Gravimetric Measurements Research Articles

Water and Oil Volume Measurement Using UV–Visible Spectroscopy

Fluid saturation in relative permeability experiments is typically determined by volumetric or gravimetric measurements, as well as in-situ saturation monitoring (ISSM). Gravimetric measurements tend to have larger error due to grain loss. The conventional volumetric method used can be a challenge because produced volumes for oil and water must be separated and measured manually. ISSM method is also a costly technique. In this study, an UV–visible spectroscopy was used to continuously and cost effectively measure oil and water volumes. A water-oil unsteady state relative permeability was performed to investigate the feasibility of calculating oil and water volumes using UV–visible spectroscopy. UV–visible spectroscopy is a quantitative technique in analytical chemistry to determine concentrations of known solutes. A UV–visible spectroscope was located in the flow line immediately after the core holder and used to quantify fluid volumes (oil and water) produced from a core sample during unsteady state relative permeability study. A volumetric separator was also used to compare production volumes obtained from UV–visible spectroscope. The relative permeabilities were calculated using JBN method from both volumetric and UV-visible spectroscope measurements and then history matched with Sendra (PRORES AS). The final oil volume produced, oil and water relative permeability curves obtained from UV–visible spectroscope measurements were in good agreement with volumetric measurements. The Corey relative permeability curves simulated from Sendra also were closely matched with analytical relative permeability curves obtained using volume measurements from volumetric and UV–visible spectroscope data. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) on post relative permeability experiment was also in good agreement with UV–visible spectroscope measurement. UV–visible spectroscopy was also used to measure the breakthrough time of the injected fluid. Breakthrough time estimated using in-line UV–visible spectrophotometer was 0.634 PVI compared to 0.617 and 0.673 PVI from pressure data and volumetric observations.Graphic

Optimization of conventional-zeolite-synthesis from waste pumice for water adsorption

This research reports conventionally-synthesized-zeolites with comparatively large surface area (SSA) and water-uptake prepared solely from waste-pumice. Notably, the synthesis process avoided using additional commercial raw materials, organic templates, and high temperatures, so that the process was less costly and ecofriendly. To optimize the process, the synthesis time was varied, and the mixture of the raw material and alkaline solution was stirred for 12 h. The zeolite mother liquor was also recycled. Water adsorption experiments were carried out using gravimetric measurements. The Na-P1-rich zeolite product with an optimal water uptake of 0.256 g/g was synthesized after 48 h of hydrothermal activation (H). On the other hand, the product’s optimal SSA of 186 m2/g was achieved after 36H under similar conditions (rich in faujasite). Adsorption isotherms showed that water uptake increased with activation time and with the inclusion of mother liquor recycling. Furthermore, recycling resulted in a product with enhanced SSA compared to its precursor. Un-recycled products exhibited relatively high-water uptake both at low and high relative-pressure, while the recycled product had a high uptake at high relative pressure. All products could be used in adsorption heat pump (AHP) applications (air conditioning) suited for high relative humidity (RH) environments. However, high-synthesis-time non-recycled products could also work for low RH AHP applications.

Government crisis communication tools in the light of the extreme drought of 2022

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the communication of the drought (water crisis) of 2022. As water is a vital element, the alpha and omega of survival, the authors should expect the emergence of existential anxieties during related crises that may result in messages being ignored. This makes the communication of the responsible public authority even more difficult. The authors’ aim to make forward-looking recommendations for water professionals in the face of future water crises. Methodology: In order to help develop more effective crisis communication the authors analysed the National Directorate General for Water Management’s communications before, during and after the crisis (using the method of media monitoring and analysis) and carried out the evaluation based on their own criteria, which were compiled on the basis of the literature. They conclude their summary findings by making recommendations. Findings: In their opinion, although the communication of the OVF has been characterised by a rapid and accurate flow of information, the role of social responsibility should be strengthened in the future. The proportion of textual and visual content and the choice of publication channels should be reconsidered. Value: Due to the acceleration of the hydrological cycle, it is likely that in the future humanity will have to prepare for more intense periods of extreme water scarcity. According to satellite gravimetric measurements, the water security of the Carpathian Basin is changing in a negative direction. The authors’ results underline that the emerging climate crisis opens up new dimensions in governmental/authority crisis communication, both in terms of preparedness and response.

