Gravimetric Procedure Research Articles

Searching for a cost-effective method of determining sorption properties for the industrial use of CO2 capture

The study focuses on laboratory testing of carbon-dioxide adsorption. It compares three methods used to determine the capacity of the adsorbents proposed for CO2 capture. The tests have been performed on two samples, namely natural clinoptilolite and a 13X molecular sieve. Two methods were dynamic and one was static. The first dynamic method evaluated the capacity based on the change in CO2 volume fraction before and after a fixed-bed adsorber. For the same purpose, the second dynamic method used a gravimetric procedure. The static method detected a change in pressure during CO2 adsorption. The capacities determined for carbon-dioxide mole fractions of 5, 10, 13 and 20% at temperatures of 30 and 40 °C at atmospheric pressure were compared. The apparatus with a fixed-bed adsorber made it possible to perform tests also for overpressures of 2 and 5 bar and lower temperatures. The capacity obtained on the three apparatuses showed good agreement. The maximum capacity (3.32 mmol g−1) was determined for the 13X sample at 10 °C and a partial CO2 pressure of 120 kPa and, conversely, the lowest (0.12 mmol g−1) for clinoptilolite at 40 °C and a partial CO2 pressure of 5 kPa. There was no significant difference in capacity standard deviations between the apparatus (0.014–0.036 mmol g−1). The fixed-bed apparatus required one to three orders of magnitude more gas for the experiment and was more challenging to operate and evaluate the data.

Phosphogypsum conversion under conditions of SC-CO2

This article looks into process of supercritical-CO2 phosphogypsum (PG) conversion, which is production residue after making mineral fertilizers by "Kasphosphate" LLC. Nowadays, over 30 million tons of PG have been accumulated in Kazakhstan; its background radiation is low enough to recycle it into valuables such as construction materials, rare earth elements and strontium salts. Complete factorial experiment method was used to describe conversion process; conversion of PG into CaCO3 was optimized using simplex method. Conversion optimization outcomes show possibility of using fewer reagents and shortening conversion process compared to existing technologies. Conversion degree is 87% after 10 min at 33 °С. Conversion was carried out at semi-industrial supercritical equipment with maximum CO2 flow rate up to 5000 g/min and integrated CO2 recirculation system. Characteristics of initial PG samples and conversion products/semi-products were done using X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, ICP-MS, and gravimetric procedure. In order to obtain purer CaCO3 PG was cleared of water-soluble impurities beforehand. As conversion result, finely dispersed CaCO3 and Ca(HCO3)2 as well as Na2SO4 solution were obtained.

Comparative evaluation of 2H- versus 3H-based enrichment factor determination on the uncertainty and accuracy of low-level tritium analyses of environmental waters

Analysis of low-level tritium (3H) in environmental waters requires pre-concentration using electrolytic enrichment prior to decay counting. Accurate and precise electrolytic enrichment factors (EF) are required to determine the sample's environmental 3H concentration. Two methods are used to determine EFs: i) the Spike Proxy Method (SPM) and ii) the Deuterium Method (DM) with each having several modalities. We conducted a comparative assessment of four EF strategies using 250 mL and 500 mL electrolytic enrichment of three low-level 3H proficiency water standards (0.5–7 TU) to see which strategy gave the most accurate 3H results based on z- and Zeta-scores. Our comparative evaluation revealed the DM offers consistently superior 3H results, with more precise EF determinations compared to the three SPM strategies. The DM gave the best z-scores with an EF relative combined uncertainty of about 0.5‰ and a negligible contribution to the overall uncertainty budget due to the EF determination. Moreover, the DM can improve productivity by eliminating the spike and gravimetric procedures from routine analyses and can give rapid cell enrichment performance feedback prior to decay counting. We recommend low-level tritium laboratories consider adopting the DM into their 3H sample enrichment and analysis operations.

Enhancing the specificity of chitin determinations through glucosamine analysis via ultra-performance LC-MS.

