfer pricing is the key to enterprise tax avoidance compliance.

A Study on the Importance of Physical Education in the Modern ERA

Physical training is important in today's society. Only physical activity can help people live healthier and better lives. Today there are fresh and new illnesses that have caused great damage to the human body. The life of man has become medically reliant. E.g. digest medication, excretion medicine, sleep medicine, etc. As a result, man is now like a walking robot because of these medications. Is it acceptable to squander this kind of physique in such a condition? How terrible it is that people have a while to repair technology like as cars, freezes, TV, but they have no time to care for their precious bodies. Physical training allows people to properly live their daily lives. Physical education plays a major part in the development of the human being and helps to improve physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual life. Here the author wishes to convey to our contemporary lives the significance of physical education.

Bioactivity of andiroba oil on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a phytophagous insect that is difficult to control and can cause great damage to several crops of economic importance, as it can use more than 600 botanical species as hosts. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal and deterrent effect of andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl., Meliaceae) fixed oil on B. tabaci biotype B in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). The andiroba oil samples, Manaus and Silves were diluted in acetone P.A. at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, and compared with the commercial insecticide Evidence® 700WG (imidacloprid). For the deterrence test, the concentrations were applied on healthy seedlings and placed in a cage with adult insects. Then the oviposition of whiteflies on the leaves was counted. For the mortality test, applications were performed on seedlings with leaves infested with B. tabaci nymphs to evaluate the nymphicidal effect. Analysis of variance was performed using the F test, and comparison of means using the Tukey test (p<0.05), using the statistical program R®. Concentrations of 1% and 1.5% reached a deterrent effect of 82.13% and 88.55%, respectively. All concentrations caused mortality greater than 60%. These results attest to the potential of andiroba oil as an alternative control for the whitefly.

РОДОВОЙ СОСТАВ И АГРЕССИВНОСТЬ ГРИБНЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ У ОДНОЛЕТНИХ ЦВЕТОЧНЫХ КУЛЬТУР

In the context of the development of the agro-industrial complex and the replacement of imported plant material in the Russian Federation, the development of methods and technologies for the prevention and control of diseases and pests is a priority area of agrarian science. Fungal diseases cause great damage to both vegetable and ornamental crops. Some of the most harmful phytopathogens are fungi of the genus Fusarium (Fusarium Link). The objective of the study is to identify and determine the aggressiveness of the pathogenic mycobiota complex present on annual flowering plants of the Lamiaceae Bromhead family. During immunological studies on plants, fungal pathogens from the genera Alternaria Nees, Fusarium Link, some species of Pythium spp. and representatives of lower mold fungi Penicillium Link, Mucor Fresen were identified. Based on this, a collection of the most common pathogens from the genera Alternaria (5 samples) and Fusarium (10 samples) was created. When testing the selected samples using the method of L.M. Sokolova, the strains of alternariosis did not show high pathogenicity, the damage score of the tested material was from 0.5 to 1.0. When testing the strains of fusarium, the damage score varied from 1.0 to 4.0. Based on this, only one aggressive strain FAK-7 was selected, which had a damage score of 4.0 for the tested material. This pathogenic strain was isolated from the root system of the snapdragon selection line A-5-1. This strain will be involved in the selection process to work on the resistance of snapdragon lines and varieties to root rot.

Investigation of ground subsidence response to an unconventional longwall panel layout

Ground subsidence caused by extraction of longwall panels has always been a great concern all over the world. Conventional longwall mining system (CLMS) gives rise to wavy subsidence causing great damage to surface structures. A coal mine in Shanxi, China, utilizes a split-level longwall layout (SLL) for a sub-horizontal No. 8 coal seam to improve the cavability of mudstone interlayer and top coal. This layout, however, also produced unexpectedly favorable surface subsidence. Subsidence of No. 6 and No. 8 longwall panels was monitored while mining was conducted. Field instrumentation and numerical simulation were carried out. It is demonstrated that an asymmetric subsidence profile with stepped subsidence and cracks occurred on the tailgate side but relatively mild and smooth deformation on the other. Due to elimination of conventional parallelepiped gate pillar, No. 6 and No. 8 gobs were connected. Extraction of two SLL panels acted as one supercritical panel. The maximum possible subsidence was reached which lowers the likelihood of potential future secondary subsidence as underground gob fractures and voids have closed. Therefore, SLL is more favorable for post-mining land reuse as gobs are more consolidated underground.