A kormányzati kríziskommunikáció eszközei a 2022. évi rendkívüli aszály tükrében

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the communication of the drought (water crisis) of 2022. As water is a vital element, the alpha and omega of survival, the authors should expect the emergence of existential anxieties during related crises that may result in messages being ignored. This makes the communication of the responsible public authority even more difficult. The authors’ aim to make forward-looking recommendations for water professionals in the face of future water crises. Methodology: In order to help develop more effective crisis communication the authors analysed the National Directorate General for Water Management’s communications before, during and after the crisis (using the method of media monitoring and analysis) and carried out the evaluation based on their own criteria, which were compiled on the basis of the literature. They conclude their summary findings by making recommendations. Findings: In their opinion, although the communication of the OVF has been characterised by a rapid and accurate flow of information, the role of social responsibility should be strengthened in the future. The proportion of textual and visual content and the choice of publication channels should be reconsidered. Value: Due to the acceleration of the hydrological cycle, it is likely that in the future humanity will have to prepare for more intense periods of extreme water scarcity. According to satellite gravimetric measurements, the water security of the Carpathian Basin is changing in a negative direction. The authors’ results underline that the emerging climate crisis opens up new dimensions in governmental/authority crisis communication, both in terms of preparedness and response.

A Low Cost Capacitive Soil Moisture Measurement and Datalogger System

Water resources, which are indispensable for agriculture, industry and domestic use, are under threat today. In order to use water and soil resources efficiently and sustainably, it has become an important need to develop new systems and methods that can detect the moisture content of the soil. With the developing technology and different techniques, the moisture content of the soil began to be measured more accurately, reliably and quickly. One of these techniques is measuring soil moisture with high-precision and low-cost capacitive sensors. In this study, an example system for measuring and recording soil moisture was designed using the Arduino microcontroller board and capacitive sensors. In the study conducted in a climate-controlled greenhouse, a very high negative correlation was found between sensor and gravimetric measurement values. The regression relationship between sensor values and gravimetric measurement values was examined and R2 values between 85.6% and 95.0% were obtained.

Determination of aggregate stability in kaolinitic subsoils using an energy-based, laser diffraction method

Traditional aggregate stability methodologies, such as wet sieving, rainfall simulation, and chemical dispersion, measure aggregate size, rather than stability. Sonication methods allow for energy-based measurements of aggregate stability, but most methods involve sieving to obtain gravimetric measurements of particle size fractions, which increases labor and variability compared to volumetric measurements by laser diffraction analyses. One criticism of energy-based methods is that ultrasonic devices are calibrated in a closed vessel containing water whereas the application of energy in routine analyses is commonly done in an open system containing soil and water, without considering the effects of soil mass and specific heat on sonication power or the energy lost from the system by conduction and/or other forces in an open system. Using texturally diverse subsoil samples with low carbon and similar clay mineralogy, we quantified 1) the effects of system type (thermodynamically closed versus open systems) and 2) the effect of assuming energy from calibrations in water versus measuring thermal energy in a soil–water system on soil dispersion curves. We found that these factors do not significantly affect soil dispersion curves of coarse- and medium-textured soils; however, fine samples are affected by system type and the method used to quantify energy. Overall, indices produced from soil dispersion curves are highly reproducible in both open and closed systems and correlate with soil physical properties that impact aggregate stability. These indices may streamline future measurements of aggregate stability and facilitate the inclusion of this important soil property in soil assessments.

Planning, emphasis and proposal for implementation of gravimetric control network in Israel

AbstractThis study outlines the planning, emphases, and proposed implementation of a gravimetric control network for Israel. The establishment of a comprehensive and accurate gravimetric control network is crucial for various geodetic applications, including geoid determination, gravity field modelling, vertical datum establishment, and geophysical studies. This study aims to provide a framework for the development and implementation of such a network in Israel. The proposed network is divided into two orders. The first order, also known as the absolute order or zero order, comprises four stations situated in geologically stable and tranquil locations. The second order, referred to as the first order, is established through relative gravimetric measurements. This order will encompass 29 stations positioned in areas that are both stable and secure. The zero and first order stations will be evenly distributed throughout the country to ensure homogeneous coverage. The proposed gravimetric network is in conjunction with the requirements to improve the geoid undulation model of Israel. Through the establishment of a small gravimetric network and the implementation of relative gravimetric measurements, we were able to determine the optimal control point density and establish a well-structured methodology for measurement, analysis, and the adjustment process.

