Grave Monuments Research Articles

Unity and Diversity in Greek Art

Athenian art was more or less dominant in the visual culture of the Greek world in the classical period but not in all areas. We explore here the influence of Athens on the art and architecture of regions that had developed their own local traditions. Thishappened in times of crisis, political as well as social. Such crises can be detected in the last decades of both the fifth and the fourth centuries BCE. We will begin by examining the impact of the Peloponnesian War on the artistic development of Arcadia and Laconiaand conclude with the aftermath of the Macedonian conquest of Athens after the Lamian War. It appears that in the last twenty years of the fourth century the Macedonians hired Attic masons to reproduce Athenian buildings in Macedonia, and the ban on luxurious grave monuments imposed on Athens by Demetrios of Phaleron drove Athenian artists to emigrate to Macedonia.

ROLE OF TAFAL LANDSCAPE IN FORMING THE IDENTITY OF JEWS IN BALTA

The article is devoted to the study of Jewish cemeteries in the city of Balta, Podilsky district, Odesa region. Typologies of gravestones by shape, types of dec­ oration and epitaphs. The study also attempted to determine the role of the land­scape in shaping the identity of the city's Jewish community. The formation of Jewish identity and its maintenance in a multicultural en­vironment is a rather complex systemic process. It also needs detailed study as an important component of self-identification. In historiography, the topic, espe­cially at the regional and even more so at the local level, is understudied, despite the presence of various sources. Thanks to its location directly on the trade route in the border zone of the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Common­wealth, the city has formed a multicultural population. According to the 1897 census, Jews were the largest national minority, with their own culture, which is also reflected in the Tafal landscape. As a complex of funeral rites, it reflected the ethnic consciousness of the Jews through funeral rites, the content and style of epitaphs, and the decoration of grave monuments. Unfortunately, in the scientific literature, the study of Jewish cemeteries, es­pecially in the city of Balta, and their role as an ethno-identifying marker of the Jewish community, is at an initial stage. Therefore, the specified topic is relevant today and requires the participation of ethnologists, cultural experts, and reli­gious scholars. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of the tafal landscape of the city of Balta as a factor in the formation of the identity of the local Jewish com­munity.

Slavery and the History of Emotions: The Greek Epigraphic Evidence

Abstract: Based on a presentation at the American Philosophical Society's Member Meeting in April 2013, this essay uses epigraphs inscribed onto grave monuments, tablets, and other forms of stonework to explore the emotions of those legally designated as slaves in ancient Greece. Noting the difficulties in recovering the feelings of the enslaved in extant literary sources, the author suggests that these inscriptions can offer a truer lens into the feelings of slavesas well as into the feelings of others toward enslaved individuals. Understanding these emotional landscapes, he argues, can help us better understand ancient Greek society as a whole.

Saxo Grammaticus's Account of the Viking Age Site on the Danish Island of Hjarnø in Gesta Danorum

Saxo Grammaticus's Account of the Viking Age Site on the Danish Island of Hjarnø in <i>Gesta Danorum</i>

Autohtoni elementi u kulturi stanovništva istočnog dela rimske provincije Dalmacije / Autochtonic elements in the culture of the population of the eastern part of the Roman province of Dalmatia

Autochtonic elements in the culture of the eastern part of the roman province of Dalmatia considers next elements: decorative motives on the grave monuments, as are motive of rope and spiralae, jewllery of older prechistoric tradition, and chains with the ivy lieaves as iterpretatio romana of some unknown native god with the roman Dyonisos, and appereance on the grave monuments as are geometric human figure and decorative elements, loosing of proportion and bad proportion in the releief fields, horror vacui and imatation grave cippi on the grave stelae. All of those appereances are visible in the culture of population of the eastern part of roman province of Dalmatia in the period from II to beginning of IV century.

In search for the grave monument of the Professor-surgeon E. G. Salischev (part 2)

Reliance on authentic sources and the latest research allows the authors of the paper to characterize the Ioanno-Predtechensky Convent and the conventual cemetery. They write about most prominent citizens of Tomsk of the end 19th – beginning 20th century, including Professors of Imperial Tomsk University E.G. Salishchev, P.S. Klimentov, D.I. Timofeyevsky, who were buried in convent. According to the Decree on Freedom of Conscience, Church and Religious Societies, adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia in 1918, the convent was closed, and the creation of a campus (studgorodok) began on its territory. In 1930, the local authorities decided to destroy the cemetery, and use the grave monuments for new construction. The authors found out that in mid-1950s a large 4-storey house was built on the cemetery site. Not a single burial or grave monument, except for Potanin’s ash, could be preserved. The authors believe that the monument to all those buried in the convent is the chapel of St. Domna Tomskaya, consecrated in 1996.