As chitin is gaining an increased attention as feedstock for industry, quantification thereof is becoming increasingly important. While gravimetric procedures are long, not specific and highly labour-intensive, acidic hydrolysis of chitin into glucosamine followed by quantification of the latter is more performant. Even though several quantification procedures for the determination of chitin can be found in the literature, they give inconsistent results and their accuracy was not assessed due to the lack of certified analytical standards. Therefore, in the present study, commercially available chitin from practical grade was characterised in detail, allowing the assessment of method accuracy. The procedure for the hydrolysis of chitin into glucosamine and subsequent quantification via UPLC-MS was investigated in detail as well. Using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) as derivatisation reagent, glucosamine was quantified using reversed-phase chromatography. For the chitin hydrolysis, the highest glucosamine recovery was obtained with 8.0M HCl for 2h at 100°C. The entire procedure for chitin quantification, including the hydrolysis, was characterised by high interday and intraday precision and accuracy. The specificity of the procedure was assessed as well by analysing different mixtures of cellulose and chitin. Chitin recoveries from these analyses ranged from 98.8 to 105.8% while no signal was observed for 100% cellulose, indicating the high specificity of the procedure. It was also concluded that the procedure is much faster and less labour-intensive compared to the gravimetric procedure.

Using static method to measure tolmetin solubility at different pressures and temperatures in supercritical carbon dioxide

Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug being used to decrease the level of hormones which are the reasons for pain, swelling, tiredness, and stiffness for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis cases. We evaluated its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with the aim of drug nanonization, considering temperature and pressure variations between 120 and 400 bar and 308–338 K, in the experiments. In this way, a PVT solubility cell based on static solubility approach coupled with a simple gravimetric procedure was utilized to evaluate the solubility of tolmetin. The solubility values between 5.00 × 10−5 and 2.59 × 10−3 mol fraction were obtained for tolmetin depending on the pressure and temperature of the cell. The measured data demonstrated a direct correlation between pressure and solubility of tolmetin, while the effect of temperature was a dual effect depending on the crossover pressure (160 bar). The calculated solubility data were modeled using several semi-empirical correlations, and the fitting parameters were calculated using the experimental data via appropriate optimization method. The correlated solubility data revealed that the KJ model was the most accurate one with an average absolute relative deviation percent (AARD%) of 6.9. Moreover, the carried out self-consistency analysis utilizing these correlations illustrated great potential of these models to extrapolate the solubility of tolmetin beyond the measured conditions.

Impact of Mixed Traffic on the Energy Savings of a Truck Platoon

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A two-truck platoon based on a prototype cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) system was tested on a closed test track in a variety of realistic traffic and transient operating scenarios - conditions that truck platoons are likely to face on real highways. The fuel consumption for both trucks in the platoon was measured using the SAE J1321 gravimetric procedure as well as calibrated J1939 instantaneous fuel rate, serving as proxies to evaluate the impact of aerodynamic drag reduction under constant-speed conditions. These measurements demonstrate the effects of: the presence of a multiple-passenger-vehicle pattern ahead of and adjacent to the platoon, cut-in and cut-out manoeuvres by other vehicles, transient traffic, the use of mismatched platooned vehicles (van trailer mixed with flatbed trailer), and the platoon following another truck with adaptive cruise control (ACC). These scenarios are intended to address the possibility of “background aerodynamic platooning” impacting realized savings on public roads. Using calibrated J1939 fuel rate analysis, fuel savings for curved track sections versus straight track sections were also evaluated for these scenarios, highlighting differences in the implementation of the CACC control strategies compared to a stock ACC implementation. The use of different trailer types and the presence of passenger-vehicle traffic patterns showed a measurable impact on platoon performance in some conditions, but the basic fuel savings trends were retained.</div></div>

Experimental investigation on wear map evolution of ceramic-on-UHMWPE hip prosthesis

Abstract In the literature, wear damage of hip prostheses is typically expressed as volumetric wear. Details on wear distribution are rarely provided despite being fundamental to better understand the damaging process and improve implant design. This study presents a preliminary experimental investigation on the evolution of the wear map of hip replacements during wear testing. A ceramic-on-UHMWPE hip prosthesis was tested in-vitro and wear maps of the cup surface were measured throughout the test in a novel way, combining focus variation microscope inspections to the replica method. Wear maps revealed important characteristics of the damaging process not highlighted by the standard gravimetric procedure such as worn area location and shape as well as the progress of local damages.

Flory-Huggins Photonic Sensors for the Optical Assessment of Molecular Diffusion Coefficients in Polymers.

