Law Of Gravity Research Articles

Measurements of Gravitational Attractions at small Accelerations

Abstract Gravitational interactions were studied by measuring the influence of small
external field masses on a microwave resonator. It consisted of two spherical
mirrors, which acted as independent pendulums individually suspended by strings.
Two identical field masses were moved along the axis of the resonator
symmetrically and periodically between a near and a far position. Their
gravitational interaction altered the distance between the mirrors, changing
the resonance frequency, which was measured and found consistent with Newton's
law of gravity.
 The acceleration of a single mirror caused by the two field masses at the
closest position varied from 5.4 10-12 m/s2 to 259 10-12 m/s2.

Alternative cosmologies

Abstract A few remarkable examples of alternative cosmological theories are shown, ranging from a compilation of variations on the Standard Model (inhomogeneous universe, Cold Big Bang, varying physical constants or gravity law, zero-active mass, Milne cosmology, cyclical models), through the more distant quasi-steady-state cosmology, plasma cosmology, or universe models as a hypersphere such as the Dynamic Universe, to the most exotic cases including static models with non-cosmological redshifts of galaxies. Most cosmologists do not usually work within the framework of alternative cosmologies very different from the standard one because they feel that these are not at present as competitive as the standard model. It is true that they are not so developed, but that is because cosmologists do not work on them. This vicious circle is to a great extent due to a sociological phenomenon known as the “snowball effect”, in which resources are distributed to the most successful theory at a given time; the effect acts as a potential in a field that attracts cosmologists, causing funds, research positions, prestige, telescope time, publication in top journals, citations, conferences, and other resources to be dedicated almost exclusively to standard cosmology.

Analytical ray-tracing of synchrotron emission around accreting black holes

Polarimetric images of accreting black holes encode important information about laws of strong gravity and relativistic motions of matter. Recent advancements in instrumentation have enabled such studies of two objects: the supermassive black holes M87* and Sagittarius A*. Light coming from these sources is produced by a synchrotron mechanism whose polarization is directly linked to magnetic field lines, and propagates toward the observer in a curved spacetime. We studied the distortions of the gas image by employing the analytical ray-tracing technique for polarized light ARTPOL, which is adapted for the case of synchrotron emission. We derived analytical expressions for fast conversion of the intensity or flux, polarization degree, and polarization angle from the local coordinates to those of the observer. We placed an emphasis on the nonzero matter elevation above the equatorial plane and noncircular matter motions. Applications of the developed formalism include static polarimetric imaging of the black hole vicinity and dynamic polarimetric signatures of matter close to the compact object.

Proposal for a quantum mechanical test of gravity at millimeter scale

The experimental verification of the Newton law of gravity at small scales has been a longstanding challenge. Recently, torsion balance experiments have successfully measured gravitational force at the millimeter scale. However, testing gravity force on quantum mechanical wave function at small scales remains difficult. In this paper, we propose a novel experiment that utilizes the Josephson effect to detect the different evolution of quantum phase induced from the potential difference caused by gravity. We demonstrate that this experiment can test gravity quantum mechanically at the millimeter scale, and also has a potential to investigate the parity invariance of gravity at small scales.

Cosmic cartography: Bayesian reconstruction of the galaxy density informed by large-scale structure

The dark sirens method combines gravitational waves and catalogs of galaxies to constrain the cosmological expansion history, merger rates and mass distributions of compact objects, and the laws of gravity. However, the incompleteness of galaxy catalogs means faint potential host galaxies are unobserved, and must be modeled to avoid inducing a bias. The majority of dark sirens analyses to date assume that the missing galaxies are distributed uniformly across the sky, which is clearly unphysical. We introduce a new Bayesian approach to the reconstruction of galaxy catalogs, which makes full use of our knowledge of large-scale structure. Our method quantifies the uncertainties on the estimated true galaxy number count in each voxel, and is marginalized over cosmological parameters and bias parameters. Crucially, our method further assesses the (absolute) magnitude distribution of galaxies, which is not known from the galaxy catalog itself. We present the details of our method and validate our approach on a galaxy catalog associated to the Millennium Simulation. The tools developed here generate physically-informed and robust host galaxy reconstructions, enabling more informative dark sirens analyses. Stage IV galaxy surveys will display greater redshift overlap with GW observations, whilst remaining incomplete — emphasizing the importance of our work.

