Gratitude Scores Research Articles

Results of a 14-Day Challenge to Improve Dispositional Gratitude in an Academic Nursing Setting.

The benefits of engaging in regular, intentional gratitude practice have been well studied. Interventions incorporating simple gratitude practices, such as the 3 Good Things exercise, may be ideal for increasing dispositional gratitude levels within an academic setting. To assess the impact of a 14-day gratitude-focused wellness intervention on increasing gratitude levels among nursing students, faculty, and staff. Students, faculty, and staff from one College of Nursing were invited to participate in a 14-day gratitude challenge. The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Scale - Short Form assessed gratitude levels pre- and post-challenge. Dispositional gratitude scores increased significantly among participants overall (P =.006). Furthermore, dispositional gratitude levels increased significantly regardless of whether participants were already using a tool to practice gratitude at the start of the challenge. Results demonstrate that a 14-day gratitude-focused intervention can improve dispositional gratitude levels among members of the academic nursing community.

B - 69 Exploring Gratitude: its Associations with Executive Function and Mental Health in College Undergraduates

Abstract Objective Strength-related traits, particularly gratitude, have received little attention in the literature on the psychological and cognitive well-being of undergraduate students. This study examined whether dispositional gratitude predicts both objective and perceived executive functions, and reconsidered other known predictors such as mood, gender, and positive affect in a diverse sample of 270 undergraduate students. Method The students completed self-report mood and executive skill measures, then participated in the computerized version of the Trails Making Test, parts A and B. Students with prior brain injury, Dx of ADHD, or learning disability were excluded. Correlations, T-tests, and ANOVAs were used to analyze data. Results Gratitude was negatively correlated with depression (r = −0.492), anxiety (r = −0.377), and stress (r = −0.260). Conversely, it was positively correlated with positive affect (r = 0.503), all statistically significant at p < 0.001. Additionally, students with higher levels of gratitude self-reported higher executive functioning skills, such as planning and emotional regulation, representing small sized effects. However, there was no significant relationship between gratitude and objective performance on a task of cognitive flexibility, nor were there differences in gratitude scores between male and female participants. Eighty-six percent of students who identified as Asian were in the lower level of gratitude group. Conclusion These findings support prior research suggesting that gratitude has a stronger influence on boosting mood and positive emotions, rather than on higher-order executive skills, such as cognitive flexibility. The study also highlights cultural considerations of gratitude interventions, taking into account differences found between ethnic groups.

Cultivating a Culture of Gratitude and Recognition Among Nurses and Staff on a Blood and Marrow Transplantation Unit.

To measure baseline work gratitude among nurses and staff on a blood and marrow transplantation unit; to evaluate the impact of a positive workplace recognition intervention on work gratitude, sense of belonging and community, and job satisfaction; and to explore the relationships among these variables and job satisfaction. In total, 40 survey responses (preintervention =24, postintervention = 16) were collected from nurses and staff on a blood and marrow transplantation unit at a large academic hospital. A pre- and postintervention survey included a demographic questionnaire and the Work Gratitude Scale. Public-facing digital signage was installed and used to project positive recognition, including expressions of gratitude from patients and staff. Those with higher job satisfaction and a stronger sense of belonging and community reported higher work gratitude scores. There were no significant changes in job satisfaction, sense of belonging and community, and work gratitude scores. Creating a positive work environment through gratitude and positive recognition could increase job satisfaction and sense of belonging and community among nurses and staff.

Coaching Program to Address Burnout, Well-being, and Professional Development in Pediatric Surgery Trainees: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To assess impact of participation in a positive psychology coaching program on trainee burnout and well-being. Coaching using principles of positive psychology can improve well-being and reduce physician burnout. We hypothesized that participation in a coaching program would improve pediatric surgery trainee well-being. With IRB approval, a coaching program was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2020 to July 2021) in the American Pediatric Surgical Association. Volunteer pediatric surgery trainees (n=43) were randomized to receive either one-on-one quarterly virtual coaching (n=22) from a pediatric surgeon trained in coaching skills or wellness reading materials (n=21). Participants completed prestudy and poststudy surveys containing validated measures, including positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment, professional fulfillment, burnout, self-valuation, gratitude, coping skills, and workplace experiences. Results were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, or χ 2 test. Forty trainees (93%) completed both the baseline and year-end surveys and were included in the analysis. Twenty-five (64%) were female, mean age 35.7 (SD 2.3), and 65% were first-year fellows. Coached trainees showed an improved change in positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment ( P =0.034), burnout ( P =0.024), and gratitude ( P =0.03) scores from precoaching to postcoaching compared with noncoached trainees. Coping skills also improved. More coaching sessions were associated with higher self-valuation scores ( P =0.042), and more opportunities to reflect were associated with improved burnout and self-valuation. Despite the stress and challenges of medicine during COVID-19, a virtual positive psychology coaching program provided benefits in well-being and burnout to pediatric surgery trainees. Coaching should be integrated into existing wellness programs to support the acquisition of coping skills that help trainees cope with the stressors they will face during their careers.