Synthesis and characterization of additively manufactured microcapsule‐reinforced polylactic acid composites for autonomous self‐healing

AbstractMaterial extrusion‐based additive manufacturing (AM) process builds the objects/structures through a precise feedstock deposition in a layer‐by‐layer manner. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a popular biodegradable feedstock in AM, while octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) is known for its eco‐friendliness and ultraviolet (UV) protection properties. The present study focuses on the novel infusion methodology of OMC‐based microcapsules into PLA to develop self‐healing composite filaments. Post‐composition iterations, the optimum compositions for the filler and plasticizer were determined, and the filaments were extruded. Microcapsule‐infused PLA and the neat PLA samples were printed as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The uniaxial tensile test results showed that the failure strain endured by the microcapsule‐infused samples was about 10 times more than the neat PLA counterparts. It is attributed to the effective load distribution and the complex polymerization reaction (due to the interaction of OMC with the matrix). Fracture surface morphology of the samples via optical microscopy (OM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) affirmed the strong PLA‐OMC interface. A depreciation in the Brinell Hardness for the microcapsule‐based samples was due to the localized indenter force, causing greater damage in a narrow area than microcapsule ruptures' healing ability.Highlights The optimized composition of PLA: plasticizer:microcapsule is 1:0.04:0.05. Microcapsule‐infused PLA has improved Young's modulus and failure strain. Interaction with microcapsules improves elastic behavior and self‐healing. FESEM reveals close bonding of microcapsule with the PLA matrix.

The Use of Some Herbal Essential Oils Against Galleria mellonella Larvae and Testing of Bacillus thuringiensis Bacterium Isolated from Galleria mellonella Under Laboratory Conditions

Larvae of wax moths cause great damage in honey bee hives and especially in stored honeycombs. Biological control methods are especially important in the control of wax moth in warehouses, as they do not harm the bee, the product and the environment. This study was carried out to determine the effect of 5%, 10%, 25%, 45% and 55% of peppermint, thyme, nettle seed, and walnut herbal oils and GB1 Bacillus sp. (OR227363) against wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella) (L1-L3) under laboratory conditions. For each group of fifteen larvae, four herbal oil and one bacterial trials were conducted and two control groups were formed. The trials were conducted in glass jars and the larvae were kept in an oven at 25°C temperature/75% relative humidity. Each jar was checked every day for two weeks and dead/viable larvae were recorded and the dead ones were removed from the jar. As a result of the dose trials, it was determined that the best dose was 2.835x109 cfu/mL for bacteria and 5% concentration of thyme and walnut oil for herbal oil. According to the data obtained, it is thought that GB1 Bacillus sp. isolate can be used as an alternative control method against wax moth larvae.

Economic burden of pulmonary hypertension. Systematic review

Aim. A systematic review of studies on pulmonary hypertension (PH) cost estimates.Material and methods. A systematic literature search was performed for studies assessing the cost of PH published up to November 30, 2023. The search was carried out in the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBACE databases for publications in English and in the RSCI database for articles in Russian according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results. The systematic review included 13 studies. The mean direct costs per patient with PH after verification of the diagnosis per month ranged from 2023 to 9915 USD, while the median from 1141,5 to 8144 USD. Indirect costs were assessed in only 3 following studies: in Spain and USA, the mean indirect costs were 214 and 1226 USD per patient per month, respectively, while in Russia the median was 65 USD. The mean direct costs per patient with PH per month before diagnosis verification ranged from 1017 to 9723 USD. Indirect costs before diagnosis verification were assessed in only 1 study (median $102 per patient per month). After PH verification, in general, there was an increase in treatment costs with a decrease in other direct costs.Conclusion. PH causes great socio-economic damage to society and healthcare system. A decrease in non-drug therapy costs after PH verification may indicate not only the clinical effectiveness of PH-specific therapy, but also its potential costeffectiveness with reduced costs.

