Great Army Research Articles

ENGLISH: PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) AS A MILITARY STRATEGIST: LESSONS FOR MODERN WARFARE

The present piece of writing discusses about the outstanding military tactics of Prophet Muhammad that are applicable to complexities of warfare in contemporary times. The prophet was not only a strategic genius but also tender-hearted military general who worked towards permanent peace. Besides winning many wars like Badr, Uhud and Khandaq due to good tactical thinking, he had understanding of human nature and life itself. This rapid adaptation time under dynamic circumstances, foreseeing the enemy’s tactics by a little insight and upliftment of soldiers through the idea justice as well as goals laid down by him is still relevant in present day military operations that were never religiously tolerant until they kill every single weak group’s member during which settling for peaceful coexistence has been defined over a long term. These principles are timeless in an intricate world with battles dominated patterns throughout its narrative history. they tell us that real battlefield leaders are not those who have great armies alone; they entail wisdom, moral principles plus everyone’s welfare. Through historical narratives this research aims at showing how today’s military leaders can derive inspiration from Prophet’s methods that lead them into victory as well as humanity.

История освобождения Гамбурга весной 1814 года

This article examines the history of the liberation of General L. L. Bennigsen in the spring of 1814 the city-state of Hamburg from soldiers of the Great Army of Napoleon. After a grueling, almost year-long occupation of acrowdedcity that hassurvived the destruction of entire districts, the looting of a local bank, the expulsion of part of the local population from the city, an epidemic of typhus, which claimed the lives of several thousand people, the citizens welcomed the Allied Coalition Forces in the vicinity of theircity again. Incontrast to the first liberation of thecity from the French in the spring of 1813 local authorities now prepared for official celebrations more thoroughly. A special regulation was drawn up and the rules of conduct for the entry of Allied troops into the city were communicated to the citizens through the press. The main imperative of both the city and the Allied military command is to avoid revenge excesses. Also, the article, based on the analysis of sources of personal origin and the press of that time, reveals the perception of occupation by the allied troops of the city as a local population and Russian officers.

English Caricature as a Means of Forming and Reflection of the “Image Of The Enemy” in the Epoch of the Napoleonic Wars

The article is devoted to the topical problem in the scientific and socio-political space associated with the formation of the image of the “enemy”. This issue is considered on the example of the English caricature in the era of the Napoleonic wars. Caricature is still actively used in the information space, which makes it an important part of political discourse. From its inception to the present day, caricature has been an effective mechanism for reflecting the image of the “other” and the image of the “enemy”. English cartoonists managed to create a certain idea about the most popular episodes and personalities of the Napoleonic wars and about the images and stereotypes that existed at that time. The most striking of them were the images of “bloodthirsty sans-culottes” led by the “Corsican monster” in the person of Napoleon. Foreign events were perceived by cartoonists through the prism of British interests. That is why the main attention in these images was given to France, as one of the main opponents. The author of the article, based on the caricatures of one of the most famous cartoonists of the “golden age” J. Gillray and his students, comes to the conclusion that the legacy of English satirical graphics of the mid-18th – early 19th centuries. – a vivid example of the formation of the image of the “enemy”. Thanks to the analysis of the cartoons, the main components of the image of not only the French emperor, but also his Great Army were identified. It was concluded that these components were firmly entrenched in the form of stereotypes not only in the British consciousness, but also in the European one, and continue to exist to this day.

Церковные архивы Московской епархии в 1812 г.: проблемы сохранности документов в условиях оккупации Москвы армией Наполеона

The diocesan archives of the Moscow diocese in 1812 were never the subject of a special study. Because of the wide spread of the church institution, the archives of the diocese often found themselves in the offensive zone of the Great Army. This circumstance made the documents of the church extremely vulnerable to the invaders. The events connected with the occupation of Moscow are widely reflected in the memoirs of eyewitnesses of the French stay in Moscow. Decades later, diocesan officials, with all the distortions of reality inherent in this type of memoirs, testify to the archive of the Consistory. N. P. Rozanov's analysis of the testimonies, which more or less concern the destruction of the records of church institutions, demonstrates the low reliability of the information provided by consistory officials. This article reconstructs the state of archives in the autumn of 1812 on the basis of the documents of the Synodal Consistory and the Moscow Consistory, the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Greece and the Central State Archive of Moscow: orders of the public prosecutor, the prosecutor of the Synodal Consistory, reports on the state of archives, and the reports of the Spiritual Boards. In the context of the evacuation of Moscow archives not quite successful decisions of the military administration and the diocesan leadership of the organization of the removal of records of the Synodal office and the Moscow Ecclesiastical Consistory are considered. The soldiers of Napoleon's army ravaged the archives of all levels of diocesan administration - the Synodal Office, the Consistory, ecclesiastical boards and parishes. The way in which the archives were treated depended on such factors as the orders of the occupying army and the behaviour of the enemy units quartered in the church buildings, which were not always in favour of plundering. Before the French withdrew from the city, some inhabitants of Moscow district were looting in the immediate vicinity of the diocesan archives. The participation of local residents in the spoiling and plundering of archives is confirmed by postwar reports sent to the Consistory by the diocesan boards of church authorities of the Moscow districts. The post-war restoration work that followed, in addition to revealing serious documentary losses, created the prerequisites for the establishment of an archival committee that was not attached to the office and focused solely on the handling of archival documents. It is concluded that the 1812 war not only caused material losses, but also made it necessary for the diocesan leadership to seek non-trivial solutions which, in the long run, would have a positive effect on the consistory's archives.