How to Bury the Dead. A study on regional variations in the southern Baltic area during Late Pre-Roman and Early Roman Iron Age

This article deals with the question of regional variation in funeral customs during a part of the Early Iron Age in the Baltic Sea area. The backbone of this study is a presentation of a comparison between a selection of investi-gated cemeteries in the south Baltic area, including parts of Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Poland. The starting point is the graves of southern Sweden in general and the Istaby cemetery in particular.The graves of the elite are very important and interesting from many differ-ent aspects, but for the purposes of this study the graves of the more ordinary people are considered to better highlight the main features of the regional vari-ations. The study of burials from Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and Early Roman Iron Age in the southern Baltic includes a world of a thousand details. Sev-eral interesting observations are made regarding similarities and differences in the chronology of the cemeteries, cemetery size and complexity, visible grave monuments, burial customs, artefact types and combinations. The different and partly overlapping regional expressions in the ritual systems, makes the contacts with other people, across the sea, especially clear. A correspondence analysis shows three themes of how the dead were equipped and displayed, following rather strict patterns, suggesting that these were widely distributed idealized metaphors.Despite many differences between the regions, the main feature is the great similarities. One main conclusion drawn from this study is that there were several regional traits in burial practices in the different areas and in many of the single details mentioned above. In contrast to obvious variations, the cem-eteries had several traits in common; these give an impression of the occurrence of governing ritual norms that were generally adopted throughout a large area around the southern and western parts of the Baltic Sea. This is a very strong indication of overlying and governing ritual norms and religious beliefs that were shared among the Germanic tribes.

KARABAKH-LAND OF ANCIENT UNIQUE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES OF THE CAUCASUS

The ancient land of Azerbaijan, Karabakh, has gone through different stages from ancient times to modern times. Karabakh has a rich history, where the stages of primitive society, and the archaeological cultures of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages have been consistently represented since the creation of prehistoric man. Karabakh archaeology, one of the urgent issues of Azerbaijani archaeology, is very important in this regard. Karabakh, the land of unique archaeological cultures such as Guruchay, Leylatapa, Kur- Araz, Goycha- Uzerlik, and Khojaly- Gadabay, is distinguished by the richness of archaeological monuments. Azykh and Taghlar caves, Bronze Age mounds, Uzerliktepe, Yedditepe, Goytapa, grave monuments of Khojaly-Gadabay culture, Albanian period settlements, grave monuments, Albanian temples, Islamic period monuments replace each other chronologically. The study of historical, archaeological, and architectural monuments in the land of ancient archaeological cultures - Karabakh, is always relevant as a priority of science.

Grave Monuments in South–Eastern End of the South Caucasus: Late Bronze – Early Iron Age Kurgans

The article deals with the results of the Late Bronze – Early Iron Age kurgans built in the foothills of the Talysh Mountains at the south-eastern end of the South Caucasus. Saribulag kurgans are located in Alar village of Yardimly district, on the pasture of the same name at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level. These grave monuments are very important in terms of studying the burial customs of the Late Bronze – Early Iron Age communities. Comparative analysis shows that such archaeological patterns are well known from the monuments of contemporary archaeological culture sites of the South Caucasus. When comparing the findings revealed during the excavations and the typology of graves with parallel samples in different regions of Azerbaijan and outside the Caucasus, the Saribulag kurgans can be attributed to the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age.

Archaeological monuments of Zangazur (Lachin district)

The settlement of people in Lachin district that located in the foothills of the Lesser Caucasus dates back to ancient times. The settlements of the district were built mainly in accordance with tribal relations. The construction of villages in the area was mainly divided into mountainous, foothill, hill-side and plain types according to the relief of the region. On the whole, since Lachin district is located in a mountainous area, the construction of villages here was also different: mainly, the houses in the district were built far apart, mostly scattered; villages with hut dwellings and those with dwellings built compact, closer to each other.The newly built bines (nomad camps or isolated farmsteads) were named after those who built them first. Although the main occupation of the district population was animal husbandry, they were also engaged in gardening, forestry and beekeeping. Archaeological and ethnographic investigations conducted in the district, clarified that the population were engaged in many handicraft areas (pottery, stone carving, metal working, etc.). At the same time, the settlements, grave monuments, churches and tombs and bridges of the district were comprehensively studied. The district located in a mountainous area, covers one town, one settlement and 125 villages.