A Topological Investigation of the Cosmic Web Formation

N-body simulations of the evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe (the Cosmic Web) were run while altering attractive gravity laws and initial conditions, in order to infer which properties of the universe are revealed by its current large-scale topology. The Cosmic Web was found to develop regardless of the gravitational alteration made. Significantly altering the initial conditions from Gaussian distribution ones was found to eliminate the Cosmic Web. Thus, we require small random perturbations in otherwise uniform initial conditions in the early universe, under an attractive gravitational force, for the Cosmic Web to develop.

Analysing the breakdown of Astronomical Theories

This paper investigates the limitations of Newton's law of gravity, general relativity, special relativity, dark matter, dark energy, and the big bang theory in describing the universe's origins, development, and properties. It aims to illuminate the boundaries of these theories, furthering our understanding of where these theories apply and how their alternative solutions address their problems. By evaluating these theories, this research aims to provide an assessment of our current understanding of the universe and identify the primary obstacles and future directions in cosmological research.

Linearized second law for higher curvature gravity and nonminimally coupled vector fields

Expanding the work of Wall [], we show that black holes obey a second law for linear perturbations to bifurcate Killing horizons, in any covariant higher curvature gravity coupled to scalar and vector fields. The vector fields do not need to be gauged, and (like the scalars) can have arbitrary nonminimal couplings to the metric. The increasing entropy has a natural expression in covariant phase space language, which makes it manifestly invariant under Jacobson-Kang-Myers ambiguities. An explicit entropy formula is given for f(Riemann) gravity coupled to vectors, where at most one derivative acts on each vector. Besides the previously known curvature terms, there are three extra terms involving differentiating the Lagrangian by the symmetric vector derivative (which therefore vanish for gauge fields). Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Testing gravity through the distortion of time

The accelerated expansion of the Universe might be due to modifications in the laws of gravity on very large scales. We showed that standard tests of gravity based on the observed motions of galaxies are insufficient and must be extended by including measurements of another effect: the distortion of time.

Cultural Chase: The Gendered Medieval and Renaissance Discourses in Margaret Cavendish’s Blazing World and Sir Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis

Ahead of feminine writing in the linear track of western literary gendered and chronological progression, feminine writing has always been a chronological step back. The Renaissance female writers entered the already masculine-occupied space of literary scripture and used several strategies and tactics to secure a rightful place within the literary continuum. This paper investigates “The Cultural Chase” between Margaret Cavendish and Francis Bacon, and attempts to display the generic and chronological differences between their representative works: Blazing World and New Atlantis. The first section of this paper’s argument explores those texts’ introductory passages and the role the authors’ genders play in selecting a literary genre to convey their agendas. The later section explores the strategies used by Cavendish and Bacon in presenting major contemporary intellectual controversies. Furthermore, we explore the successes and frustrations of Cavendish and Bacon and their impact on the cultural arena of the time. Finally, the paper blurs the binary opposition forced on humanities, as well as the sciences and attempts to use Newton’s Laws of Gravity to analyze and explain the nature of this Cultural Chase.

Constraining modified gravity scenarios with the 6dFGS and SDSS galaxy peculiar velocity data sets

ABSTRACT The detailed nature of dark energy remains a mystery, leaving the possibility that its effects might be explained by changes to the laws of gravity on large scales. The peculiar velocities of galaxies directly trace the strength of gravity on cosmic scales and provide a means to further constrain such models. We generate constraints on different scenarios of gravitational physics by measuring peculiar velocity (PV) and galaxy clustering two-point correlations, using redshifts and distances from the 6-degree Field Galaxy Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey PV samples, and fitting them against models characteristic of different cosmologies. Our best-fitting results are all found to be in statistical agreement with general relativity, in which context we measure the low-redshift growth of structure to be $f\sigma _8 = 0.329^{+0.081}_{-0.083}$, consistent with the prediction of the standard Lambda cold dark matter model. We also fit the modified gravity scenarios of Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati and a Hu–Sawicki model of $f(R)$ gravity, finding the $2\sigma$ limit of their characteristic parameters to be $r_{\rm c}H_0/c\gt 6.987$ and $-\log _{10}(|f_{R0}|)\gt 4.703$, respectively. These constraints are comparable to other literature values, though it should be noted that they are significantly affected by the prior adopted for their characteristic parameters. When applied to much larger upcoming PV surveys such as DESI, this method will place rapidly improving constraints on modified gravity models of cosmic expansion and growth.