Aromaticity of Heterocyclic Compounds and Their Corrosion Inhibition Property: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis.

Heterocycle derived moieties, namely, N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methanimine (MPM), 1-(furan-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)methanimine (FMM), and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(thiophen-2-yl)methanimine (MTM), were synthesized followed by analysis of their structural aspects using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The corrosion retarding abilities of the same were distinguished by gravimetric and certain electrochemical measures for mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4, and MTM was obtained with maximum inhibition efficiency of 97.93% at 250 mg L-1 concentration; the thermodynamic and activation parameters were recorded in this regard. The results were further seen to be supported by various surface studies: SEM-EDS, XPS, AFM, contact angle, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Potentiodynamic polarization studies unveiled the mixed nature of heterocyclic inhibitors with overriding anodic effect. Furthermore, the adsorption of inhibitors over mild steel coupons demarcates the prevalence of physical and chemical interactions in the environment. In addition, the computational studies, global and local reactivity, molecular dynamics, and density functional theory, were employed and the experimental results obtained were found in correlation with the theoretical results.

Dust Pollution in Construction Sites in Point-Pattern Housing Development

Construction in cities and agglomerations is one of the main sources of air pollution in most countries in the world. Fine dust particles, PM0.5–PM10, which form as a result of construction processes, are among the most dangerous pollutants. With the increase in the volume of point-pattern housing development in cities, the task of maintaining clean air and environmental conditions becomes important. This requires research, the monitoring of dust emissions throughout the entire construction period and the development of design solutions based on the results obtained. The study examines the determination of the dispersed composition of dust generated on a construction site. A graphical representation of the dispersed composition is given by constructing integral curves on a logarithmic grid and approximating them using two-link and three-link splines. The gravimetric measurement method was used to analyze the concentration of dust in the air released during construction work near residential areas. Dust analysis at the construction site revealed significant differences in particle size that cannot be explained by statistical errors alone. The reasons for this are both working conditions and climatic factors, including humidity and wind intensity. In this regard, it is preferable to use models that take into account random processes instead of traditional deterministic methods to study the dust that shapes during construction.

Nearly instantaneous stem diameter response to fluctuations in the atmospheric water demand.

Changes in vapour pressure deficit can lead to the depletion and replenishment of stem water pools to buffer water potential variations in the xylem. Yet, the precise velocity at which stem water pools track environmental cues remains poorly explored. Nine eucalyptus seedlings grown in a glasshouse experienced high-frequency environmental oscillations and their stem radial variations (ΔR) were monitored at a 30-s temporal resolution in upper and lower stem locations and on the bark and xylem. The stem ΔR response to vapour pressure deficit changes was nearly instantaneous (<1min), while temperature lagged behind stem ΔR. No temporal differences in the stem ΔR response were observed between locations. Punctual gravimetric measurements confirmed the synchrony between transpiration and stem ΔR dynamics. These results indicate (i) that stem-stored water can respond to the atmospheric evaporative demand much faster than commonly assumed and (ii) that the origin of the water released to the transpiration stream seems critical in determining time lags in stem water pool dynamics. Near-zero time lags may be explained by the high elasticity of eucalyptus woody tissues and the predominant water use from the xylem, circumventing the hydraulic radial barriers to water flow from/to the outer tissues.

Development of a Novel High Temperature Continuous Particle Mass Flow Measurement Device for Particle-Based CSP Applications

Particle-based concentrating solar power (CSP) technology is one of the generation three (Gen3) CSP technologies that has potential for lowering the levelized cost of electricity produced by this solar thermal power systems. Commercially available ceramic particles, which are rated for high temperature applications up to 1200 °C, were selected for this study. This medium is commonly used as an energy carrier or heat transfer medium in Gen3 CSP research and development efforts [1]. Prior studies at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) have investigated and evaluated various mass flow measurement methods, and a simple gravimetric temporal load measurement method was chosen as the best candidate for the research purpose [2]. This mass flow measurement method is a batch process and is not a viable solution for commercial-scale power generation applications based on cost, space, process control, and practical system integration factors. In-line and continuous particle mass flow measurement will play an integral role in efficient and cost effective Gen3 CSP particle technologies. Process parameters, including energy absorbed by the particles, receiver efficiency, temperature dependent flow phenomena, and general high temperature measurement reliability are all rely on repeatable and accurate measurement of particle mass flow under various operating conditions. Ceramic particles, like those used in this application, are not conventionally used as an energy carrier. A novel concept for continuous particle mass flow at a wide range of operating temperatures is currently under development and planned to be tested at the NSTTF, called the Particle In-LinE (PILE) mass flow sensor.