BURIALS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF AZERBAIJAN

The paper deals with the results of excavations carried out in recent years in the Early Bronze Age kurgans in the mountainous part of the south-eastern region of Azerbaijan. It has been determined that there are several types of burial customs of this period in these small kurgans located on the Komani plateau between Kurekchi and Arvana villages of Yardimly district, on the Azerbaijan - Iran border. Although the Early Bronze Age Telmankend kurgans were excavated in the foothills of the region in the 1960s, such monuments were not excavated or even registered in the highlands. at these grave monuments, which were first discovered by us in the summer pastures in 2014, archaeological excavations began in 2018, and four kurgans were excavated here.&#x0D; Komani kurgans, built at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level, are important in terms of studying the burial customs of the Early Bronze Age semi-nomadic cattle-breeding population. Excavations of Komani kurgans have revealed that the high mountainous area of the south-eastern region of Azerbaijan had been used by the cattle-breeding population since the Early Bronze Age, where they were engaged in seasonal farming and carried out their burials. The lack of grave goods during the burial is explained by their temporary residence in the summer pastures. Undoubtedly, the presence of short-term settlements of cattle-breeding tribes near the kurgans is no exception. Building of Early Bronze Age Komani kurgans in the afore-said area from the chronological viewpoint is distinguished due to their small size. As for the later stages of the Bronze Age, dozens of big kurgans can be found here. However, no archeological excavations have been carried out in any of them so far. Similar burial customs and materials of Komani kurgans are mostly found in the Early Bronze Age monuments of Nakhchivan. Similar burials can be found in other coeval grave monuments of Azerbaijan and in the north-eastern provinces of Iran.

Introduction: Divided by Death? Staging Mortality in the Early Modern Low Countries

This special issue examines the multifaceted phenomenon of death in the early modern Low Countries. When war, revolt, and disease ravaged the Netherlands, the experience of death came to be increasingly materialised in vanitas art, funeral sermons, ars moriendi prints, mourning poetry, deathbed psalms, memento mori pendants, grave monuments, épitaphiers, and commemoration masses. This collection of interdisciplinary essays brings historical, art historical, and literary perspectives to bear on the complex cultural and anthropological dimensions of death in past societies. It argues that the sensing and staging of mortality reconfigured confessional and political repertoires, alternately making and breaking communities in the delta of Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. As such, death’s ‘omnipresence’ within the context of ongoing war and religious polarization contributed to the confessional and political reconfiguration of the early modern Low Countries.

MAUSOLEUM AND MONUMENTS OF ANCIENT CEMETERY IN AGLOBI VILLAGE (TYPOLOGY, EPIGRAPHY, DECOR)

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the monuments of the old cemetery in the Dagestan village of Aglobi. These sites were hardly studied before. The central place in the cemetery is occupied by a large domed mausoleum with a burial inside. Unlike the vast majority of other Dagestani mausoleums, the building in Aglobi is made of bricks. In our opinion, the mausoleum was originally built in the late Middle Ages (XV-XVI centuries), and at the very beginning of the XVIII century. it was repaired, as evidenced by an inscription dated 1114 / 1702–03. The study of the epigraphy of the mausoleum made it possible to establish both the name of the person buried in it, who was a Sufi (feast), and the name of the organizer of the repair and restoration work. The latter is marked with the social term mujavir, which was first recorded in the epigraphy of Dagestan. The carried out analysis of the grave monuments indicates that the formation of the cemetery took place over several centuries. The old grave monuments of the cemetery chronologically cover the period from the Late Middle Ages to the middle of the 19th century. The study of the monuments includes an analysis of their typology (sarcophagi, rectangular-vertical steles), decorative elements. For the first time, the Arabic-language epigraphy of the Aglobi monuments is introduced into scientific circulation. It was established that the style of the epitaphs, the external appearance and decorative design of the grave monuments of the cemetery have direct analogies with the monuments of the Derbent zone, the historical regions of South Dagestan, and also Shirvan.