Downscaling spatial interaction with socioeconomic attributes

A variety of complex socioeconomic phenomena, for example, migration, commuting, and trade can be abstracted by spatial interaction networks, where nodes represent geographic locations and weighted edges convey the interaction and its strength. However, obtaining fine-grained spatial interaction data is very challenging in practice due to limitations in collection methods and costs, so spatial interaction data such as transportation data and trade data are often only available at a coarse scale. Here, we propose a gravity downscaling (GD) method based on readily accessible socioeconomic data and the gravity law to infer fine-grained interactions from coarse-grained data. GD assumes that interactions of different spatial scales are governed by the similar gravity law and thus can transfer the parameters estimated from coarse-grained regions to fine-grained regions. Results show that GD has an average improvement of 24.6% in Mean Absolute Percentage Error over alternative downscaling methods (i.e., the areal-weighted method and machine learning models) across datasets with different spatial scales and in various regions. Using simple assumptions, GD enables accurate downscaling of spatial interactions, making it applicable to a wide range of fields, including human mobility, transportation, and trade.

Modified gravity/entropic gravity correspondence due to graviton mass

Some time ago, it has been suggested that gravitons can acquire mass in the process of spontaneous symmetry breaking of diffeomorphisms through the condensation of scalar fields [Chamseddine and Mukhanov, JHEP, 2010]. Taking this possibility into account, in the present paper, first we show how the graviton mass intricately reshapes the gravitational potential akin to a Yukawa-like potential at large distances. Notably, this long-range force modifies the Newton’s law in large distances and might explain the phenomena of dark matter. The most important finding in the present paper is the derivation of a modified Newtons law of gravity by modifying the Verlinde’s entropic force relation due to the graviton contribution. The graviton contribution to the entropy basically measures the correlation of graviton and matter fields which then reproduces the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy at the horizon. This result shows the dual description of gravity: in the language of quantum information and entropy the gravity can be viewed as an entropic force, however in terms of particles and fields, it can be viewed as a long range force. Further we have recovered the corrected Einstein field equations as well as the ΛCDM where dark matter emerges as an apparent effect.

Numerical Solution Analysis of Planetary Motion Models Using the Runge-Kutta Method

Purpose of the study: This study aims to solve the planetary motion model numerically using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and analyze the planetary motion profile through the resulting numerical solutions. Methodology: The process is carried out by solving the planetary motion model numerically using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, creating a program from the numerical solution, and simulating the program with variations in the parameters of the stability of the trajectory and the distance of the planet to the sun. The simulation results are in the form of estimates of the speed of the planet's motion in the x and y directions against time, and the influence of these parameters on the trajectory and velocity graphs are analyzed. Main Findings: Simulations show that the trajectory stability parameter and the planet's distance to the sun affect the planet's trajectory and velocity graphs. On the trajectory graph, the planet's distance to the sun affects the aphelion, minor axis, and major axis values ​​of the orbit. The closer the planet is to the sun, the smaller its orbit, and vice versa. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty of this research lies in the application of the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to solve the planetary motion model numerically, without requiring function derivatives. This research also connects the numerical results with Newton's law of gravity to understand the relationship between the distance of a planet to the sun and its orbital pattern.

Development of Interactive Learning Media Using the Lectora Application to Enhance Student’s Critical and Creative Thinking Skills

The Development of Interactive Learning Media in the 2013 Curriculum is a government effort to ensure that students have 21st-century skills. The goal of the conducted research is to develop valid interactive learning media on the topic of Newton's Law of Gravity. A field study revealed that students' critical and creative thinking skills in Newton's Law of Gravity were still low. Therefore, the existing problem was addressed by producing a product in the form of integrated learning media that fostered critical and creative thinking skills for high school students. The research conducted followed the Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, which was reduced to the Implementation stage. Three Physics lecturers from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education at State University of Padang (UNP) were involved in this research as validators, along with six Physics teachers from Padang City as practitioners. Validity test sheets were used as the data collection instrument in this research. During the data analysis phase, instrument validation and product validation were performed using the V Aiken Model Technique. The research results showed that the validated development instrument for the product category was valid. The average validity test score for the product was 0.79, which falls into the valid category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the interactive learning media developed in this study is considered valid.