The Groundswell Community Surf Therapy Intervention for At-Risk Women and Changes in Body Acceptance, Resilience, and Emotional Regulation.

Surf therapy combines physical activity with social support to provide a healing environment. This exploratory pre-to post-intervention study examined the effects of a novel surf therapy program for women who experienced abuse, trauma, and/or mental illness on emotional regulation, resilience, body acceptance, and gratitude. Twenty-seven women (ages 25 to 54; mean 36.32 + SD 7.79) participated in an 8-week Groundswell Surf Therapy Program held in four different coastal cities in California. Standardized self-report questionnaires were administered prior to and following the therapy program, including the Body Acceptance Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Affective Style Questionnaire, and the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form (GQ-6) in a pre-post study design. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Body acceptance [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.472] and resilience were increased [P = 0.005; partial Eta squared = 0.319] following the surf therapy intervention. Emotional regulation was examined according to three subscales, with the adjust [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.397] and tolerate [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.299] subscales increasing following the intervention, and the conceal subscale [P = 0.459; partial Eta squared = 0.031] remaining unchanged. Gratitude scores were unchanged [P = 0.425; partial Eta squared = 0.026]. A surf therapy program rooted in somatic and trauma-informed models was associated with improved resilience, emotional regulation, and body acceptance in at-risk women.

The Role of Gratitude in Psychological Well-Being across Gender and Educational Strands

This study utilizes a quantitative approach to examine the impact of gratitude on psychological well-being across respondents of different genders and educational backgrounds. The research methodology employed is correlational and descriptive. Data was gathered from 164 participants with the use of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). The study began with conducting a descriptive analysis to estimate the distribution of gratitude. This was followed by performing correlational analysis and multiple regression to investigate the association between gratitude and well-being. The findings demonstrate a strong inverse relationship between gratitude scores and DASS-21 outcomes, highlighting gratitude as a valid indicator of psychological well-being across many demographic groups. Cultural and experiential characteristics, rather than gender or educational level, appeared to have an impact on the differences in how gratitude is expressed. The study’s methodology, which utilizes self-report measures, has several limitations. To address these limitations, future research should adopt a longitudinal strategy and employ different data-gathering methods. The findings underscore the significance of gratitude in fostering psychological well-being, emphasizing its capacity as a moral gauge, motivator, and enforcer in social settings. This emphasizes the importance of gratitude in promoting communal unity and personal well-being, underlining its value in academic discourse on happiness. Considering the increasing worldwide prevalence of mental health issues, these observations provide significant viewpoints on the cultural dynamics of gratitude and its potential application in educational and therapeutic environments. Keywords: Gratitude, psychological well-being, gender, educational strands

IMPACT: Evaluation of a Controlled Organizational Intervention Using Influential Peers to Promote Professional Fulfillment