Improving flood susceptibility forecasting with an innovative deep learning approach

Floods are often regarded as one of the natural disasters that cause the greatest damage, properly it is notoriously challenging to effectively estimate and forecast flooding. Loss of lives and properties are damaged due to flood disaster and that also affects the basic needs of people to live, property damage, agricultural and animal loss, failure of infrastructure facilities, and deterioration of health due to waterborne infections. To overcome this problem, we proposed an advanced water wave optimized adaptive generative adversarial network (AWWO-AGAN) method. The purpose of our proposed AWWO-AGAN method is to predict the flood susceptibility in order to rescue people from flood disaster. The research collected rainfall regions dataset in India for flood susceptibility and the collected data is preprocessed using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to clean the unnecessary data. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method is employed to extract the data features. The simulation findings of the result use a Python tool. The findings demonstrated that the suggested framework performed better than other traditional methods. The metrics used to assess the performance of proposed method in terms of accuracy (96%), Precision (93.25%), sensitivity (94%) and specificity (97%).The parameter of specificity provides a high prediction level of flood susceptibility in suspected areas and the results would be beneficial for real-time flood predictions.

Physicochemical properties and immune enhancement activity of oligosaccharide fraction purified from biomass of green macro-algal Ulva prolifera

Ulva prolifera (U. prolifera), as the dominant species of green macro-algal bloom, caused great damage to marine aquaculture and economy. This study was carried out to find its industrial utilization ways by determination the structure characteristics and the immune enhancement effect of oligosaccharide fractions produced from this alga. The result indicated that oligosaccharide fraction of F3 showed the best immune enhancement activity via RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish assays. Chemical and structural analysis indicated that F3 with 11.14%sulfate content was composed of rhamnose, xylose, and glucose in ratio of 77.11:16.33:6.56. NMR spectroscopy showed that F3 contained (1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranose-3-SO3 and α-l-rhamnopyranose-3-SO3-(1 → 4)-β-D-xylopyranose, with sulfate groups located at C-3 of rhamnopyranose. The results of immune effect in vitro demonstrated that F3 increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. F3 also promoted the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and activated the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways. In vivo assay, F3 boosted the embryo survival rate and heart rate, as well as promoted the generation of NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner. The novel structure and excellent activity in this study suggested that F3 could be the potential material for use as a natural immuno-enhancing agent in the biomedical and functional food industries.

Basal levels of biochemical biomarkers in the freshwater prawn Palaemon argentinus and their alterations due to the exposure of both insecticides cypermethrin and spirotetramat

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the prawn Palaemon argentinus to the pyrethroid cypermethrin (CYP) and the tetramic acid spirotetramat (STM). These treatments were compared with prawns collected at a reference site to define their basal physiological state. Initially, physicochemical parameters and several pollutants at the selected site were analyzed. The LC50-96 h was determined in adult prawns. Then, prawns were exposed for 96 h to sublethal concentrations of CYP (0.0005 μg/l) and STM (0.44 mg/l) to evaluate the effects on some biochemical endpoints. A treatment combining both pesticides was also added at 5 % of these values. Controls with and without solvent (acetone) were included. The LC50-96 h values were 0.005 μg/l and 4.43 mg/l for CYP and STM, respectively. Moreover, some biomarkers linked to oxidative and energy metabolism were analyzed in the hepatopancreas and muscle of both essayed prawns and those at the basal state. The STM caused a significant decrease in total protein content (32 %) in contrast to the increase of protein carbonyl content (71 %) (p < 0.05). Also, glutathione S-transferase (52 %) and catalase (61 %) activities in the hepatopancreas of exposed prawns were higher compared to both the control and state basal groups (p < 0.05). In muscle, only a significant decrease in the lactate content (69 %) was caused by STM (p < 0.05). In addition, CYP caused a significant increase in the lactate dehydrogenase activity (110 %) in muscle and triacylglycerol content (73 %) in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). The integrated biomarker index (IBRv2) analysis showed that STM caused greater damage than CYP. Besides, the combined treatment showed an antagonistic interaction between both insecticides. The differential response of biomarkers to both CYP and STM exposure with respect to their basal levels shows a high sensitivity of P. argentinus demonstrating its potential role as a bioindicator organism.

Microinvasive intrascleral double continuous suture repair surgery for cyclodialysis clefts.