Investigation of Corrosion Protection Through CNTs/ CNFs Modified Cement Mortars

background: the performance of nano modified cement based materials is substantial in terms of their mechanical durability and other similar properties that are of great importance in the functional life of cement structures. The motivation of this study is to formulate conclusions concerning the anti-corrosive impact of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the properties of mortar specimens and respectively on their service life. methods: The nano additives performance, was investigated through Scanning methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which analyze the microstructure of mortar specimens with 0.1 % wt addition of CNTs and 0.1 % wt addition of CNFs in their synthesis. In addition, other techniques such as total chloride content and gravimetric mass loss measurements, provide a consolidated assessment of the impact of the nano modified cement materials. In particular, (SEM) and (XRD) microstructure analysis results showed that nanoadditives are found as agglomerates in the cement paste, whereas their hydrophobic nature blocks the diffusion of corrosive factors into the cement paste. Additionally, the total chloride content in mortar specimens with CNFs is approximately 50% less than the relevant percentage of the specimens without additives, which is in compliance with the relevant percentages of porosity values. Furthermore, from the elemental analysis of all specimens, it is found that the samples that are corroded are the specimens without nano additives. results: The addition of nanomodified materials affects the porosity and the microstructure of the mortar specimens. conclusion: The addition of 0,1 % of CNTs or CNFs positively affects against corrosion impact while exposure in extremely corrosive conditions.

Effect of substitution on corrosion inhibition properties of 4-(substituted fluoro, chloro, and amino) Benzophenone derivatives on mild steel in acidic medium: A combined Electrochemical, surface characterization and theoretical approach

Background: In this study, three mono-substituted Benzophenone (BP) derivatives, 4-Fluorobenzophenone (4-F.BP), 4-Chlorobenzophenone (4-C.BP), and 4-Aminobenzophenone (4-A.BP) were investigated using a combined electrochemical, surface characterization and theoretical approach. Methods: In experiment, the effectiveness of 4-F.BP, 4-C.BP, and 4-A.BP in inhibiting mild steel corrosion in a 1 N HCl solution were investigated using gravimetric measurements at several temperatures (303–333 K), electrochemical measurements (Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)), UV–visible analysis, Surface morphology test (SEM and EDAX analysis, AFM analysis, water contact angle measurement, XPS analysis) as well as theoretical studies. Significant findings: Increase in the inhibitor concentrations (160, 200, 240 and 280 ppm) exhibited a maximum percentage of inhibition efficiency (IE %) of 83.75 %, 88.75 %, and 93.75 % for 280 ppm of 4-F.BP, 4-C.BP, and 4-A.BP respectively at 303 K. However, with increase in the temperature from 303 to 333 K, IE % furthermore reduced to 52.41 %, 57.24 %, and 66.20 % at 333 K. The potentiodynamic polarization plots revealed that all molecules acted as mixed-type corrosion inhibitors and had an exceptional ability to inhibit the anodic reaction. Moreover, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Contact angle measurement (CAM) confirms the formation of protective layer on the metal surface by the chosen inhibitors. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data confirms the bonding interaction between the functional groups and the metal surface. Furthermore, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation and Molecular Dynamics simulations (MD) were carried out to understand inhibition's molecular/atomic mechanisms. In summary, the suggested benzophenone derivatives are effective and economical anticorrosion agents for mild steel surfaces exposed to aggressive environments.

LNG density measurement by gravimetric method

Density is a critical parameter in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry, which necessitates the study of measurement methods. Standard methods for calculating LNG density are employed in downstream LNG custody transfer, but it still faces challenges in density measurement in the upstream, such as in LNG plants and LNG refueling station. In this paper, a gravimetric density measurement method was established for LNG plants, which is SI-traceable as it relies on volume and mass. A home-made sampling device was developed and employed to obtain the LNG volume and mass. The principle involves trapping LNG in a known-volume quantitative tube within the sampling device. The LNG is then transferred to a vacuum sampling cylinder and weighed using a mass compactor. This approach not only provides representative samples but also enables compositional analysis while performing density calculations according to ISO 6578. Feasibility and practicality tests of this novel method were conducted in an LNG plant. The test results indicate that the reproducibility is 0.6 %(RSD), and the relative expanded uncertainty is 2.0 % (k = 2). Compared to the revised Klosek and McKinley method (RKM), it shows a relative difference of −0.3 % to 1.5 %, demonstrating the applicability to LNG plants.

