Dispositional Gratitude Research Articles

일개 대학 간호대학생의 감사성향, 자기성찰 및 통찰력이 대인관계유능성에 미치는 영향

Objectives The study aims to identify the impact of nursing students' gratitude disposition, self-reflection, and insight on their interpersonal competence. Methods This descriptive survey study was conducted among students enrolled in a nursing college. Data were collected over a two-week period starting from September 4, 2023. Students who reviewed the study information and expressed willingness to participate were included in the sample. An online survey was administered to assess the general characteristics of the nursing students, their gratitude disposition, self-reflection and insight, and interpersonal competence. Validated survey instruments were used for each variable. A total of 115 responses were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Results Both gratitude disposition (β= 0.330, p<.001) and self-reflection and insight (β= 0.253, p<.002) were found to have a significant impact on interpersonal competence. The F-value of the multiple regression analysis was 23.740 (p<.001), and the R² was 0.569, indicating that the model explained approximately 56.9% of the variance in the dependent variable. This suggests that these factors are important for understanding nursing students' interpersonal competence. Potential confounding variables were controlled for to ensure the validity of the results. Conclusions This study confirms that nursing students' gratitude disposition, self-reflection, and insight significantly influence their interpersonal competence. To enhance interpersonal competence among nursing students, efforts should be made to improve their gratitude disposition and provide various opportunities for self-reflection through relevant programs. Future research should explore specific types of interventions and their effectiveness in enhancing these traits among nursing students.

Abstract IA053: Grateful strides toward spiritual well-being and exercise self-efficacy for Black breast cancer survivors

Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) survivorship care poses significant psychosocial and physical challenges, with survivors experiencing stress, inflammation, and poor lifestyle behaviors that impact their well-being and health-related quality of life. Black women with BC, who often experience higher rates of metabolic syndrome and related health complications, are particularly vulnerable. Black women with BC face unique health disparities, including a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, contributing to poorer prognoses. Spiritual well-being, particularly through practices such as gratitude journaling, has shown potential in improving psychological and physiological outcomes, but its effectiveness in Black BC survivors remains underexplored. Purpose: This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a gratitude journaling intervention tailored for Black BC survivors to enhance spiritual well-being, exercise self-efficacy, and mitigate inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: A two-group parallel random-assignment experimental design was used to compare a gratitude journaling intervention group with a general memory journaling control group over eight weeks. Twenty-six Black women with a history of BC in the community were enrolled and randomized. Surveys and biospecimen collections were conducted at baseline and post-intervention. Psychosocial measures included dispositional gratitude, spiritual well-being, perceived stress, Superwoman Schema dimensions, and exercise self-efficacy. Inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6, GDF15, CRP) were also measured. Results: Feasibility analysis indicated high recruitment (95%) and baseline assessment completion (100%), with 73% completing baseline and post-intervention assessments. Participants reported high satisfaction with the intervention. Significant improvement in spiritual well-being (p=0.014, ES=0.57) was observed in the intervention group, alongside large effect sizes in exercise self-efficacy (p=0.10, ES=0.391). Changes in dispositional gratitude, perceived stress, and Superwoman Schema dimensions were not statistically significant, although trends suggested positive impacts. Inflammatory biomarkers showed mixed results, with some indicating potential improvements but no significant differences overall. Discussion: The study highlighted the importance of culturally tailored interventions for Black BC survivors, demonstrating significant benefits in spiritual well-being and potential improvements in exercise self-efficacy. While changes in dispositional gratitude and perceived stress were not significant, the intervention group showed positive trends, suggesting potential benefits. Although the impact on inflammatory biomarkers was inconclusive, the study underscores the holistic approach of gratitude interventions in promoting overall well-being among Black BC survivors. Future research should focus on larger, randomized controlled trials to further elucidate the efficacy of gratitude-based interventions in this population. Citation Format: Lakeshia Cousin, Dejana Braithwaite, Stephen Anton, Zhongyue Zhang, Ji-Hyun Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Debra Lyon. Grateful strides toward spiritual well-being and exercise self-efficacy for Black breast cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr IA053.

