Grateloupia Turuturu Research Articles

Collections of the invasive species Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) from Tasmania, Australia

G.W. Saunders and R.D. Withall. 2006. Collections of the invasive species Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) from Tasmania, Australia. Phycologia 45: 711–714. DOI: 10.2216/06-10.1Intertidal collections of morphologically variable red algal blades from Bicheno on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia, during two consecutive excursions (January 2004, 2005) were strongly reminiscent of alien populations of Grateloupia turuturu collected by the authors in Rhode Island, USA. Anatomical observations of vegetative and reproductive features in combination with molecular tools were used to confirm this identification and establish the first published record for this invasive species in Australian waters.

Taxonomic Considerations of a Foliose Grateloupia Species from the Straits of Messina

Grateloupia turuturu Yamada is the currently accepted name for the invasive red alga that is present on coasts of the North Atlantic. Previously considered as G. doryphora (Montagne) M.A. Howe, populations of this invasive species were examined and their taxonomic position revised using molecular and morphological techniques. It was also thought that similar invasive populations in the Mediterranean should be identified as G. turuturu. This investigation used rbcL based molecular analyses to clarify the taxonomic position of Grateloupia “doryphora’ from the Straits of Messina. Our results indicate that this population is neither G. doryphora nor G. turuturu. It was placed separately in all analyses and grouped consistently with other Grateloupia species from the Pacific. On the basis of molecular data from this and previous investigations, it is evident that the status of the foliose Atlantic and Mediterranean entities is still unclear and a re-evaluation of the old names connected to them should be undertaken.

Evidences of the intertidal red alga Grateloupia turuturu in turning Vibrio parahaemolyticus into non-culturable state in the presence of light

Grateloupia turuturu, previously known as Grateloupia doryphora, has been widely reported to be an invasive algal species. There are no studies to relate the impact of its existence on its surrounding environment. In this paper, we present our results to show that about 70% of individuals collected from the field could turn Vibrio parahaemolyticus into non-culturable state on both selective (TCBS) and non-selective (2216E) culture medium in 24 h in the presence of light in live algal culture. Total bacteria counts on TCBS and 2216E plates dropped from the initial 565 (± 174) and 1192 (± 60) cfu ml − 1 respectively to zero in 24 h. This effect disappeared when the alga was grown in darkness. The same effect was not found in two other intertidal macroalgae Laminaria japonica and Palmaria palmata. Further tests showed that the settlement ability of bacteria in seawater was impaired significantly in the presence of this alga in comparison with three other algal species.

RAPD differentiation of Grateloupia lanceola and the invasive Grateloupia turuturu (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in the Iberian Peninsula

R. Barreiro, M. Quintela, I. Bárbara, and J. Cremades. 2006. RAPD differentiation of Grateloupia lanceola and the invasive Grateloupia turuturu (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in the Iberian Peninsula. Phycologia 45: 213–217. DOI: 10.2216/04-72.1Grateloupia is a genus of red algae in which many species are notoriously difficult to define; this situation greatly complicates the assessment of their geographical ranges. A member of this genus, G. lanceola, is typical of warm-temperate seas but retains some highly localized populations at higher latitudes on the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Galicia). Nevertheless, the presence of these northern populations has been largely overlooked; instead, they have been regarded as, or suspected to be, another case in the expansion of the adventive congeneric Grateloupia turuturu along European waters. In this study, we have examined the genetic similarity between specimens of G. lanceola and G. turuturu from Galicia using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The large genetic distance between species detected provides molecular-based support for the occurrence of G. lanceola in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula as a separate species from the invasive G. turuturu, corroborating earlier morphological and ecological observations. Also, G. lanceola specimens from Galicia were genetically similar to those from their type locality in the southern Iberian Peninsula, confirming their conspecific character. Our results imply that the first records of invasive G. turuturu in northwestern waters of Spain were those from the early 1990s; contrary to most references in the literature, previous older records from the early 1980s belonged to the congeneric G. lanceola.

Grateloupia lanceola versus Grateloupia turuturu (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta): en la Península Ibérica

Grateloupia lanceola was originally described from the southern Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa coasts. Its current Iberian distribution only includes some localities in NW (La Coruna) and SE (Malaga) Spain. The closely related invasive species Grateloupia turuturu is present in Galicia (NW Spain) since 1991 and in northern Portugal since 1997. Galicia is the only area in Europe where both especies are sympatric. This paper presents a comparative study of G. lanceola and G. turuturu along the Iberian Peninsula coast. The blade of G. lanceola is purplish red with a characteristic emerald green colour to the base, and usually has scattered paler spots. Moreover, it is 200-450 µm thick, has a sort stipe, and marginal proliferations developed usually only in eroded areas. The lamina of G. turuturu is red or pink through, without paler spots or green areas. It is thinner (130-250 µm), has a long stipe, and frequent congenital marginal proliferations.