The lack of cost-effective systems for the assessment of air pollutants is a concern for health and safety in urban and industrial areas. The use of polymer thin films as label-free colorimetric sensors featuring specific interactions with pollutants would then represent a paradigm shift in environmental monitoring and packaging technologies, allowing to assess air quality, formation of byproducts in closed environment, and the barrier properties of the polymers. To this end, all-polymer distributed Bragg reflectors represent a promising approach toward a reliable and cost-effective transduction of chemical stimuli and effective colorimetric label-free selective detectors. We show selectivity attained by specific interactions between the polymer and analytes. Such interactions drive the analyte intercalation through the polymer structure and its kinetics, converting it in a dynamic optical response which is at the basis of the Flory-Huggins photonic sensors. The multivariate analyses of the response kinetics also allow distinguishing binary mixtures. Additionally, we demonstrate that such optical responses can be used to esteem the diffusion coefficients of small molecules within polymer media via simple UV-vis spectroscopy retrieving data comparable to those obtained with state-of-the-art gravimetric procedures. Last, we assess the figures of merit of the sensors in terms of lower detection limit, sensitivity, and reversibility, demonstrating that such devices can pave the way to an innovative, simple, and low-cost detection method integrable to in situ assessment of barrier polymers used for the encapsulation of optoelectronic devices, food packaging, and goods storage in general.

Simple method for the determination of polysaccharides in herbal syrup

This article describes optimized isolation procedures that enable simple quantification of polysaccharides in herbal sirup. Isolation of polysaccharides present in the herbal sirup was made by both precipitation and ultrafiltration. Quantification of sirup polysaccharides was performed with gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods. The first step of the spectrophotometric method was separation of polysaccharides from mono- and oligosaccharides by precipitation or ultrafiltration followed by quantitative determination by the colorimetric phenol-sulfuric acid method performed in glass tubes or in microplates. The content of polysaccharides was expressed as sucrose or pectin equivalents according to the standard curves of these standards. Results of the optimized gravimetric procedure were moderately repeatable. We demonstrated the linearity and appropriate repeatability of the phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplates but not in glass tubes. Thus, the method with ultrafiltration followed by phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplates had good repeatability, accuracy, and linearity. This simple method was shown to be useful for determining polysaccharides in herbal sirup.

Formulation and Assessment of a Wash-Primer Containing Lanthanum “Tannate” for Steel Temporary Protection

Tannins are polyphenols synthesized by plants and useful for the coating industry as corrosion inhibitors. In addition, lanthanum salts have a great inhibitory effect on steel corrosion. The aim of this study was to obtain lanthanum “tannate” with adequate solubility to be incorporated as the corrosion inhibitor in a wash-primer. The “tannate” was obtained from commercial “Quebracho” tannin and 0.1 M La(NO3)3. The soluble tannin was determined by the Folin–Denis reagent, while the concentration of Lanthanum was obtained by a gravimetric procedure. The protective action of “tannate” on SAE 1010 steel was evaluated by linear polarization curves and corrosion potential measurements. Lanthanum “tannate” was incorporated in a wash-primer formulation and tested by corrosion potential and ionic resistance measurements. The corrosion rate was also determined by the polarization resistance technique. Besides, the primer was incorporated in an alkyd paint system and its anticorrosion performance assessed in the salt spray cabinet and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results showed that lanthanum “tannate” primer inhibits the development of deleterious iron oxyhydroxides on the steel substrate and incorporated into a paint system had a similar behavior to the primer formulated with zinc tetroxychromate.

A simple gravimetric method for the determination of perchlorate

A simple, inexpensive, and accurate gravimetric procedure for the determination of the perchlorate ion (ClO4 −) is described. The method is based on the precipitation of potassium perchlorate, KClO4(s), from wet ethanol solution using potassium acetate in ethanol as the precipitant. The method is particularly suited to the analysis of the concentrated perchlorate solutions commonly used in physicochemical, electrochemical, and solubility studies. An accuracy of 0.1–0.2% was readily attainable providing the water content of the precipitating medium was ≤ 5 vol%. Solubility data for KClO4(s) in ethanol-rich mixtures with water are reported.