B - 69 Exploring Gratitude: its Associations with Executive Function and Mental Health in College Undergraduates

Abstract Objective Strength-related traits, particularly gratitude, have received little attention in the literature on the psychological and cognitive well-being of undergraduate students. This study examined whether dispositional gratitude predicts both objective and perceived executive functions, and reconsidered other known predictors such as mood, gender, and positive affect in a diverse sample of 270 undergraduate students. Method The students completed self-report mood and executive skill measures, then participated in the computerized version of the Trails Making Test, parts A and B. Students with prior brain injury, Dx of ADHD, or learning disability were excluded. Correlations, T-tests, and ANOVAs were used to analyze data. Results Gratitude was negatively correlated with depression (r = −0.492), anxiety (r = −0.377), and stress (r = −0.260). Conversely, it was positively correlated with positive affect (r = 0.503), all statistically significant at p < 0.001. Additionally, students with higher levels of gratitude self-reported higher executive functioning skills, such as planning and emotional regulation, representing small sized effects. However, there was no significant relationship between gratitude and objective performance on a task of cognitive flexibility, nor were there differences in gratitude scores between male and female participants. Eighty-six percent of students who identified as Asian were in the lower level of gratitude group. Conclusion These findings support prior research suggesting that gratitude has a stronger influence on boosting mood and positive emotions, rather than on higher-order executive skills, such as cognitive flexibility. The study also highlights cultural considerations of gratitude interventions, taking into account differences found between ethnic groups.

Gratitude, indebtedness, and God: gratitude and indebtedness to God are more strongly correlated to each other than gratitude and indebtedness to a person or an object

ABSTRACT Four studies investigated the structural relationship between gratitude and indebtedness to God. In a longitudinal study (Study 1), gratitude and indebtedness to God (rs =.70 and .57) remained stable over 42–50 days, with a stronger correlation between gratitude and indebtedness to God than between dispositional gratitude and indebtedness. The gratitude-indebtedness to God correlation was stronger among less religious than more religious participants. A multitrait-multimethod study (Study 2) replicated Study 1 with self-reports and informant-reports. Study 3 replicated Studies 1 and 2 and found that gratitude to God was more distinct from indebtedness to God among those who see God as benevolent, mystical, and limitless. Study 4 compared gratitude and indebtedness to God, mothers, and mobile phones, and found that the gratitude-indebtedness correlation for God was much stronger than for mothers or phones. Overall, gratitude and indebtedness to God appear far more closely intertwined than gratitude and indebtedness to other entities.

Relationship Between Gratitude and Sleep Quality among Young Adults

This study investigates the relationship between gratitude and sleep quality among young adults. The objective is to understand gender differences between gratitude and sleep quality. however, there is less research that provides evidence that gratitude affects sleep quality among female and male young adults. To address this, the study aims to compare gratitude and sleep quality among male and female young adults. A correlational study with a sample (N=124) of female(N=62) and male young adults (N=62) was used. To assess gratitude and sleep quality among male and female young adults Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) Pittsburgh sleep quality respectively. Online and offline responses were taken, and online data collection was done using Google Forms while offline data collection was collected from universities, institutes workplace settings. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate correlation between sleep quality and gratitude among female adults. thus, to some extent, gratitude increases young adults' sleep quality. Keywords: dispositional gratitude, sleep quality, male young adults, female young adults

Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Short Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT-GR)

Gratitude is a psychological notion that has been associated with numerous beneficial outcomes for individuals and communities. The Short Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT), one of the most widely used measure to detect trait gratitude, comprises three subscales that assess lack of a sense of deprivation, appreciation for simple pleasures, and appreciation of others. The present study tested the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the S-GRAT scale. Using a sample of 681 adults from the general population and a smaller separate sample of fifty individuals we found that the scale demonstrated good internal consistency and high test-retest reliability. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the original three-dimensional scale structure. Convergent and discriminant validity tests found S-GRAT-Gr total score was significantly correlated with Agreeableness, Intellect, Extraversion, Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness. S-GRAT-Gr also had positive correlations with the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), the Subjective Happiness Scale and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. S-GRAT-Gr score was found to have a unique impact on Life Satisfaction and Happiness beyond the basic taxonomies of personality and also beyond the GQ-6. Results indicate that the Greek version of the Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT-Gr) is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing dispositional gratitude in the Greek context.