Средневековые надгробные памятники степного Крыма

There are late eighteenth-century maps of the town of Eski-Krym (Solkhat, Krym, Staryi Krym) which Muslim commune shaped by the last third of the thirteenth century showing a number of significant architectural objects and gravestones with stone-carved decorations. The system of Muslim gravestones developed by O.-N. A. Akchokrakly and A. S. Bashkirov is based on the study of forms and the location of ornamental and epigraphic parts of monuments from the cemeteries of Staryi Krym. Carved decorations of medieval grave monuments of Solkhat show by the high artistic level of carving, the quality of technical execution, and original ornamentation. Their connection of stone carving of the Crimea in the Golden Horde Period with the Asia Minor appeared simultaneously with the development of Muslim architecture. Photographs and drawings made by an academic expedition in 1925 that surveyed ancient Tatar settlements and cemeteries in the Crimean steppe (its western areas close to Yevpatoria, as well as the north of the Crimean Peninsula and its east close to the town of Staryi Krym) show a wide range of gravestones, mostly of geometrical forms like pillars topped with turbans. There is a small group of grave monuments, or the so-called two-horned gravestones, representing a rough form of similar tombstones originating from the Muslim cemeteries of Solkhat as the capital of the Crimea in the Golden Horde Period and other large settlements, such as Eski-Iurt. The two-horned gravestones from the cemeteries of large settlements present elaborate forms and inscriptions; they are covered with ornaments featuring the Seljuk style of the Asia Minor. The two-horned gravestones from the cemeteries in the steppe have a high base, with their pillars following the shape of vertical

The interior of the pre-burial house from the new Jewish cemetery in Lodz. Remarks on its architecture, function and style

The development of exact, natural and medical sciences that began in the Enlightenment affected many areas of everyday life, including attitudes to death and funeral rituals. This interest in issues related to the eschata was reflected in changing practice which significantly shaped legal regulations. The structure of metropolitan Jewish necropolises established since the late 18th century and transformation of cemetery architecture highlight the development of sepulchral culture, reflect functional innovations and stylistic changes, as well as the capabilities and requirements of Jewish communities operating in a non-Jewish environment. In the 19th century, through the introduction of new burial rituals, modern forms of grave monuments, representative buildings and park-like appearance, the cemetery becomes a representative place. This paper analyses the interior of the pre-burial house in the new Jewish cemetery in Łodź, taking into account the relationship between the applied architectural solutions and the purpose of the site, as well as the relationship between its function and style. In Jewish historical discourse, the issue of style as a tool for manifesting national identity or the degree of acculturation was primarily associated with synagogue architecture. The case of the pre-burial house from Łodź proves that research on ceremonial buildings erected in Jewish cemeteries may also help to determine the direction and nature of cultural transformation

DO UT DES – Cultic coin deposits at the Drava river near Rosegg/Rožek in Carinthia (AUSTRIA). Analysis of the find inventory in the Museum Archeo Norico, Deutschlandsberg (Styria, Austria)

In 2017, two Roman bridges over the Drava river were discovered in the municipality of Rosegg (Rožek)/Emmersdorf in Carinthia (Austria). Although the existence of a bridge had been known for a long time it could only be identified as definitely Roman after further investigations. In addition, parts of Roman grave monuments and small finds, especially Celtic and Roman coins, have been found at the site within several years. The coin finds are particularly important as witness for the passage and use of the bridges, as they not only provide a chronological framework for the crossing of the Drava river at this point, but they also offer cultural and socio-historical information. According to this, the coins found in the area of the ancient bridges can be interpreted as sacrifices for a safe river crossing. This custom began as early as the late Latene period and was maintained until late Roman times.

Op weg naar vrijheid en burgerschap

Summary In Rome, Ostia, and other cities of Italy in the imperial period the over-whelming majority of the grave monuments were set up by freed people. Since this predominance does not reflect demographic realities, we may infer that freedmen and freedwomen had strong incentives to set up funerary monuments. This article looks at their tombs from the perspective of freedwomen. How were they portrayed in the reliefs and inscriptions on their tombs? It will be argued that while most presented themselves according to the ideals of the Roman matrona, the respectably married citizen woman, some emphasized their profession as part of their social identity or were portrayed in the guise of female deities following the example of the empresses. Thus, the portraits and epitaphs of freedwomen show a greater diversity than those of freeborn women.