To determine the effects of a popular opinion leader (POL)-led organizational intervention targeting all physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs) working within clinic groups on professional fulfillment (primary outcome), gratitude, burnout, self-valuation, and turnover intent. All 20 Stanford University HealthCare Alliance clinics with ≥5 physicians-APPs were matched by size and baseline gratitude scores and randomly assigned to immediate or delayed intervention (control). Between July 10, 2018, and March 15, 2019, trained POLs and a physician-PhD study investigator facilitated 4 interactive breakfast or lunch workshops at intervention clinics, where colleagues were invited to discuss and experience one evidence-based practice (gratitude, mindfulness, cognitive, and behavioral strategies). Participants in both groups completed incentivized annual assessments of professional fulfillment, workplace gratitude, burnout, self-valuation, and intent to leave as part of ongoing organizational program evaluation. Eighty-four (75%) physicians-APPs at intervention clinics attended at least 1 workshop. Of all physicians-APPs, 236 of 251 (94%) completed assessments in 2018 and 254 of 263 (97%) in 2019. Of 264 physicians-APPs with 2018 or 2019 assessment data, 222 (84%) had completed 2017 assessments. Modal characteristics were 60% female, 46% White, 49% aged 40 to 59 years, 44% practicing family-internal medicine, 78% living with partners, and 53% with children. Change in professional fulfillment by 2019 relative to average 2017 to 2018 levels was more favorable (0.63 points; effect size= 0.35; P=.001) as were changes in gratitude and intent to leave among clinicians practicing at intervention clinics. Interventions led by respected physicians-APPs can achieve high participation rates and have potential to promote well-being among their colleagues.

The Relationship Between Gratitude and Academic Performance of Selected College Students

This research was conducted as a result of a discrepancy in the findings ofstudies attempting to establish a relationship between gratitude and academic performance. The participants who volunteered for this study were 129 3rd year B.S. Psychology college students from a population of 184 currently enrolled in a local government college in the Province of Rizal, Philippines. The GQ6 Gratitude Questionnaire was administered on the participants and their general weighted average for the previous academic semester was obtained. The findings indicated no significant difference in the general weighted average and the gratitude scores of the respondents when grouped according to sex. Using a Pearson r correlation, a weak positive correlation was found between the participants’ academic performance and their gratitude scores

Is Gratitude Associated With Suicidal Ideation in Veterans With Mental Illness and Student Veterans With PTSD Symptoms?

The present study is aimed to identify the effect of gratitude as an adaptive regulating mechanism from suicidal ideation (SI) for veterans with mental illness (study 1) and student veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (study 2) in the United States. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to examine sociodemographic characteristics and relationships between gratitude and SI. Our study 1 consisted of 156 veterans with mental illness. The mean age for study 1 was 37.85. Our study 2 consisted of 232 student veterans with PTSD symptoms. The mean age for study 2 was 28.43. Higher gratitude scores in study 1 and study 2 were significantly associated with lower SI scores after adjusting for demographics and depression. This study partially supports the association between gratitude and SI in veterans with mental illness. Based on the results from this study, gratitude interventions may be effective in reducing SI when working with veterans with mental illness.

Longitudinal and Gender Measurement Invariance of the Gratitude Questionnaire in Chinese Adolescents.

The 5-item Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-5) is one of the most commonly used instruments to measure dispositional gratitude in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to verify the longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI) and gender measurement invariance (GMI) of the GQ-5 that was administered to an adolescent sample twice over the course of 18 months (N = 669). Single-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was adopted to examine the LMI and multiple-group CFA was conducted to assess the GMI. The results showed that the GQ-5 had strong invariance (i.e., equality of factor patterns, loadings, and intercepts) across time and gender. Validation of latent factor mean differences showed that females had higher gratitude scores than males. In addition, the GQ-5 exhibited good internal consistency indices across time and a moderate stability coefficient was also found across an 18-month time interval in adolescents. In summary, our study showed that LMI and GMI of the GQ-5 are satisfactory and the GQ-5 is a reliable instrument for measuring gratitude in adolescents.

Volunteerism influences on student resilience and gratitude

We assessed the relative impact of volunteerism on the resilience and gratitude of students based on participation. A convenience sample of 80 students (female = 53.75%; age range = 18-25 years) participated in the study, of which 38 (47.50%) had volunteer experience. The students completed measures of self-report for volunteer work hours, the Brief Resilience Scale, and the Gratitude Questionnaire. Following linear regression analysis, results indicated that volunteers reported significantly higher resilience and gratitude scores than peers who were non-volunteers. No notable interaction effect emerged after controlling for age, sex, and family monthly income. Among those with volunteer experience, results indicated that the more hours they spend volunteering, the higher their sense of resilience and gratitude. Findings suggest volunteerism is important in improving students’ well-being.