Distinct associations between gratitude, self-esteem, and optimism with subjective and psychological well-being among Japanese individuals

BackgroundMounting evidence suggests that the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions is influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural context. Identifying intervention targets that can effectively contribute to improving individual well-being under these boundary conditions is a crucial step when developing viable interventions. To this end, we examined how gratitude disposition, self-esteem, and optimism relate to the subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) of Japanese individuals.MethodsMultivariate regression analysis was employed to quantify the unique relationships between the three potential intervention targets and both SWB and PWB, while accounting for the influence of other variables. Participants (N = 71) also engaged in a 4-week experience sampling study to explore how gratitude, self-esteem and optimism shape the link between momentary affective states in everyday life and evaluations of day satisfaction.ResultsMultivariate regression analysis revealed that self-esteem was predominantly more strongly associated with SWB compared to gratitude disposition, whereas gratitude disposition was more strongly associated with the PWB dimensions, particularly personal growth, positive relations with others and purpose in life. Experience sampling data indicated that while both gratitude disposition and self-esteem moderated the association between momentary positive affect and day satisfaction evaluations, they did so in opposite ways; greater gratitude disposition strengthened the association, while greater self-esteem weakened it.ConclusionsOverall, the current results suggest that while gratitude, self-esteem, and optimism influence individual well-being as a whole, they likely play distinct roles in facilitating SWB and PWB in the studied cohort.

Cardio-oncology disparities: Interplay of psychosocial stress, inflammation, and cardiometabolic health among Black breast cancer survivors

Black breast cancer (BC) survivors have a lower survival rate at every stage of the disease, largely due to a higher BC mortality rate of 41 %, more aggressive forms of BC, cardiovascular comorbidities, and stress related to structural inequities. An underexplored factor is Black women's increased risk for cardiometabolic syndrome (CM), exacerbating cardio-oncology disparities. Many factors associated with increased risk for CM are modifiable through lifestyle behavior interventions and generally fail to improve outcomes among Black women. This lack of efficacy is likely due to the interventions' failure to address the cumulative effects of long-term exposure to psychosocial stressors unique to Black women using cultural frameworks. The protocol design of an 8-week pilot study was presented at the inaugural UF Health Cardio-Oncology Symposium, “Emerging Topics in Cardio-Oncology.” Twenty-six selfreported Black BC survivors will be randomized using a two-group parallel random assignment experimental design, and study details are reported on ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT05473026). Our primary aim is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally relevant gratitude journaling intervention to manage stress and promote goalsetting techniques. The second aim is to test the preliminary efficacy of the intervention on stress, inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6, GDF15, CRP), dispositional gratitude, spiritual well-being, and a culturally relevant framework (Superwoman Schema) to examine stressors unique to Black women. If found to be effective, this clinical trial will provide evidence of a viable non-pharmacological intervention for managing psychosocial stressors, improving CM risk, and reducing cardio-oncology disparities.

Predictors of Posttraumatic Growth in Cancer Patients Post Treatment

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of posttraumatic growth of cancer patients post-treatment in the context of selected sociodemographic characteristics, clinical markers, and psychological variables (positive and negative emotions, anxiety and depressive symptoms, gratitude, forgiveness, hope, importance of the spiritual aspect of life and the practice of religious faith). The study sample consisted of 110 patients post-treatment aged 22-79 years and with an average time since the completion of the last treatment ranging from 5 to 396 months. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, screening methods to measure anxiety (General Anxiety Dis- order-7) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and questionnaires to measure dispositional gratitude (Gratitude Questionnaire GQ-6), dispositional hope (Adult Dispositional Hope Scale), and forgiveness (Heartland Forgiveness Scale) were used to measure the psychological variables. There were no differences in the level of posttraumatic growth in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and clinical markers. Partner status, employment status, presence of recurrence, and comorbidities did not differentiate its level either. The rate of posttraumatic growth was related to the experience of positive emotions, gratitude, the importance of the spiritual aspect of life, and the practice of religious faith. In the regression model that explained 21.90% of the variance in posttraumatic growth, only the level of positive emotions was a significant predictor. The results of the present research point suggest that the level of posttraumatic growth is associated with several areas of emotional experience and cognitive adjustment of cancer patients post-treatment.