Production and application of filaments of Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)

Filaments from Grateloupia turuturu were obtained through germination of spores, regeneration from fragments of discoid crusts and erect thalli. The rates of filament formation through the three ways were 5.3 +/- 1.2%, 100%, and 62.3 +/- 5.6%, respectively. Discoid crusts were the best materials for the production of filaments. The obtained filaments were cloned in stationary and aerated culture. The differentiations of filaments were observed. When attached to the substrata, filaments differentiated into discoid crusts from which erect thalli grew, whereas for filaments in suspension culture, some cells in the filaments differentiated into spherical structures that also formed new erect thalli. Moreover, fragments of filaments (< 100 mu m) were seeded onto nori-nets. The regenerated plantlets grew into adult thalli in field cultivation.

Circadian rhythm of photosynthesis and concurrent oscillations of transcript abundance of photosynthetic genes in the marine red alga Grateloupia turuturu

Many biological processes are under the control of an endogenous circadian clock, a prominent example within the plant kingdom being photosynthesis. Here we report a robust circadian rhythm of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in the marine red macroalga Grateloupia turuturu. The rhythm was obvious in continuous white light at irradiances ranging from 50 to 500 μmol photons m−2s−1. To assess whether this physiological rhythm was correlated with changes at the level of gene transcription in G. turuturu, abundance of the transcripts encoding the phycoerythrin α and β subunits and the ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) subunits was analysed under light-dark cycles (LD) and continuous illumination (LL). Abundance of both transcripts exhibited diurnal and circadian changes in G. turuturu. In LD conditions, abundance of the phycoerythrin transcript peaked between midday and late afternoon. This pattern was maintained under constant conditions (LL) for up to three cycles. For the Rubisco transcript, mRNA abundance started to increase in the morning and peaked around midday in LD cycles. In LL, Rubisco transcript abundance continued to oscillate, but the increase of mRNA started earlier, already during subjective night. Our results suggest control of both transcripts by the circadian clock in G. turuturu.

Isethionic Acid and Floridoside Isolated from the Red Alga, Grateloupia turuturu, Inhibit Settlement of Balanus amphitrite Cyprid Larvae

Isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethane sulfonic acid) and floridoside (2-O-α-D-galactopyranosylglycerol) were extracted from the red alga, Grateloupia turuturu, and tested for anti-settlement activity against cyprid larvae of the tropical barnacle, Balanus amphitrite and for their toxicity to nauplius larvae. Isethionic acid was active for anti-settlement but had the disadvantage of being toxic to nauplius larvae. Floridoside was a potent inhibitor of cyprid settlement at non-toxic concentrations to nauplii (0.01 mg ml−1).

Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) is the correct name of the non-native species in the Atlantic known as Grateloupia doryphora

Grateloupia doryphora (Montagne) Howe, originally described from Peru, has repeatedly been reported as an invasive species in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. Various attempts to explain this species' route of introduction have been unsatisfactory. New evidence from comparative rbcL sequence analysis and morphology suggests that this adventive species in the NE and NW Atlantic corresponds with G. turuturu Yamada, originally described from Japan. This provenance follows a well-recognized trend of invasive marine organisms that have colonized the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea from Pacific NE Asia.

Grateloupia Turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta): The Correct Identity of the Invasive Species in the Atlantic Known as Grateloupia Doryphora as Inferred From Molecular and Morphological Evidence

Abstract Grateloupia doryphora (Montagne) Howe, originally described from Peru, has repeatedly been reported as an invasive species in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. Various attempts to explain this species' route of invasion have, so far, been unsatisfying. In the present paper, we provide new evidence on the basis of comparative rbcL sequence analysis and morphology that this invasive species in the NE and NW Atlantic corresponds to G. turuturu Yamada, originally described from Japan. The true origin of this alga follows a well‐recognized trend of invasive marine organisms that have on various occasions colonized the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea from Pacific NE Asia.

Fatty Acid Composition of Algae from Habitats with Varying Amounts of Illumination

The fatty acid (FA) composition of algae Ulva fenestrata (Chlorophyta), Costaria costata (Phaeophyta), and Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) differed in their illumination habitats (shaded grotto and bright light). It was found that the light intensity affect the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) ratios in the algae. In the shaded places, the content of polyunsaturated FAs of the (n-3) series in U. fenestrate and of the (n-3) and (n-6) series, except 18 : 2, in C. costata are higher than at bright light, whereas in G. turuturu, the content of 20 : 5n-3 acids in that instance was lower. The lipid content was 2.5–3.6 times higher in the algae at low light intensity. The content variation of algal lipid components apparently was related to adaptive response of these plants to illumination condition.