Effect of the “Thank You-T” gratitude education program (TYGEP-T) on gratitude levels of Turkish elementary school teachers

The purpose of this study is to develop and examine the effectiveness of the “Thank You-T” Gratitude Education Program (TYGEP-T) for Turkish elementary school teachers. TYGEP-T aims to contribute elementary school teachers to develop their skills to recognize and express gratitude and review the school-based activities they can do to make gratitude a part of their “school culture”. A pre-test, post-test, and follow-up experimental design with one treatment and one none-treatment control group were used to examine the effectiveness of the program, with a sample of 23 elementary school teachers. Results revealed that after the TYGEP-T a significant difference appeared between the total gratitude scores of the experimental group and the control group. This difference disappeared in the follow-up test. Moreover, in this study in a more different way than the former studies, the effects of the program on the sub-dimensions of gratitude, Lack of Sense of Deprivation (LOSD), Simple Appreciation (SA) and Appreciation of Others (AO), were examined. In terms of subscale scores, while the program is considered effective in increasing LOSD and AO scores, permanency was only observed in AO scores.

Effectiveness of two guided self-administered interventions for psychological distress among women with infertility: a three-armed, randomized controlled trial.

What is the effect of two guided self-administered interventions on psychological distress in women undergoing IVF or ICSI? A brief mindfulness intervention significantly reduced depression and improved sleep quality, while the gratitude journal intervention showed no significant effect on any outcome variables. Mindfulness and gratitude journal interventions have been found to be beneficial in reducing negative affect and improving well-being. However, there are very few mental health professionals who implement such interventions in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, two guided self-administered interventions for women with infertility were designed to help them cope with their psychological distress. A three-armed, randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the mindfulness and gratitude journal interventions for women undergoing IVF/ICSI. Between May 2016 and November 2017, at the reproductive center in a public hospital, 234 women were randomly assigned to the brief mindfulness group (BMG, n = 78), gratitude journal group (GJG, n = 78) or control group (CG, n = 78). The inclusion criteria were being a woman undergoing her first cycle of IVF, having at least junior middle school education and having no biological or adopted children. Female infertility patients (n = 346) were approached, and 112 did not meet the inclusion criteria. All three randomized groups completed questionnaires on the day of down-regulation (T1), the day before embryo(s) transfer (T2), and 3days before the pregnancy test (T3). The BMG completed four sessions and listened to a 20-minute audio daily, including guided mindfulness breathing and body scan. The GJG completed four sessions and wrote three gratitude journals daily. The CG received routine care. A generalized estimating equation was used in an intention-to-treat analysis. The primary outcome was depression. Secondary outcomes were anxiety, sleep quality, infertility-related stress, mindfulness and gratitude. Participants of the BMG showed decreased depression (mean difference (MD) = -1.69, [-3.01, -0.37], d = 0.44) and improved sleep quality (MD = -1.24, [-1.95, -0.39], d = 0.43) compared to the CG, but the effect was not significant for anxiety, Fertility Problem Inventory totals, mindfulness, gratitude scores or pregnancy rates. The BMG showed a significant reduction in depression and improvement in sleep quality between T1 and T2, a continuous significant reduction between T1 and T3 and no reduction between T2 and T3. There were no significant effects on any of the variables for the GJG. The inclusion criteria may result in bias because some participants with low education were excluded and only women with infertility were included. A low compliance rate occurred in the gratitude journals group. Moreover, men were not included in this study. Further research should consider including spouses of the target population. The brief mindfulness intervention was beneficial in decreasing depression and improving sleep quality. Implementation of guided self-administered mindfulness could make the psychological counseling service more accessible for patients with infertility in resource-poor settings. The efficiency and feasibility of the gratitude journal intervention needs to be investigated further. This study was funded by the National Social Science Foundation (17BSH054). The authors have no conflicts of interest. ChiCTR-IOR-16008452. 9 May 2016. 15 May 2016.

Being Bullied at School: Gratitude as Potential Protective Factor for Suicide Risk in Adolescents.