A longitudinal perspective of the change in personal growth in the transition to motherhood and predicting factors.

During the transition to motherhood, women may experience personal growth, especially when they are exposed to a traumatic stressor such as a global pandemic. However, few studies have employed a longitudinal design to examine the change in personal growth over time during this period. Based on the Personal Growth following Life Crisis and Transitions model, we explored the trajectory of personal growth and the factors that may predict it: COVID-19-related anxiety, maternal-fetal bonding, and dispositional gratitude. Perceived relationship quality with the partner was used as a predictor of growth in each study wave. The sample consisted of 388 women with diverse sociodemographic backgrounds, who were recruited through social media and completed self-report questionnaires in three phases: the second half of their pregnancy, 3 months after the birth of their first child, and 3 months later. A linear increase in personal growth was found from pregnancy until after childbirth. Higher COVID-19-related anxiety and maternal-fetal bonding predicted higher initial personal growth, but lower change over time. Higher gratitude predicted higher initial levels of personal growth, but not the change over time. Relationship quality with the partner predicted personal growth 3 and 6 months after childbirth, but not during pregnancy. Personal growth measured at a single point in time and the change in personal growth over time are distinct phenomena predicted by different variables. Variables related to higher initial levels of growth appear to predict less change over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Perception of helper's autonomous motivation increases recipient's prosocial behaviour intentions via feelings of gratitude

AbstractFour studies investigated the impact of a recipient's perception of a helper's motivation (autonomous vs. controlled) on the recipient's subsequent prosocial intentions, alongside testing a mediational mechanism. Study 1 employed a questionnaire method to assess the relationships between participants’ lay theories of helper's prosocial motivations (i.e., the degree of autonomy), their dispositional gratitude and their prosocial tendencies. Studies 2–4 manipulated a helper's autonomous versus controlled motivation within hypothetical scenarios (Studies 2 and 3) and within recalled events (Study 4), testing the effect of the helper's motivation on the recipient's prosocial intentions towards the helper (Studies 2–4), a bystander (Study 3) and others in general (Study 4) as well as the mediating role of gratitude. The findings consistently demonstrated that perceiving helpers as having autonomous motivation led to heightened intentions among recipients to engage in prosocial behaviour, which was mediated by increased feelings of gratitude. These effects remained robust after controlling for relevant factors including participants’ demographic information, social desirability bias and perceptions of egoism within helpers. Our findings highlight the role of perceived helper's autonomous motivation on recipient's prosocial behaviours, which enhances the knowledge regarding reciprocity and pay‐it‐forward behaviour.

Trait emotional intelligence mediates the dispositional gratitude and subjective well-being in young adults.

Gratitude has proved to be an enhancer of subjective well-being in previous studies. However, studies that linked the relation between emotional intelligence and its facets when interacting with gratitude, are still limited. In this sense, this study examined the mediating roles of emotional intelligence between gratitude and subjective well-being indicators, by introducing the general factor of emotional intelligence. The first approach to data analysis was to examine the descriptive statistics; the second approach consisted of an Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling, applying also a bifactor analysis. Data was collected from 406 Spanish students, through an online survey that includes the gratitude, trait meta mood scale, satisfaction with life and subjective happiness scale. The mean age of participants was 20.27 years (SD = 4.68), whereas 79.5% were females. The results provided preliminary evidence of the mediation role of the general factor of emotional intelligence between gratitude and subjective well-being, which provided a meaningful insight about the role of trait emotional intelligence. These findings suggested that gratitude promotes emotional intelligence, allowing to an increase in subjective well-being. Nonetheless, there is a need for further research to achieve a better understanding of the role of the emotional intelligence facets between gratitude and subjective well-being.