Донское просвещение в эпоху реформ и революций (середина ХIХ в. – первая треть ХХ в.)

The periods of reforms of the 19th century, revolution, civil war and Soviet construction of the 1920s of the 20th century, unprecedented in the concentration of innovations in the Don enlightenment, are investigated. The author traces the formation of the legal statuses of the estate-Cossack and peasant schools of the Don region, the emergence of female and secondary education in the region. Changes in the educational space of the Region of the Don Army (RDA) are associated with the inclusion in 1878 of the Rostov region and the Taganrog city government in its composition. An analysis of various types of RDA schools showed that there were twice as many parish schools in military villages and farms as there were schools in peasant settlements. The primary school of the Synod, after growth in the 1880s, lost its position at the beginning of the twentieth century due to the low level of education. The peculiarities of secondary education in the region are the class-Cossack character of gymnasiums in the Cossack centers of the Department of Internal Affairs, the priority development of military Cossack educational institutions, the provision of benefits to specialists of Cossack origin. The establishment of the Don Polytechnic Institute in Novocherkassk meant that, in terms of the development of education, the RDA rose to a level comparable to the central regions of the country, at the same time, most school-age children did not have access to educational institutions. During the Civil War on the territory of the White Cossack quasi-state “The Great Army of the Don”, the learning process was not interrupted, and functioned according to the laws of the estate school. The Soviet Unified Labor School, separated from the church and representing equal rights to education for representatives of all social groups and nationalities, was formed after the end of the Civil War. The system-forming link was the state administration of education, acting in line with the decisions of the Communist Party. In the 1920s and the country made a leap from mass illiteracy of the population to the introduction of universal compulsory primary education, which stopped the constant reproduction of the illiterate when new generations entered life. Development of the Don regional educational space system in the 19th-20th centuries became a progressive civilizational process.

Prisoners of the Great Army in the Smolensk Province in 1812–1814

During the Patriotic War of 1812, a significant number of military personnel of Napoleon’s Great Army were captured on the territory of the Smolensk province. Many of them later lived here until the summer of 1813, after that they were transferred deeper into Russia. Later, other parties of prisoners of war were transported through the province, both to the east and, after liberation, and in the opposite direction. Some of the prisoners wished to accept Russian citizenship and connect
 their future fate with our country. Previous studies on this topic were based mainly on materials from the State Archives of the Smolensk Region. In this work, the source base is expanded to include documents from the Russian State Historical Archive and
 memoirs. The article clarifies the number of prisoners of war who were in the Smolensk province in 1812–1814, their ethnic composition, besides it deals with the conditions of their detention, their acceptance of citizenship, and memories of their time in captivity in the Smolensk province.