Bullying victimization has been recognized as a risk factor for social, physical, and psychological problems in adolescence. One promising resource that seems to protect adolescents from adversity and traumatic events is gratitude. However, no analysis of the specific role of gratitude in bullying context has been performed as yet. Thus, the aim of this research was to explore the associations between bullying victimization, gratitude and suicide risk (i.e., depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) and gender-based differences. We also investigated whether levels of gratitude moderated the relationship between victimization and suicide risk for girls and boys. A convenience sample of 1,617 adolescents (50.5% girls; M age = 14.02) participated in this research. Adolescents completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire about their bullying victimization, gratitude, depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Gratitude was found to be negatively related to victimization and suicide risk. While no gender differences were found in gratitude, it was observed that girls reported higher levels of suicide risk. However, the victimization × gratitude interaction contributed to variance in suicide risk, but only for girls: Those girls who were victims of bullying with high gratitude scores reported lower suicide risk than their counterparts who showed less gratitude. Thus, the findings from this present cross-sectional study suggest that gratitude is related to suicide risk in the context of bullying victimization, especially among adolescent girls. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of our novel contributions to the understanding of gratitude as a protective factor against consequences of bullying victimization are discussed.

The Role of Gratitude in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Exercise Motivation

PURPOSE: To determine the role of positive psychology in the prediction of exercise motivation. Specifically, we examine the construct of gratitude in association with intrinsic and extrinsic exercise motivation. METHODS: One hundred predominantly female (84%) undergraduate participants (age: M=19.78, SD=2.43) responded to online survey questionnaires including demographics, subjective health, gratitude (GRAT-R) and Exercise Motivation (EMI-2). RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions including theoretically derived control variables (age, sex, minority status and subjective health) explored the role of gratitude in the prediction of intrinsic and extrinsic exercise motivation. Gratitude was significantly positively associated with intrinsic motivation (β=.397, p<.001), but not extrinsic motivation (β=.225 , p=.07). In analyzing gratitude subscales, Sense of Abundance was positively associated with intrinsic motivation (β=.296, p<.01), and Social Appreciation was positively associated with both intrinsic (β=.497, p<.001) and extrinsic motivation (β=.401, p<.001). In further examining subscales of the EMI-2, total gratitude scores were significantly positively correlated with Stress Management (r=.411, p<.001), Revitalization (r=.386, p<.001), Enjoyment (r=.411, p<.001), Challenge (r=.390, p<.001), Affiliation (r=.254, p<.01), Ill-Health Avoidance (r=.250, p<.05), Positive Health (r=.356, p<.001), Weight Management (r=.201, p<.05) and Strength/Endurance (r=.310, p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Gratitude positively predicted exercise motivation, particularly intrinsic motivators of exercise. These findings suggest that positive psychological practices are associated with attitudes that encourage health behavior change.

A preliminary study of the origins of early adolescents' gratitude differences

Abstract Extant research has focused on the consequences of individual differences in gratitude, especially among adults. We focused on addressing the antecedents of gratitude differences among early adolescents, which may be a critical time in gratitude development (Froh, Fan et al., 2011). Specifically, we examined the relations among personality variables (i.e., extraversion and neuroticism), social support (i.e., parents, teachers, peers), stressful life events, and gratitude in a sample of 647 middle school students from four middle schools in a Southeastern US state. Controlling for gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed statistically significant relations for the personality variables of extraversion and neuroticism. Furthermore, after controlling for demographic and personality variables, students' perceptions of social support contributed significance incremental variance to early adolescents' gratitude scores, with both parent and teacher support accounting for unique variance. Finally, stressful life events added significant variance after controlling for the demographic, personality and social support variables. Contrary to expectations, neither students' levels of social support nor neuroticism scores moderated the association between stressful events and gratitude. The results suggest implications for the development of more sophisticated theories of the antecedents of gratitude as well as the design of more comprehensive interventions.

The Association Between Trait Gratitude and Self-Reported Sleep Quality Is Mediated by Depressive Mood State

ABSTRACTBackground: It has been shown that higher levels of trait gratitude are associated with better self-reported sleep quality, possibly due to differences in presleep cognitions. However previous studies have not taken into account the role of depressive symptoms in this relationship. Participants and Methods: In this study, 88 nonclinical 18–29-year-olds completed the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT) as a measure of trait gratitude. The Glasgow Content of Thought Inventory (GCTI) was used to measure the intrusiveness of cognitions prior to sleep onset, the Motivation and Energy Inventory (MEI) assessed daytime fatigue, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess self-reported sleep quality. The BDI-II assessed self-reported depressive symptoms. Results: Consistent with previous work, GRAT scores were positively associated with higher daytime energy and greater number of hours of sleep per night. Importantly, however, we further observed that depressive symptoms mediated the relationships between gratitude scores and sleep metrics. Conclusions: Depressive mood state appears to mediate the association between gratitude and self-reported sleep quality metrics. We suggest, as one plausible model of these phenomena, that highly grateful individuals have lower symptoms of depression, which in turn leads to fewer presleep worries, resulting in better perceived sleep quality. Future work should aim to disentangle the causal nature of these relationships in order to better understand how these important variables interact.