THE MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ROLE OF GRATITUDE IN FAMILY MEMBERS OF PEOPLE WITH EARLY-STAGE ALZHEIMER’S

Abstract The interest in and scientific understanding of the multifaceted construct of gratitude has grown in recent years. However, research on the role gratitude plays in the lives of family members of persons with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease is limited. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to uncover the ways gratitude is experienced and expressed in family members of persons with early-stage Alzheimer’s. Interpretative phenomenological analysis, a qualitative methodology, was employed to analyze the narratives of 27 family members. Expressions of gratitude were universal in the study but varied in the dispositional gratitude factors of frequency, intensity, span, and density. Relational conceptions of gratitude were expressed across three subthemes: (1) intrapersonal (e.g., family member grateful for how their own personal strengths and resources had aided them and allowed for growth while caring for their loved one with early-stage Alzheimer’s; family member grateful for the individual strengths their family member with early-stage Alzheimer’s had retained); (2) interpersonal (e.g., family member expressed gratitude for people who had positively influenced them such as prior role models for giving care to a person with Alzheimer’s and people who had shown the family compassion); and 3) transpersonal (e.g., gratitude for God or a divine entity or force that was deemed benevolent and helpful when it came to the experience of living with Alzheimer’s). Findings indicate that professionals should attend to gratitude in family members of persons with Alzheimer’s and leverage this multifaceted resource to improve health and well-being.

Effects of Profession-Related Support from Different Sources on Subjective Well-Being Among Chinese Tuition-Free Normal University Students: The Mediation of Intrinsic Motivation for Teaching and Moderation of Dispositional Gratitude.

Tuition-free normal university students (TFNUS) have become an important group in Chinese normal university. The subjective well-being of TFNUS not only affects their own mental health, and decisions to stay in the teaching profession, but also can significantly influence their future student's perception of stress, learning motivation and academic achievement. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between positive factors and TFNUS's subjective well-being and the underlying mechanism and boundary condition. The purpose of this study is to examine whether, how and when profession-related support from different sources influences TFNUS's subjective well-being. Based on the Conservation of Resource Theory and Self-Determination Theory, a time-lagged design was used to collect two wave data (N=526), and we use dominance analysis to examine the relative importance of profession-related support from significant others (eg, government, teachers, and parents) in relation to subjective well-being among Chinese tuition-free normal university students, and propose a moderated mediation model to reveal the mediating (intrinsic motivation for teaching) and moderating (dispositional gratitude) effects of this relation. Profession-related government, teacher, and parent support were all positively related to subjective well-being, in a descending order of relative importance were as follows: teacher, parent and government. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation for teaching mediated the relationship between profession-related support and subjective well-being. In addition, dispositional gratitude only moderated the relationship between two sources (teacher and parent, respectively) of profession-related support and intrinsic motivation for teaching. Moreover, dispositional gratitude moderated the strength of the indirect effect of profession-related teacher support and parent support on subjective well-being (through intrinsic motivation for teaching), and the mediated relationship was stronger for those with high (vs low) dispositional gratitude. The profession-related support had positive direct effect on tuition-free normal university students' subjective well-being, as well as indirect effect through intrinsic motivation for teaching. Dispositional gratitude moderated the relationship between of profession-related teacher, parent support and intrinsic motivation for teaching, and the strength of the indirect effect of this support on subjective well-being.