The traditional suturing method for cyclodialysis cleft usually requires an incision in the sclera for direct suturing, resulting in greater damage and a high risk of postoperative complications. The purpose of this work is to propose a newly intrascleral double continuous suture repair technique for the treatment of cyclodialysis clefts. Seven patients with cyclodialysis cleft underwent microinvasive intrascleral double continuous suture repair surgery to restore the attachment of the detached ciliary body to the sclera without scleral incision. All operations were performed by the same surgeon. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit lamp and corneal examination results, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results were recorded. Closure of the cyclodialysis cleft was achieved in 7 eyes and no obvious complications occurred after the operation. Intraocular pressure increased from preoperatively 6.8 ± 1.35 mmHg (range: 4.8-8.0 mmHg) to postoperatively 12.5 ± 4.0 mmHg (range: 8.0-20.0 mmHg) (paired sample T test, P < 0.01). Best-corrected Snellen visual acuity improved from preoperatively range 20/2000-20/63 to range 20/200-20/25 at final follow-up. In short, intrascleral double continuous suture repair surgical is safe and effective in treating cyclodialysis cleft, with minimal surgical trauma.

Research on the Influencing Factors of Pulsed Hydraulic Fracturing Effects in Hot Dry Rock Based on Numerical Simulation

Geothermal energy, representing one of the five principal non-carbon-based renewable resources, is crucial in the global energy transition and in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Hot Dry Rock (HDR) reservoirs, rich in geothermal resources, predominantly utilize hydraulic fracturing, the most extensively researched and applied technology. However, fracturing these robust HDR formations poses significant challenges compared to traditional hydraulic fracturing in sedimentary rocks in the oil and gas industry. Cyclic pulse fracturing, an innovative mode of fracturing, has received limited academic attention, particularly regarding its permeability enhancement mechanism under varying thermal and pressure conditions, which remains largely unexplored. Building on prior laboratory experiments, this study employs the pore pressure cohesive zone model within ABAQUS software to elucidate the initiation and expansion of hydraulic fractures. Numerical simulations investigated the influence of critical parameters such as pulse pattern, temperature, geostress differential, and confining pressure on fracture propagation. The findings indicate that cyclic pulse hydraulic fracturing can significantly reduce the breakdown pressure in HDR, with reductions up to 37.68% under certain conditions. Notably, at constant amplitude, increased frequency exacerbates damage to hot dry rocks; conversely, at constant frequency, higher amplitudes result in greater damage. Additionally, pulse hydraulic fracturing improves the fracturing process, yielding a more intricate fracture network. In HDR pulse hydraulic fracturing, the temperature disparity between the fracturing fluid and the rock markedly impacts the breakdown pressure. Cold water interacting with a high-temperature geo-thermal reservoir triggers a thermal shock effect, diminishing initiation pressure and expediting fracture development and expansion. The impact of geostress differential and confining pressure on pulse hydraulic fracturing is complex, influencing not only the breakdown pressure but also the direction and extent of fracture expansion.

One-Pot Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxide-Engineered Boric Acid Root and Application in Wastewater.

Heavy metals and organic pollutants are prevalent in water bodies, causing great damage to the environment and human beings. Hence, it is urgent to develop a kind of adsorbent with good performance. Anion interlacing layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a promising adsorbent for the sustainable removal of heavy metal ions and dyes from wastewater. Using aluminum chloride, zinc chloride and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate (NH4B5O8 · 4H2O, BA) as raw materials, the LDHs complex (BA-LDHs) of B5O8- intercalation was prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. The BA-LDHs samples were characterized by a X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The results showed that B5O8- was successfully intercalated. Adsorption experimental results suggested that BA-LDHs possess a maximum adsorption capacity of 18.7, 57.5, 70.2, and 3.12 mg·g-1 for Cd(II), Cu(II), Cr(VI) and Methylene blue (MB) at Cs = 2 g·L-1, respectively. The adsorption experiment conforms to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, and the kinetic adsorption data are well fitted by the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic equation. The as-prepared BA-LDHs have potential application prospects in the removal of heavy metals and dyes in wastewater. More importantly, they also provide a strategy for preparing selective adsorbents.