Reilly’s gravity law adapted to finance

The present paper proposes new indicators that explain the pricing of the unitary pure interest rates and interests by adapting previous Reilly’s Law (RL) models of urban economics and regional economics and Financial Gravity (FG) models for financial services. A panel dataset of 114 countries for 1967-2021 is handled, applying the OLS methodology. The results show the higher explanatory power of the adaptation of the FG models rather than the proposed adaptation of the RL ones. Purpose: This paper tries to adapt previous Gravity Equations from Urban Economics to Finance and empirically checks whether they behave better than the recently found Financial Gravity (FG) models. For that, new indicators are provided jointly with their adaptations to Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methods. Additionally, an economic perspective of the bid-asks of financial products is provided. Design/methodology/approach: OLS methods are used to check the desirability and accuracy of the new indicators. A panel dataset of 114 countries for 1967-2021 is handled, applying the OLS methodology. Findings: The most adequate are the FG models after the empirical check, providing the desirable properties of those models. The results show the higher explanatory power of the adaptation of the FG models rather than the proposed adaptation of the RL ones. Originality: This is the first paper, to the author’s knowledge, on providing an adaptation of Reilly’s Law from urban economics models to finance, also providing empirical evidence after adapting these models to linear expressions for applying OLS methods. We also provide evidence on the statistical equality between the unitary pure interest of loan and deposit interests, confirming the good properties of the FG models.

Theory of Everything

Our Theory of Everything is made possible by the discovery of a closed fluid dynamic principle, working in a closed fluid space-time system, (the universe). Through the principle of fluid space-time, almost all of the unexplained mysteries of the universe are revealed. How the universe came into being, with matter and the most basic force, Gravity. Newton’s law of gravity in particular, the inverse square law with distance. (the reason is for appearance of the inverse square law, simultaneously in gravitation and electromagnetism, not a coincidence). Special Relativity is an account of how space contracts, time dilates and mass increases, with velocity. General Relativity is an account of how space-time curves. According to Muhammad’s closed fluid dynamic principle, space actually consists of an extremely fluid substance which we call aether. It is therefore fitting that through the closed fluid dynamic principle, we can arrive at an explanation for one major thorn in the side of Special Relativity, the twin paradox. The problem is, it is the twin who accelerates that gets it wrong. Because his assessment of the age of his brother was done without consideration of the fact that when he turned around, made the return journey, he felt his acceleration but did not employ this in Einstein’s time dilation, which was based on inertial reference frames. The task we are confronted with in this paper is to find out how the time dilation addressed in special relativity comes into proceedings in an accelerated frame. We achieve this.

Proposal and Substantiation of a Repeatable Space Experiment to Refine the Law of Gravity That Dominates the Solar System

Proposal and Substantiation of a Repeatable Space Experiment to Refine the Law of Gravity That Dominates the Solar System

TWO-STAGE ‘slingshot amplifier’ can detect subtle gravitational deviations

The possibility of setting up a space experiment aimed at detecting ultra-small deviations of the law of gravity of the central star of the planetary system from the Newton and Schwarzschild formats is demonstrated. The experiment comprises a ballistic flight of a space-probe along a trajectory composed of three treks divided by two gravity assist (GA) maneuvers at different planets, each GA acting as a powerful amplifier of the probe deflections caused by small deviations of the gravitational law. It is shown that the proposed (different) analytical and numerical computations of the probe's flight in a model of a planetary system simulating the Sun, Earth, and Venus, give similar results confirming a certain possibility to distinguish the forces of gravity described by the Schwarzschild and Eddington-Robertson metrics.

Refracted Gravity Solutions from Small to Large Scales

If visible matter alone is present in the Universe, general relativity (GR) and its Newtonian weak field limit (WFL) cannot explain several pieces of evidence, from the largest to the smallest scales. The most investigated solution is the cosmological model Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM), where GR is valid and two dark components are introduced, dark energy (DE) and dark matter (DM), to explain the ∼70% and ∼25% of the mass–energy budget of the Universe, respectively. An alternative approach is provided by modified gravity theories, where a departure of the gravity law from ΛCDM is assumed, and no dark components are included. This work presents refracted gravity (RG), a modified theory of gravity formulated in a classical way where the presence of DM is mimicked by a gravitational permittivity ϵ(ρ) monotonically increasing with the local mass density ρ, which causes the field lines to be refracted in small density environments. Specifically, the flatter the system the stronger the refraction effect and thus, the larger the mass discrepancy if interpreted in Newtonian gravity. RG presented several encouraging results in modelling the dynamics of disk and elliptical galaxies and the temperature profiles of the hot X-ray emitting gas in galaxy clusters and a covariant extension of the theory seems to be promising.