Carbohydrate regulation of attachment, encystment, and appressorium formation by Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota) zoospores on Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta)

Pythium porphyrae Takahashi et Sasaki, a facultative parasite of Porphyra spp., is the common microbial agent responsible for red rot disease of this red alga in Japan. Host infection by this species and other plant parasitic members of the Pythiaceae is initiated by motile biflagellate zoospores. Factors regulating host specificity and the initial steps involved in the infection process, consisting of attachment, encystment and appressorium formation, are not known. Zoospore encystment and appressorium formation of P. porphyrae were monitored by staining of the fungal cell walls using calcofluor. The zoospores infected only Porphyra spp. and Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Agardh thalli, although they attached to, and encysted on, many other members of the Rhodophyceae (Stylonema alsidii[Zanardini] Drew, Gelidium elegans Kützing, Pterocladiella capillacea[Gmelin] Santelices et Hommersand, Carpopeltis affinis[Harvey] Okamura, Gloiosiphonia capillaris[Hudson] Carmichael in Berkeley, Grateloupia turuturu Yamada, Callophyllis adhaerens Yamada, Gracilaria spp., Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo, Rhodymenia intricata[Okamura] Okamura, Griffithsia subcylindrica Okamura, Wrangelia tanegana Harvey, and Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey). No attachment or encystment was observed on the red alga Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty ex Silva in Silva et al., the brown algae Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, Scytosiphon sp., and Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze as well as members of the Ulvaceae (green algae). Sequential extraction of carbohydrates from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda thalli and the addition of diverse monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and amino acids to zoospore suspensions indicated that encystment and appressorium formation were induced only by sulfated galactans (porphyran, commercial agar, agarose, and carrageenans). Zoospore attachment and encystment on thalli of P. yezoensis was abolished by periodate oxidation of the thallus surface and was reduced by 80–90% after enzymatic removal of sulfated galactan (porphyran). It appears that the interaction of zoospore surface receptors with sulfated galactan (porphyran) determinants on the thallus surface induced specific attachment and encystment on Porphyra spp. thalli. Zoospores encysted, germinated, and formed appressoria on sulfated galactan films and in suspensions of this carbohydrate. Attachment and encystment were induced on commercial agar and agarose films, but appressoria were not induced on agarose films. Supplementation of agarose media with both cold and hot water fractions and with porphyran from P. yezoensis–induced appressoria implicated sulfated galactans (porphyran) in appressorium formation.

Growth activation of the microalga Isochrysis galbana by the aqueous extract of the seaweed Monostroma nitidum

Cell growth of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana was regulated by the addition of seaweed extracts in the culture medium. Methanol-soluble extracts from 27 species of seaweed showed growth activation only from Enteromorpha linza, and growth inhibition from Ishige foliacea and Sargassum sagamianum. Water-soluble extracts from Grateloupia turuturu and Monostroma nitidum showed growth activation, while none of the seaweed showed growth inhibition. From results of growth activation of extracts on I. galbana, the water extract of M. nitidum was the most effective up to two-fold increase in cell density with the addition of 1 mg mL-1 of extract to the medium. The cell growth rate was increased from 0.52 to 0.65 d-1. Cell size, gross biochemical compositions, fatty acid compositions, and digestion efficiency by shellfish differed marginally between cultures of I. galbana grown with and without the M. nitidum aqueous extract. This extract has also enhanced the growth of other feed microalgae tested, including Dunaliella salina.

紅藻ツルツルよりL-methionine-&lt;i&gt;l&lt;/i&gt;-sulfoxideと&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-methylmethionine sulfoxideの分離

In the methanolic extract from a red alga Grateloupia turuturu, L-methionine-l-sulfoxide, an unknown base and glutamic acid were predominant among free amino acids. On acid hydrolysis, the first two compounds disappeared and arginine, citrulline, ornithine and methionine appeared or increased concomitantly. Two methionine derivatives were then isolated from the extract by ion-exchange column chromatography, and identified as L-methionine-l-sulfoxide and N-methylmethionine sulfoxide by synthesis. The former sulfoxide was confirmed to be the origin of methionine appearing on acid hydrolysis.

紅藻ツルツルより新ペプチド, L-citrullinyl-L-arginineの単離

The methanolic extract of a red alga Grateloupia turuturu was found to contain a large amount of an unknown base. It was isolated by ionexchange resin column chromatography and shown to afford arginine, citrulline and ornithine on acid hydrolysis. Its DNP-derivative was obtained as needles and gave DNP-citrulline and arginine when hydrolyzed with acid. The behavior of this peptide coincided well with that of synthesized L-citrullinyl-L-arginine on paper chromatography with 4 different solvent systems. The DNP-derivatives prepared from the isolated and synthesized specimens showed good agreement in both IR spectrum and melting point.