Lining Structure of Water Conveyance Tunnel under Earthquake Action Research on Damage Law

Based on the concrete damage plasticity constitutive model (CDP model) of ABAQUS software, the dynamic response of high pressure internal water conveyance tunnel during earthquake is simulated, and the dynamic response and dynamic damage law of high internal water pressure water conveyance tunnel structure under surrounding rock grade, buried depth and seismic wave intensity are analyzed. The research shows that the surrounding rock grade is closely related to the dynamic response and damage characteristics of the lining structure of the water conveyance tunnel. The dynamic damage of the tunnel under grade Ⅲ surrounding rock is only 0.08, which is far less than 0.83 under grade Ⅳ surrounding rock. It can be considered that it will not cause great damage to grade Ⅲ surrounding rock under earthquake. The surrounding rock grade is better, which can provide more stable support and reduce the stress and vibration of the structure. If the tunnel is in the seismic zone, the buried depth can be used as one of the design control indexes in the tunnel design. The lining damage is mainly distributed at the top and upper arch waist of the tunnel. With the increase of the buried depth of the tunnel, the dynamic damage amount increases from 0.021 to 0.081, then to 0.085. the damage of the lining structure also increases. This may be because the deep buried tunnel is more constrained by the underground rock and soil layer, thereby reducing the transmission of seismic load. The change of seismic wave intensity can directly affect the damage characteristics of tunnel lining structure. The dynamic damage mainly occurs at the vault and arch waist, and the damage area expands from the vault and arch waist to the side wall and corner. The increase of seismic wave intensity will lead to dramatic changes in the stress of the structure, which will lead to more complex and serious damage.

Novel Copper Alginate Microspheres as Ecological Fungicides

Phytopathogenic fungi are living organisms that cause plant diseases and great damage to agricultural products. Despite the wide range of commercial fungicide products in use, there is a clear need for new and environmentally friendly fungicides. Here we propose a new ecological fungicide, copper alginate microspheres prepared by ionic gelation. The microspheres were characterized (morphology and topography, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, swelling behavior, rheology, kinetics and mechanism of copper ions release) and their in vitro antifungal potential against selected genera of phytopathogenic fungi was evaluated. Copper alginate microspheres inhibited spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Compared to the control, the inhibition of B. cinerea spore germination (48%) was greater than that of the commercial fungicide Neoram® (22%). The mycelial growth of Cercospora beticola and Phytophthora ramorum was also significantly inhibited by the addition of copper alginate microspheres. Novel fungicide offer effective disease control while minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.

Liquefaction Potential Analysis of Irrigation Canals at Sidera Area-Sigi Regency

Abstract An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale that occurred in Palu on 28 September 2018 resulted in liquefaction where the soil lost its bearing capacity due to increased pore water pressure. The liquefaction disaster caused great damage to the Gumbasa Irrigation channel, a large part of which is in the alluvial fan area. This study aims to analyze the potential of liquefaction in irrigation canals in the Sidera village area, Sigi Regency. Using SPT (Standard Penetration Test) data from 2 boreholes with a depth of ± 20 m, MASW data, and Earthquake Risk Map. Researchers analyzed with the Seed Simplified Procedure approach, The researchers analyzed the Simplified Procedure method proposed by Seed, which uses a stress-based approach that uses the ratio of soil shear strength (CRR) and earthquake-induced soil shear stress (CSR). The results of the analysis using Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.43 and groundwater level variations of -2.85 m (borehole BM 53) and -12.5m (Borehole BM 49) show that liquefaction occurs at depths of 4-8 m (BM 53) and 14-17 m (BM 49). The value of the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) increases and indicates a high liquefaction potential below the water table with the highest value of 17.88. The analysis shows that liquefaction is closely related to the shallow water table, soil type, and low N-SPT values. The high liquefaction potential requires prevention methods as a form of treatment.