체벵(Čeveng)의 『몽골 소수민족지』 역주ㆍ3

This article is an annotated translation of the Ethnography of Mongolian Minorities written by ǰamsaring-un Čeveng, a great modern Mongolian scholar, covering from the Qotung to the Dariγangγa.
 First of all, the livelihood of the Qotung is farming, and they have been absorbed into the culture of the Mongols dwelling in the midst of the Dörbed. However, their appearance still retains many Turkic characteristics. They practice Islam as their faith and seek marriage partners only within the same tribe. They used to offer grain (wheat), livestock, and silver to the princes and provided labor as well.
 The Bayad’s habitat is suitable for raising livestock and farming. Their livelihood is raising the five kinds of livestock, with numerous yaks and few oxen, while some engage in hunting.
 The Ögeled’s habitat is good for raising cattle. The Ögeled are of Mongolian descent and were members of the Four Oyirad. They raise numerous yaks, camels, and sheep, but sow crops on a small scale, with some practicing hunting.
 The origin of the Mingγad is of Turkic descent, but they gradually started using Mongolian language. Their customs are similar to those of the Qotoγoid, and their physique is similar to that of the Mongols. Their main occupation is nomadic, and they do not practice agriculture.
 The ǰaqačin have Torγud origins, and in history, the guards of the borders of the Jungar state were called ǰaqačin. Their primary occupation is nomadic, with some engaging in farming and others in hunting.
 The Torγud have a distinct way of life, customs, dialect, etc., but they are close to the ǰaqačin. As means of subsistence, they have livestock for transhumance, with some engaging in farming, and they were a branch of the Four Oyirad.
 The aforementioned the Dörbed, Ögeled, Torγud, ǰaqačin, and so on were all tribes of the Four Oyirad, and the remnants after the fall of the Jungar state.
 The 16 sumuns of the Čaqars of the Ili in the Sinkiang province consisted of the people from the Čaqar and the Naiman qosiγun who were relocated and settled to guard the border regions and promote farming in 1758. When the Mongolian National Revolution occurred in 1911, Sumiya of the Čaqars led his subjects to join Mongolia, and they were resettled in the west of Kyakhta. The Čaqars are alert and proficient in their work, with a fondness for swift horses and a dedication to improving horse breeds.
 The Dariγangγa people are those who were relocated from Naiman qosiγun (Banner) of the Čaqar, subjects of Ligden Qutuγtu Qaγan. Dariγangγa is the narrowest point for crossing the Mongolian Gobi Desert, and from early times it has served as a passage for great armies. The origin of the Dariγangγa pasture dates back to the Kangxi emperor of the Qing dynasty. After defeating the Ögeled when Γaldan of the Ögeled attacked the Khalkha, the Kangxi Emperor ordered to gather and raise the captured livestock in Dariγangγa. Every year, a specific number of cattle established by the Čaqar’s yamun was delivered.
 In this way, Čeveng systematically organized various sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the lives, natural environment, history, and culture of the ethnic minorities that constitute Mongolia. In particular, the detailed descriptions of the borders of Mongolia aimed to help understand the population and economic conditions of the ethnic minorities, who were part of the newly independent Mongolia in 1921, and contribute to stable governance.

Drafting the Great Army: The Political Economy of Conscription in Napoleonic France

Napoléon Bonaparte revolutionized the practice of war with his reliance on a mass national army and large-scale conscription. This system faced one major obstacle: draft evasion. This article discusses Napoléon’s response to widespread draft evasion. First, we show that draft dodging rates across France varied with geographic characteristics. Second, we provide evidence that the regime adopted a strategy of discriminatory conscription enforcement by setting a lower (higher) conscription rate for those regions where the enforcement of conscription was more (less) costly. Finally, we show that this strategy resulted in a rapid fall in draft dodging rates across France.

FIRIDUN BEY KOCHERLI-LITERATURE SCIENTIST, GREAT INTELLECT AND THE TEACHER

As for the main research method, this study is based on the qualitative approach. For this purpose, the method of in-depth interviews - with Georgian active internet users – has been conducted. The respondents are doctors, journalists as well as representatives of different academic fields, who possess media literacy skills. This year marks the 160th anniversary of the birth of the well-known literary scholar, publicist-writer, critic and translator Firidun Bey Ahmed Agha Oghlu Kocherli. He left his name in memory as a creator of the history of literary literature who had exceptional services in the history of public opinion of the Azerbaijani people, the author of "Gift to Children", a collector of folk literature, and a person who had an exceptional service in the formation of a great army of teachers. F. Kocherli was born on January 26, 1863 in the city of Shusha, the cultural capital of Azerbaijan and the home of poetry. The main period of his life, literary and pedagogical activity was connected with the Transcaucasian Teachers' Seminary, founded in 1876 in the city of Gori, Georgia, known as the Gori Teachers' Seminary.

TORKSEY AFTER THE VIKINGS: URBAN ORIGINS IN ENGLAND

In ad 872–3 a large Viking Army overwintered at Torksey, on the River Trent in Lincolnshire. We have previously published the archaeological evidence for its camp, but in this paper we explore what happened after the Army moved on. We integrate the findings of previous excavations with the outcomes of our fieldwork, including magnetometer and metal-detector surveys, fieldwalking and targeted excavation of a kiln and cemetery enclosure ditch. We provide new evidence for the growth of the important Anglo-Saxon town at Torksey and the development of its pottery industry, and report on the discovery of the first glazed Torksey ware, in an area which has a higher density of Late Saxon kilns than anywhere else in England. Our study of the pottery industry indicates its continental antecedents, while stable isotope analysis of human remains from the associated cemetery indicates that it included non-locals, and we demonstrate artefactual links between the nascent town and the Vikings in the winter camp. We conclude that the Viking Great Army was a catalyst for urban and industrial development in Torksey and suggest the need to reconsider our models for Late Saxon urbanism.