Newly synthesised diglycolamide functionalised silica gel with terminal 2-ethylhexyl alkyl chain, Silica-DGA (2EH) having high ligand density for adsorption of trivalent actinide and lanthanide from acidic medium

A novel diglycolamide resin with 2-ethylhexyl terminal alkyl chain functionalised to silica gel was synthesised and characterised by ATR-FTIR, SEM, TG/DSC, &13C (CP/MAS) solid state NMR techniques. Effective functionalization of the organic ligand upon silica gel was confirmed from the two carbonyl stretching frequencies at 1735 cm−1 and 1619 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum and carbonyl carbon atom signal at 170 ppm in 13C (CP/MAS) solid state NMR spectrum. Thermo gravimetric measurement showed 17.3 ± 0.2 % (W/W) weight loss corresponding to the ligand loading value of 425 µmol/g. The resin showed very high uptake of trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions from 4.0 M HNO3 medium and very low distribution of Cs & Sr; Kd ∼ 1.1×103 mL/g for Am(III), ∼ 1.41×103 mL/g for Eu(III), ∼2.5 mL/g for Sr and 1.53 mL/g for Cs. FTIR spectroscopic study of the Eu3+ adsorbed resin showed single carbonyl stretching frequency at 1654 cm−1, instead of the two carbonyl stretching frequencies in fresh silica-DGA(2EH) resin indicating complexation through carbonyl oxygen. Very low Kd of ∼1.2–5.1 mL/g for lanthanides/actinides from 4.0 M HNO3 containing water soluble DGA namely N, N, N, N, Tetraethyldiglycolamide (TEDGA) in the concentration range 0.3–0.1 M indicates 99 % back adsorption feasibility.

Evaluation of green corrosion inhibitors of chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives for CO2 corrosion inhibition on 20# carbon steel

Two chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives, VCOS and GCOS, were synthesized and explored as corrosion inhibitors, the synergistic inhibition effect of KI and VCOS was also studied. Their structures were elucidated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The inhibition efficacy of VCOS+KI and GCOS on 20# steel within an 80℃, 3 wt% NaCl, CO2-saturated solution system was investigated employing various techniques, including gravimetric measurement, electrochemical analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and molecular dynamics simulations. The results reveal that the inhibition efficiency of VCOS is relatively low when it acts alone. When VCOS and KI are combined, they have a good synergistic effect, and the synergistic parameter is the highest at 6.209. In the weight loss experiment, the corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with the concentration of the corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition rates of VCOS+KI and GCOS were 90.5 % and 90.2 %, respectively. The adsorption on 20# steel conformed to the Langmuir isotherm adsorption equation. The measurement results of SEM, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, and AFM show that VCOS+KI and GCOS adsorbed on the surface of carbon steel to form a dense inhibitor film, which effectively protected the metal substrate. According to the polarization test results, both VCOS+KI and GCOS are mixed-type inhibitors primarily exhibiting anodic inhibition, with inhibition efficiencies reaching 98.9 % and 95.1 %, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests showed that with increasing inhibitor concentration and immersion time, Rct increased and Cdl decreased, resulting in a gradual increase in inhibition efficiency and the formation of a dense and stable inhibitor film. The results indicate that VCOS+KI and GCOS are non-toxic, water-soluble, and environmentally friendly inhibitors with good anti-corrosion performance.

Efficacy of Neem Oil against Termite [Odontotermes obesus (Rambur)] (Blattodea: Termitidae)

Botanical pesticides are of great importance in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Extracts of different plant parts are used for deterring and killing the various life stages of insects. Most of the oils produced by plants contain bioactive compounds with insecticidal properties. Neem oil containing azadirachtin is an established insecticide and insect repellent. Use of synthetic pesticides for wood preservation leads to environmental pollution and health hazards to human beings and other living organisms. To avoid these problems neem, Azadiracta indica (A.Juss.) plant oil was used in this study and gave better results. The weight loss of card boards treated with neem was less like chlorpyrifos treated cardboards. Gravimetric measurements of cardboards shown 18.34gm and 16.85 gm weight which after 30 and 60 days of exposure to A. indica oil indicated that plant oil has potential effects like conventional pesticides like chlorpyrifos which showed the18.72 and 18.63 gm of weight in cardboards after 30 and 60 days of exposure. The P values was 0.036457 and 0.016527 for cardboards exposed to two treatments after 30 and 60 days respectively which is highly significant.