Ion Chromatography, Spectrophotometry, Titrimetry, and Gravimetry Measurements of Sodium Concentration in the Blood

Studies of human blood are carried out for numerous parameters. One of them is sodium concentration. In this article, ion chromatographic, spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and gravimetric procedures for determination of sodium concentration in plasma, serum, and whole blood are described. Brief data on these procedures and results of their comparative tests are presented.

Heat Transfer Analysis of an Optimized, Flexible Holder System for Freeze-Drying in Dual Chamber Cartridges Using Different State-of-the-Art PAT Tools

The aim of this study was to determine the heat transfer characteristics of an optimized flexible holder device, using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, the Pressure Rise Test, and the gravimetric procedure. Two different controlled nucleation methods were tested, and an improved sublimation process, “preheated plate,” was developed. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy identified an initial sublimation burst phase. Accordingly, steady-state equations were adapted for the gravimetric procedure, to account for this initial non–steady-state period. The heat transfer coefficient, KDCC, describing the transfer from the holder to the DCC, was the only heat transfer coefficient showing a clear pressure dependence with values ranging from 3.81E−04 cal/(g·cm2·K) at 40 mTorr to 7.38E−04 cal/(g·cm2·K) at 200 mTorr. The heat transfer coefficient, Ktot, reflecting the overall energy transfer via the holder, increased by around 24% from 40 to 200 mTorr. This resulted in a pressure-independent sublimation rate of around 42 ± 1.06 mg/h over the whole pressure range. Hence, this pressure-dependent increase in energy transfer completely compensated the decrease in driving force of sublimation. The “flexible holder” shows a substantially reduced impact of atypical radiation, improved drying homogeneity, and ultimately a better transferability of the freeze-drying cycle for process optimization.

Solubility and diffusivity of supercritical carbon dioxide in cellulose acetate with cosolvents

The gravimetric procedure was applied to investigate the solubility and diffusivity of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) in cellulose acetate (CA). The solubility increases constantly in the initial period and reaches the dissolution equilibrium when the saturation time exceeds 10 h. The solubility decreases gradually from 14.29 wt% to 7.36 wt%, while the saturation temperature increases from 40°C to 70°C. The solubility increases by only 5.63%, while the saturation pressure grows from 10 MPa (12.62 wt%) to 30 MPa (13.33 wt%). The presence of cosolvents, especially ethanol, improves the solubility obviously. The diffusivity is not affected by pressure but increases with the solubility. Scanning electron microscopic images show that the cell densities increase with the content of ethanol, which implies that the higher solubility is in favor of the cell nucleation. The foamed CA with 10 wt% or 20 wt% ethanol has both low density and good impact properties.

Determination of Sulfide and Total Sulfur in Ore by Wavelength-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the determination of total sulfur and sulfide in ore by X-ray fluorescence. The X-ray emission spectra of sulfur were measured by a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer. The samples were prepared as pressed powder pellets on boric acid substrates. The SKα1,2 line was used to determine total sulfur. The ratio between sulfide and total sulfur was measured by the ratio of satellite SKβ′ and SKβ1,3 line intensities. The total relative standard deviation (SD) of the measurements and preparation repeatability was less than 2%. Sample preparation was contributed to the error of the analysis. To determine total sulfur, the calibration curve was obtained from the samples of certified reference materials of gold-bearing sulfide-containing ore. The accuracy was verified by comparison with a gravimetric method. The relative SD was 6% for sulfur concentrations from 1 to 8 wt%. The calibration curve was defined using pure reagents to determine sulfide. The ore was analyzed by a gravimetric procedure with a relative SD of 6.5% for the sulfide concentration from 1 to 6 wt%.