SOME BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HYPODERMA LATREILLE, 1818 IN TAVUSH REGION OF ARMENIA

Background. Cattle hypodermosis is a chronic parasitic disease (entomosis) that occurs as a result of parasitizing the larvae of warble flies in the body of animals. Disease is common in more than 55 countries of the world, causing great economic damage. It is considered as a parasitic disease with a certain zoonotic potential. Purpose. To conduct research on biological and ecological features of the warble flies that determines certain epidemiological traits of the caused pathology in Tavush Region of Armenia. Materials and methods. The observations were carried out in Tavush Region, and the experiments were carried out at the Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise at the Armenian National Agrarian University. The warble flies marked with stain, were released at a distance of 0.5 to 1.5 km from livestock farms with subsequent search and trapping of insects, located on pastures and on the skin of animals. Generally, 275 warble flies were released. Warble fly activity was evaluated visually counting the comparative number of flying insects at the fixed point per minute at different times of the day, as well as animal anxiety state caused by warble flies was identified. Statistical processing of experimental data was performed by means of “Vassart.net” online calculator. Results. Female warble flies Hypoderma bovis flew up to 12.1 km, while female warble flies H. lineatum did it up to 8.6 km. Females of H. bovis and H. lineatum demonstrated various spatial and circadian flying activity that depends on season, and altitude above the sea level. Spring generation of warble flies is more resistant to low air temperatures compared to the summer generation. Mild and humid summers, as well as an increase in the number of animals, contribute to an increase in the population of warble flies, while high temperature and high soil moisture contribute to the mass death of warble fly pupae developing in the ground. Conclusion. The research data cited in the article, detect the presence of a wide range of biocenotic factors that determine the epidemiology of cattle hypodermosis in the Tavush region of the Republic of Armenia. Cattle hypodermosis control plan was designed based on the results of the research, as well as natural and climatic conditions of Tavush region. Pasture prevention activities and periodic treatment of the cattle with insecticides were emphasized.

FORCED DEPORTATION OF PEOPLES TO KAZAKHSTAN

The totalitarian system that dominated during the Soviet period forcibly displaced manynationalities and ethnic groups from their historical homeland, causing great damage to their unity andintegrity, cultural and social development, pursuing a policy of ideological arbitrariness (dictatorship).Soviet leaders forcibly deported to the territory of Central Asia, accusing the Crimean people of activecooperation with the German invaders in order to strengthen the central political power. The CrimeanPeninsula was the main tourist center of the USSR and one of the regions of high political importance.This scientific article, written on this basis, presents historical data on the state of the population onthe Crimean Peninsula before the deportation, on the change of names of cities in Crimea, on how theprocess of forced displacement was carried out, based on archival data. The detrimental consequencesof the forced displacement of peoples to the territory of Kazakhstan and the impact on the nationalcomposition of the Kazakh people are analyzed. In the second half of the 20th century, attempts bythe peoples of Crimea to return to their homeland, the socio-economic situation of the population afterresettlement to the territory of Kazakhstan, and their contribution to the modern development of Kazakhstanisociety were considered.During the actual study of the article, archival data were used. Historical scientific methods of analysisand synthesis of scientific data, historical and comparative analysis, classification, systematization,etc. were also used.

Varietal Susceptibility of Olive to Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi and the Antibacterial Potential of Plant-Based Agents.

Olive knot disease, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, causes great damage in olive orchards. While control measures of P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi in olive orchards primarily rely on pruning and copper-based treatments, the use of antibiotics as bactericidal preparations in agriculture is limited and highly restricted. However, plants are naturally endowed with protective molecules, such as phenolic compounds, which defend them against herbivores, insects, and microorganisms. This research aimed to test the virulence of five strains of P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi isolated from different growing regions and olive varieties, and to examine whether there is a difference in plant susceptibility based on the variety. An additional goal was to test the antimicrobial activity of olive mill wastewater, known for its high content of phenolic compounds, and aqueous garlic hydrolysate, as well as to compare them with a commercial copper-based product, pure hydroxytyrosol, and a standard antibiotic as references. Analysis of knot characteristics showed variations in the virulence of the P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi strains, with the highest virulence being observed for the strain I7L and the lowest virulence for the strain B45C-PR. The olive cultivar Rosinjola displayed higher susceptibility compared to Frantoio, Buža, and Leccino, while cv. Istarska bjelica exhibited the least susceptibility compared to the other investigated olive cultivars. In an attempt to explore alternative solutions for disease control, in vitro tests revealed that the phenol HTyr, GE, and the wastewater with the highest total phenolic content (cv. Istarska bjelica) possess the highest antibacterial activity. This supports the role of polyphenols in host defense, aligning with previous field observations of lower susceptibility of cv. Istarska bjelica to olive knot disease. These findings highlight the complex nature of olive knot interactions with bacterial strains and olive cultivars, simultaneously accentuating and underscoring the importance of considering the host's defenses as well as bacterial virulence in disease management strategies.