Sr analyses from only known Scandinavian cremation cemetery in Britain illuminate early Viking journey with horse and dog across the North Sea.

The barrow cemetery at Heath Wood, Derbyshire, is the only known Viking cremation cemetery in the British Isles. It dates to the late ninth century and is associated with the over-wintering of the Viking Great Army at nearby Repton in AD 873-4. Only the cremated remains of three humans and of a few animals are still available for research. Using strontium content and isotope ratios of these three people and three animals-a horse, a dog and a possible pig-this paper investigates the individuals' residential origins. The results demonstrate that strontium isotope ratios of one of the adults and the non-adult are compatible with a local origin, while the other adult and all three animals are not. In conjunction with the archaeological context, the strontium isotope ratios indicate that these individuals most likely originated from the area of the Baltic Shield-and that they died soon after arrival in Britain. This discovery constitutes the first solid scientific evidence that Scandinavians crossed the North Sea with horses, dogs and other animals as early as the ninth century AD.

The Vikings and the origins of wheel-thrown pottery production in ninth century England

ABSTRACTThe origins of the first post-Roman pottery industries to utilize wheel-throwing that emerged in eastern England around the middle of the ninth century is a subject that has caused a divergence of opinion amongst archaeologists for many years. Many regard the earliest industries to have been based in Stamford, Ipswich and Thetford and that they started around AD 850, before the invasion of the Viking Great Army. Others maintain that the catalyst for the start and/or the growth of the industries was the arrival of the Scandinavian invaders in AD 865 and the subsequent settlement phase of the mid-870s. The article examines the current state of knowledge regarding the origin and development of these pottery-making centres, concentrating on the three potentially earliest. This is set in the context of recently-obtained evidence from the excavation of settlement sites in eastern England and a re-examination of older evidence from the manufactories. The ‘new’ wheel-thrown pottery will also be situated within the hitherto under-investigated cultural and economic systems of their time.

"Gotowi do zemsty...” – projekt sformowania polskiego „wolnego korpusu” w okresie kampanii francuskiej 1814 roku

During the campaign of 1814 the French army was supported by the „free corps”, a unit that carried out irregular operations. A proposal to form a similar unit to supplement the Polish army was presented to the chief of staff of the Great Army by Stanisław Żarski, the chef de battalion from the Duchy of Warsaw’s army. The Polish „free corps” was to include soldiers of Polish descent that were currently held in prisoner of war camps in France. The details of Żarski’s proposal combined elements characteristic of both the Polish and French military.

The Viking Great Army and the Making of England. By Dawn M.Hadley and Julian D.Richards. London: Thames & Hudson. 2020. 320 pp. £25. ISBN 9780500022016.

Early Medieval EuropeEarly View Book review The Viking Great Army and the Making of England. By Dawn M. Hadley and Julian D. Richards. London: Thames & Hudson. 2020. 320 pp. £25. ISBN 9780500022016. Jane Kershaw, Jane Kershaw orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-6186 University of OxfordSearch for more papers by this author Jane Kershaw, Jane Kershaw orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-6186 University of OxfordSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 November 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/emed.12602Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Casting Cultural Identity in Early Viking-Age Northumbria

This paper discusses several categories of dress accessory which we suggest are linked to the arrival of the so-called Viking Great Army in Northumbria in the late ninth century. In particular, we argue that double-sided strap-ends and buckles arrived from Dublin as sword-belt fittings, alongside five-lobed hollow and cast sword pommels, and that this was closely followed by the introduction of new strap-end and pin types. Unlike the preceding Anglo-Saxon chip-carved strap-ends which were frequently fashioned by hand, the new Viking forms were cast, and the Northumbrian focus of their distribution reflects their production at Aldwark and York. This evidence reflects important changes in metalwork production as a result of the arrival of the Great Army, leading to long-lasting impact.

Smolensk in the autumn-winter campaign of 1812 according to the memoirs of contemporaries.