Catalytic Activity of Ru for Metal-Assisted Etching of Si

Metal-assisted chemical etching of Silicon (Si) in hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution is an electroless method to produce porous Si (1, 2). Such etching generally uses not only metal-modified Si but also an oxidizing agent as hydrogen peroxide, metal ions and oxygen. We reported that etching rate of platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), gold (Au) and silver (Ag)-particle-modified Si depended on catalytic activity of metal for oxygen reduction (3), and palladium (Pd) exhibits high catalytic activity for the etching of Si without an oxidizing agent even under dissolved oxygen-free and dark conditions (4). This etching reaction using Pd is explained by electron injection into the conduction band of Si due to Pd assisted anodic oxidization of Si (Fig. 1). In this study, we have investigated the catalytic activity of ruthenium (Ru), which is in the same platinum group as Pd, for etching of Si in a HF solution. Single-crystalline n-Si wafers (CZ, (100), ca. 10 Ω cm) were used as substrates. Si wafers were immersed in 1 mM (M = mol dm-3) ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) solution including 0.15 M HF at 313 K for electroless displacement metal deposition. Metal deposited Si wafers were immersed in a 7.3 M HF solution at 298 K under dark conditions for 24 h. Argon or oxygen gas bubbling was applied to the HF solution before and during etching to remove or saturate the dissolved oxygen in the solution, respectively. The etching rate of Si was measured by a gravimetric procedure. No metal deposition occurred on mirror-polished Si wafers even by immersing in the deposition solution for even long time of 24 h. On the other hand, on Si wafers roughed with sand paper (#1200), Ru particles were deposited by immersing in the solution for 5 min. The etching rates of such Ru-particle-deposited Si wafers in 7.3 M HF solution were 1.1×10-5 and 2.0×10-4 g cm-2 h-1 under oxygen-free and -saturated conditions, respectively. The etch rate in the oxygen-free case is much higher than 1.2×10-6 g cm-2 h-1 of Pt-particle-modified case and one order lower than 3.4×10-4 g cm-2 h-1 the of Pd case. Figure 2 shows the SEM images of Ru-particle-deposited Si wafers before and after etching with the oxygen free HF solution. Ru particles were localized on scratches before etching (fig. 2a). After etching, a porous layer covered whole surface of Si (Fig. 2b and c). Pores, which have Ru particle at the bottom, were formed. The depth of pores, ca. 0.2 mm, is much shorter than 1 mm of depth calculated using the gravimetric procedure. These results indicate that Ru has much lower activity for electroless displacement deposition than that of other noble metals and high catalytic activity for metal assisted etching of Si similar to Pd. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI (26289276). REFERENCES Z. Huang, N. Geyer, P. Werner, J. Boor, U Gösele, Adv. Mater., 23,285 (2011).S. Yae, Y. Kawamoto, H. Tanaka, N. Fukumuro, and H. Matsuda, Electrochem.Commun., 5, 632 (2003).S. Yae, Y. Morii, N. Fukumuro, H. Matsuda, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 7, 352 (2012).S. Yae, M. Tashiro, M. Abe, N. Fukumuro, and H. Matsuda, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, D90 (2010). Figure 1

Particulate matter concentration and chemical composition in the metro system of Rome, Italy.

Air quality at the main station of the metro system of Rome (Termini hub) has been characterized by the point of view of particulate matter (PM) concentration and chemical composition. Indoor air in different environments (underground train platform and shopping center, metro carriages with and without air conditioning system) has been studied and compared with outdoor air at a nearby urban site. Air quality at the railway station, located outdoor at surface level, has been also considered for comparison. PM chemical characterization included ions, elemental carbon, organic carbon, macro-elements, and the bio-accessible and residual fractions of micro- and trace elements. Train platform and carriages without air conditioning resulted to be the most polluted environments, with indoor/outdoor ratio up to two orders of magnitude for many components. PM mass concentration was determined on filter membranes by the gravimetric procedure as well as from the optical particle counter (OPC) number concentration measurements. The OPC results, taken with the original calibration factor, were below 40 % of the value obtained by the gravimetric measurements. Only a chemical and morphological characterization of the collected dust could lead to a reconciliation of the results yielded by the two methods. Macro-components were used to estimate the strength of the main macro-sources. The most significant contribution is confirmed to derive from wheels, rails, and brakes abrasion; from soil re-suspension (over 50 % at the subway platform); and from organics (about 25 %). The increase in the concentration of elements was mostly due to the residual fraction, but also the bio-accessible fraction showed a remarkable enrichment, particularly in the case of Ba, Zn, Cd, and Ni.