Unveiling the anti-corrosion Potential of seaweed macroalga Codium tomentosum: A multifaceted investigation into its mechanisms of copper protection

The seaweed macroalga Codium tomentosum (GAE) was extracted by the maceration method, and it was used as an eco-friendly, nontoxic inhibitor of copper in 1 M H2SO4 corrosion media. To evaluate the composition and protective capacity of the GAE, several methods were employed, gravimetric measurements, electrochemical testing include polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The findings indicate the green algae extract successfully prevents copper corrosion when immersed in a corrosive medium. The inhibition efficiency demonstrates an increase with rising inhibitor concentration, reaching its peak at 82 % at concentration of 1 g/L. Operating solely through adsorption and inhibiting active sites on the copper surface, the inhibitor has a mixed inhibition characteristic. Temperature sensitivity is observed, resulting in a decrease in efficiency. The hypothesis of physisorption nature and adherence to the Langmuir isotherm type is supported by the alignment of thermodynamic and kinetic research. In addition, the inhibition mechanism of GAE was studied by quantum chemical calculations and molecular Monte Carlo simulation. This work provides a useful insight into the anti–corrosion of copper during industrial pickling or descaling processes.

Assessing Particulate Emissions of Novel Synthetic Fuels and Fossil Fuels under Different Operating Conditions of a Marine Engine and the Impact of a Closed-Loop Scrubber

Particle emissions from marine activities next to gaseous emissions have attracted increasing attention in recent years, whether in the form of black carbon for its contribution to global warming or as fine particulate matter posing a threat to human health. Coastal areas are particularly affected by this. Hence, there is a great need for shipping to explore alternative fuels that both reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as anticipated through IMO, and also have the potential to reduce particle emissions significantly. This paper presents a comparative study of the particulate emissions of two novel synthetic/biofuels (GTL and HVO), which might, in part, substitute traditionally used distillate liquid fuels (e.g., MDO). HFO particulate emissions, in combination with an EGCS, formed the baseline. The main emphasis was laid on particle concentration (PN) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, combining gravimetric and particle number measurements. Measurements were conducted on a 0.72 MW research engine at different loads (25%, 50%, and 75%). The results show that novel fuels produce slightly fewer emissions than diesel fuel. Results also exhibit a clear trend that particle formation decreases as engine load increases. The EGCS only moderately reduces particle emissions for all complaint fuels, which is related to the formation of very fine particles, especially at high engine loads.

Experimental accompanied with computational (atomic/electronic)-level simulation investigations of Polygonum cuspidatum root extract as sustainable corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aggressive corrosive media.

This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of Polygonum cuspidatum root extract (PCRE) on mild steel in a 0.5M HCl acidic environment. Herein, various techniques including electrochemical and gravimetric measurements were employed, along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle (CA) measurements for surface morphology analysis. The impedance study revealed a concentration-dependent enhancement in corrosion resistance, classifying PCRE as a mixed-type inhibitor (i.e., inhibits both anodic and cathodic reactions). The highest efficiency, 96.71% at 298K, was observed at a 1000-ppm PCRE concentration. Langmuir model computations suggested chemisorption and physisorption of PCRE on the electrode substrate. Increased Rp (from 28.648 to 174.01 Ω) and Rct (185.74 Ω cm2) at 1000ppm demonstrated improved corrosion resistance. Additionally, SEM analysis displayed a uniform, protective surface, reducing metal degradation. Theoretical calculations highlighted strong interactions between PCRE and mild steel, with a low energy gap (ΔE), as follows: 1-O-methylemodin (2.267eV) < emodin (2.288eV) < emodin-1-O-glucoside (2.343eV) < piceid (2.931eV) < resveratrol (2.952eV), confirming PCRE's excellent micro-level anti-corrosion capabilities. This eco-benign corrosion inhibitor offers sustainable, low-toxicity protection, cost-effectiveness, and versatile performance, surpassing commercial counterparts while aligning with sustainability goals.