An Exploratory Study About the Buffering Effect of Gratitude on the Relationship Between Neuroticism and Anhedonic Depression

This study explored the interactive and independent effects of gratitude and neuroticism on anhedonic depression. The tripartite theory of affect deems blunted positive affect to be tantamount to anhedonia (Clark and Watson in J Abnorm Psychol 100:316–336, 1991); hence, gratitude as a positive affective trait was posited to be related to anhedonic depression. A sample of 493 undergraduate students completed measures of the variables. Hierarchical regression showed that even though gratitude did not appear to moderate the relationship between neuroticism and anhedonic depression, it had a significant main effect on the outcome such that those who had higher gratitude scores exhibited lower levels of anhedonic depression even after controlling for the effects of both positive and negative affect. Implications of the findings regarding gratitude’s utility as a resiliency factor against anhedonic depression as well as its potential to buffer against the effects of many risk factors other than neuroticism are discussed. Researchers and mental health practitioners are encouraged to explore the nature of gratitude as a possible resource of individuals at risk for developing psychopathology, as there may be multiple avenues through which gratitude could be fostered in psychotherapy and in everyday life.

Pilot Randomized Study of a Gratitude Journaling Intervention on Heart Rate Variability and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients With Stage B Heart Failure.

Stage B, asymptomatic heart failure (HF) presents a therapeutic window for attenuating disease progression and development of HF symptoms, and improving quality of life. Gratitude, the practice of appreciating positive life features, is highly related to quality of life, leading to development of promising clinical interventions. However, few gratitude studies have investigated objective measures of physical health; most relied on self-report measures. We conducted a pilot study in Stage B HF patients to examine whether gratitude journaling improved biomarkers related to HF prognosis. Patients (n = 70; mean [standard deviation] age = 66.2 [7.6] years) were randomized to an 8-week gratitude journaling intervention or treatment as usual. Baseline (T1) assessments included the six-item Gratitude Questionnaire, resting heart rate variability (HRV), and an inflammatory biomarker index. At T2 (midintervention), the six-item Gratitude Questionnaire was measured. At T3 (postintervention), T1 measures were repeated but also included a gratitude journaling task. The gratitude intervention was associated with improved trait gratitude scores (F = 6.0, p = .017, η = 0.10), reduced inflammatory biomarker index score over time (F = 9.7, p = .004, η = 0.21), and increased parasympathetic HRV responses during the gratitude journaling task (F = 4.2, p = .036, η = 0.15), compared with treatment as usual. However, there were no resting preintervention to postintervention group differences in HRV (p values > .10). Gratitude journaling may improve biomarkers related to HF morbidity, such as reduced inflammation; large-scale studies with active control conditions are needed to confirm these findings. Clinicaltrials.govidentifier:NCT01615094.

感恩和乐观的关系：领悟到的社会支持的作用

目的：探讨大学生领悟到的社会支持在感恩与乐观之间的中介作用。方法：随机选取372名大学生，采用感恩问卷、领悟到的社会支持量表和乐观主义—悲观主义量表进行测量。结果：大学生的感恩与乐观显著正相关，感恩和领悟到的社会支持对乐观均有正向预测作用，在控制了领悟到的社会支持对乐观的影响后，感恩对乐观的正向预测作用仍具有统计学意义(β值从0.35下降到0.24，p ˂ 0.01)结论：领悟到的社会支持在感恩与乐观间起部分中介作用。 Objective: To explore the mediating role of perceived social support on relationship between gra-titude and optimism among college students. Methods: Totally 372 college students were surveyed with the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, Perceived social support scale and Optimism-Pessimism scale. Results: The gratitude scores positively correlated with the optimism score. Regression analysis indicated that gratitude and perceived social support have positively predictability of optimism. Gratitude still positively predicts optimism (β value decreased from 0.35 to 0.24, p <0. 01) on the basis that perceived social support is controlled. Conclusion: The result of the research indicates that perceived social support has a partial mediating effect between gratitude and optimism.