The article discusses the main features of the conduct of hostilities in the autumn of 1812 in Russia, and the role of Smolensk in Napoleon's strategic plans for the subsequent period. On the basis of the epistolary heritage, primarily of French contemporaries (both soldiers and officers), the specific aspects of the retreat of the Great Army along the Old Smolensk Road are considered, another facet of the Moscow campaign of the Emperor of all the French is demonstrated. The author also draws attention to the activities of the occupation authorities in Smolensk itself, based on creating conditions for turning the city into a powerful operational base for the entire army. В The main conclusions of the study are the following theses: 1. Numerous memoirs of contemporaries pay rather close attention to the problem of the retreat of the Great Army to the Smolensk region, giving quite detailed descriptions of both the life itself and the possible prospects for the further course of the campaign. 2. A number of indirect evidences demonstrate attempts to turn the city into an operational base that allows preparing troops for the next campaign in the East, which is indirectly confirmed by descriptions of attempts to create local self-government bodies in the city. 3. Smolensk in numerous French memoirs devoted to the campaign of 1812 was presented as a symbol of the drama that broke out in Russia. 4. In the Russian epistolary heritage of the epoch, the corresponding descriptions contain a sense of transformation of mass consciousness, in the conditions of a new practice for humanity called "total war". 5. In general, summing up the general results of the consideration of Smolensk in the autumn-winter campaign of 1812, it can be argued that its role as a moral barrier in Napoleon's desire to continue hostilities and the importance of the city as a strategic point has been insufficiently studied until now and requires a very deep analysis

Napoleoński 3 Pułk Cudzoziemski (Irlandzki) na Dolnym Śląsku w 1813 roku

The Irish Regiment of the Napoleonic army is one of its most interesting formations. Having fought in battles in Spain and the Netherlands, the unit formed part of the Great Army in Lower Silesia in 1813 and participated in the spring campaign, entering Wrocław at the end of May. After the end of the truce, the regiment fought with the Bóbr Army at Dębowy Gaj on 19 August, at Płakowice a day later, at Złotoryja on 23 August, and again at Płakowice on 29 August 1813, where it was decimated whilst fighting alongside the 17th Division. The unit was disbanded shortly after.

Training the ‘Great Steppe Army’: Preparing Kazakhstan’s Ground Forces to Meet Contemporary Threats

ABSTRACT Since 1991, the Kazakhstani military and security apparatus has been seeking to define the primary threats it faces in the post-Soviet world and develop the capabilities needed to counter them. This article discusses the latest iteration of this process by analyzing Kazakhstan’s security challenges, their reflection in its 2017 Military Doctrine, and, using Ministry of Defense training and exercise descriptions, its Ground Forces’ success in developing the prescribed capabilities. By linking together the logic of threats, doctrine, and Ground Forces training, this article assesses that Nur-Sultan is preparing to counter a variety of amorphous threats, largely from within the bounds of its traditional security concepts.

Genesis and Evolution of Military Strategy

Abstract It cannot be a strategy without technical determinations. Technique is the most dynamic element of the action. In general, the technical component answers a sharp question: with what? The ancient warrior used the spear, the bow and arrow, the sword and the shield. These means allowed nothing but close combat and, eventually, hitting the enemy from a distance with an arrow or a spear. The historical evolution of peoples was obviously based on the art of political-military leadership. In the distant past, there was no theoretical system of general notions, principles and laws of this art, although, intuitively, great army commanders, some of them true geniuses of war politics, masterfully applied it.

LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF FICTION ELEMENTS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

In this article we consider the category of fiction in political discourse - its language expression and the reasons for its appearance. In the process of research, we found out that one of the most important language means of expressing fiction in political discourse is metaphor and all its manifestations in the text. Metaphors convey a special, fantastic perception of the world. But, besides metaphors, the use of metonymy, hyperbole, litotes, comparisons, epithets, etc. also helps to form the category of the fantastic. We will consider the use of elements of the fantastic in political discourse on the example of the famous book “Maxims and Thoughts of Saint Helena Prisoner” in which Count de Las Cases, who voluntarily followed Napoleon Bonaparte in his exile, captured the emperor's statements, his aphorisms, fragments of political speeches, etc. Napoleon Bonaparte created authorial myths about himself, his rule and his army (the Great Army, Grande Armee), captured in his political speeches, letters, maxims and appeals to soldiers and contemporaries. From a literary and linguistic point of view, the very form chosen by Napoleon to express his political and philosophical judgments - maxims, aphorisms - is of interest. The result of our research is that the category of the fantastic in the political discourse of the Napoleonic era is the place to be and includes the use of metaphors, epithets, hyperbole, grotesques, personification, special comparisons and repetitions, as well as allusions, reminiscences, explicit and hidden quoting.