Geological Challenges of Archaeological Prospecting: The Northern Peloponnese as a Type Location of Populated Syn-Rift Settings

The Northern Peloponnese is not only home of a series of ancient poleis that are being studied by archaeologists, but it is also located on the southern shoulder of the most active extensional crustal structure in the world; the Corinthian rift. This rift has shaped the Northern Peloponnese as we now see it today since the Pliocene. Normal faulting, the tectonic uplift of syn-rift sediments and sea level changes, has shaped a landscape of steps rising from the coast to the ridges in the hinterland that provides challenging conditions to a geophysical survey. Where we can find coarse grained slope and delta deposits of conglomerate on top of banks of marl on ridges and slopes, the lower marine terraces and the coastal plain as well as valleys show the protective caprock eroded and the marl covered by young alluvial deposits. These materials show only a small contrast in their magnetic properties, which reduces the importance of magnetic mapping for the archaeological prospection in this region. The human utilization of the coastal plain and the urban areas pose additional challenges. These challenges have been overcome through various approaches that are shown in exemplary case studies from Aigeira and Sikyon. Whereas a combination of magnetic mapping and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) works very well on the ridges and along the slopes where we find coarser sediments in addition to the magnetic mapping, it is not suitable in the coastal plain due to the attenuating properties of the alluvial sediment. Here, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) proved to be very successful in mapping entire parts of a settlement in great detail. Seismic soundings were also sucessfully applied in determining the bedrock depth, the detection of walls and in the question of locating the harbor basin. In the presented six exemplary case studies, the following findings were made: (1) A fortification wall and building foundations at a depth of 0.4–1.2 m on a plateau northwest of the acropolis of Aigeira was found by 400 MHz GPR. (2) A honeycomb-shaped pattern of magnetic anomalies that suggested cavities could be identified as a weathering pattern of conglomerate rocks. (3) A rock basement 2.3 m deep and remains of an enclosing wall of the Aigeira theater area were found by shear wave refraction measurements. (4) Extensive ERT surveys detected several building remains in Sikyon like a potential building and grave monuments as well as several small houses. (5) A silted-up depression in the sediments of the coastal plane located through Love wave measurements, could be taken as evidence for either a silted harbor or a navigable riverbed.

НАДМОГИЛЬНЫЕ ПАМЯТНИКИ ДЕТСКИХ ПОГРЕБЕНИЙ XIV–XV ВВ. ИЗ С. КУБАЧИ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕКОРАТИВНОЙ ОТДЕЛКИ

В статье публикуются надмогильные памятники XIV–XV вв. детских погребений, выявленные автором в 80-е годы ХХ в. на средневековых мусульманских кладбищах «Бидахъ хуппе» (могилы на той стороне) и «Цицила». Кладбища эти расположены примерно в 1,5–2 км южнее старой части с. Кубачи, на нижнем участке горного склона Цицила, обращенного северной стороной к этому селению. Сравнительно небольшое количество резных надгробий XIV–XV вв. этих кладбищ изучены автором и другими исследователями. Не изученными остаются еще немало декоративно отделанных памятников, в том числе стелы, поставленные на могилы детских погребений. В данной статье стелы эти рассматриваются в сравнительном плане с синхронными декорированными надгробиями погребений взрослых или старых людей, выясняются особенности их декоративной отделки. Отмечается, что на могилы детских погребений ставились у изголовья небольшого размера стелы, отделанные растительным орнаментом. Рельефные арабские надписи, выполненные монументальным почерком «цветущий куфи» и на фоне растительного орнамента на надгробиях детских погребений не встречены. Это одно из значительных отличий, помимо размеров, стел детских погребений от декора памятников захоронений взрослых или старых людей. Причиной этого было, вероятно, то, что на надмогильные плиты небольшого размера невозможно было разместить общепринятые для больших плит погребений взрослых или старых мужчин или женщин эпитафии – шахада «Нет божества кроме Аллаха, Мухаммед его посланник», изречения «Смерть – чаша, каждый пьет из нее, могила – ворота, каждый входит в нее» и т.д., выполненные крупными рельефными буквами. По своим формам надгробия детских погребений аналогичны надгробиям погребений взрослых или старых людей сельской общины. Из десяти описанных памятников из сел. Кубачи на четырех имеются собственные имена погребенных.

A Selection of Columnar Grave Monuments from the Athenian Agora

A Selection of Columnar Grave Monuments from the Athenian Agora