A new high‐quality set of singly (2H) and doubly (2H and 18O) stable isotope labeled reference waters for biomedical and other isotope‐labeled research

RATIONALEResearch using water with enriched levels of the rare stable isotopes of hydrogen and/or oxygen requires well‐characterized enriched reference waters. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) did have such reference waters available, but these are now exhausted. New reference waters thus had to be produced in sufficient quantity, and higher characterization quality was desired.METHODSThe reference waters have been prepared gravimetrically from three parent waters: natural water, pure 2H water and highly 18O‐enriched water. These parent waters have been thoroughly assessed for their full isotopic compositions. To ensure the integrity and correctness of the gravimetric procedure, validation measurements have been carried out on the isotopic composition of the produced reference waters by two of our laboratories. These measurements corroborate the values obtained on the basis of gravimetric data.RESULTSTwo new sets of three reference waters enriched in the stable isotopes have been produced and certified: one set of singly labeled waters, only enriched in 2H, and another set of Doubly Labeled Waters, enriched in both 2H and 18O. They cover δ 2H and δ 18O values in the range of 800–16000 ‰ and 100–2000 ‰, respectively. The process has led to highly accurate isotopic values for these waters.CONCLUSIONSThese reference waters are now available (called IAEA‐604 to IAEA‐609). They will be valuable as reference materials for all fields using isotope labeling of water, most prominently, but not exclusively, biomedical research (body composition analyses, metabolic rate measurements). The two waters with the lowest enrichments will also be useful as anchor values for isotope measurements around the natural range. © 2015 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Validation of phenol red versus gravimetric method for water reabsorption correction and study of gender differences in Doluisio’s absorption technique

The aim of the present study was to develop a method for water flux reabsorption measurement in Doluisio’s Perfusion Technique based on the use of phenol red as a non-absorbable marker and to validate it by comparison with gravimetric procedure. The compounds selected for the study were metoprolol, atenolol, cimetidine and cefadroxil in order to include low, intermediate and high permeability drugs absorbed by passive diffusion and by carrier mediated mechanism. The intestinal permeabilities (Peff) of the drugs were obtained in male and female Wistar rats and calculated using both methods of water flux correction. The absorption rate coefficients of all the assayed compounds did not show statistically significant differences between male and female rats consequently all the individual values were combined to compare between reabsorption methods. The absorption rate coefficients and permeability values did not show statistically significant differences between the two strategies of concentration correction. The apparent zero order water absorption coefficients were also similar in both correction procedures. In conclusion gravimetric and phenol red method for water reabsorption correction are accurate and interchangeable for permeability estimation in closed loop perfusion method.

Fatty Acids and Mineral Profiles of Biodegraded Oil-rich Wastewater

Aims: Biodegradation of oil-rich wastewater evidenced with the production of fatty acids was enumerated and qualified. Study Design: The study site is Falegan restaurant situated within the metropolis of AdoEkiti, the capital of Ekiti State. The restaurant is located at about 20km from Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Microbiology, and Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, between September 2010 and August 2011. Methodology: The oil-rich wastewater and palm oil were cultured using standard methods and the growth measured using gravimetric procedure. Fatty acids enumeration was done using higher performance liquid chromatography. Mineral analyses were carried out on the wastewater samples, using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, while Potassium and Sodium were analyzed using a Flame Photometer. Results: In wastewater the percentage weight difference between the first and twelfth days indicated some substantial growth differences in Pseudomonas sp. (w) and Staphylococcus sp (x) with each having a 100% weight increase. While in palm oil, there were some appreciable increases in weight difference noticed for isolates Pseudomonas sp. (j), Staphylococcus sp. (r) and Bacillus sp. (p), and Klebsiella sp. (m) with values of 28.3%, 7.84%, 4.44% and 6.98% respectively. The weight increase of each of the microbial Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(7): 1150-1172, 2014 1151 cells in palm oil culture was usually lesser than what was obtained in the oil-rich wastewater culture. The largest variation among the microbiological activities in the biodegradation of palm oil fatty acids was obtained on the 7 day. The value on this day was 52.1% which almost doubled the values obtained on day 4 and 24h but almost quadruplet on the 12 day. Generally, Klebsiella spp (m) appeared to be the most outstanding in its biochemical use of the minerals; whereas Staphylococcus sp. (r) appeared to utilize the minerals minimally. Conclusion: The biodegradation of the oil-rich wastewater was discussed extensively.