Emotional and relational protective factors during pregnancy and psychological well-being and personal growth after childbirth

ABSTRACT Background Studies in the perinatal literature tend to focus on potential negative outcomes, but little attention has been paid to the protective factors that may be associated with better psychological well-being or positive mental changes, such as personal growth. Objective Drawing on the Broaden and Build Theory of Positive Emotions, the study employed a prospective design and a sequential mediation model to examine the mechanism by which protective factors during pregnancy (dispositional gratitude, perceived relationship quality with the partner, perceived maternal-foetal bonding) may be associated, in sequence, with higher psychological well-being and personal growth after childbirth among first-time mothers. Methods The sample consisted of 515 women who were recruited through social media and completed questionnaires in two phases: Time 1, during the second half of their pregnancy; and Time 2, around 12 weeks after the birth of their first baby. Results Results show that gratitude was associated with higher perceived relationship quality during pregnancy, which was associated with higher maternal-foetal bonding, which in turn was associated with higher psychological well-being and personal growth after childbirth. The indirect effects were significant. Conclusion The study expands knowledge of positive outcomes in the transition to motherhood, and demonstrates that positive emotions, such as gratitude, may be the first link in the chain of factors predicting better outcomes from pregnancy to childbirth.

#Blessed: the moderating effect of dispositional gratitude on the relationship between social comparison and envy on Instagram

IntroductionThe role of dispositional gratitude as a positive psychological resource and prosocial personality trait in real life interactions militates in favor of its introduction to the research field of social media.MethodsBased on a literature review of the previously studied relationship of dispositional gratitude with social comparison and envy in offline settings, a twofold moderation model was proposed and quantitatively tested in a cross-sectional sample of N = 268 Instagram users aged between 18 and 40 years. Additionally, the dual conceptualization of benign and malicious envy was scrutinized by validating its respective connections with affective outcomes and inspiration on Instagram.Results and discussionDispositional gratitude serves as a protective factor when using Instagram by significantly mitigating the relationship of social comparison and malicious as well as general envy on Instagram. Furthermore, the results support the more nuanced understanding of envy as a dual construct in the face of social media use.

간호대학생의 감사성향과 감성지능이 대인관계능력에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree and relation of gratitude disposition, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal relationship ability in nursing students, and to identify factors affecting interpersonal relationship ability.
 The research method is a descriptive research study, and the research subjects are 186 students who are enrolled in the nursing department of a college located in J city. The data collection period was from September 12 to September 30, 2022, and the survey was conducted using a self-report online questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. The general characteristics of the subject were used in terms of frequency and percentage, and the differences in gratitude disposition, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal relationship ability according to general characteristics were tested using t-test and ANOVA, and post-tested with Scheffe's test. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed for the correlation between gratitude disposition, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal relationship ability, and multiple regression was performed for factors affecting interpersonal ability.
 As a result of the study, gratitude disposition was 5.52 points out of 7 points, emotional intelligence was 3.73 points out of 5 points, and interpersonal relationship ability was 3.86 points out of 5 points. Interpersonal relationship ability according to general characteristics showed a difference in subjective health status (F=3.743 p=.026), and interpersonal relationship ability showed gratitude disposition (r=.470, p<.001), emotional intelligence (r=. 575, p<.001) and showed a statistically significant positive correlation. The factors affecting interpersonal relationship ability were emotional intelligence (β=.440, p<.001), gratitude disposition (β=.287, p<.001), and subjective health status unhealthy (β=-.135, p =.025), and the explanatory power of these variables was 40.0%.
 Based on these results, it is thought that it is necessary to develop and apply programs that strengthen gratitude disposition and emotional intelligence in order to improve interpersonal relationship ability of nursing students.

고등학생의 감사성향과 행복감 간의 관계에서 사회적지지와 자기효능감의 이중매개효과

고등학생의 감사성향과 행복감 간의 관계에서 사회적지지와 자기효능감의 이중매개효과

초기 청소년기의 감사성향 및 표현과 학교생활만족간의 관계: 지각한 사회적 지지의 매개효과

초기 청소년기의 감사성향 및 표현과 학교생활만족간의 관계: 지각한 사회적 지지의 매개효과

The Effects of Gratitude Disposition and Nursing Professionalism on the Awareness of Biomedical Ethics Among Nursing Students

The Effects of Gratitude Disposition and Nursing Professionalism on the Awareness of Biomedical Ethics Among Nursing Students