Grasshopper Embryo Research Articles

Morphological Changes in Cellular Organelles of X-Irradiated Bacteria-Free Grasshopper Diapause Embryos

The grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) embryo during diapause was used to study the effect of x-irradiation on the ultrastructure of cells in a basal metabolic condition. The gross effect of 25 kR on the embryo is a diminution in size. Ultrastructurally the cells exhibit injury earlier than can be detected by gross morphology. The nucleolus shows radiation injury first and ultimately the whole nucleus becomes pyknotic. The cytoplasm of irradiated cells contains an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle rarely found in the control cells. There also is an increase in free ribosomes in the treated cells. Cytoplasmic myelination and the presence of cytolysomes is common in the x-irradiated cells. The mitochondria, for the most part, remain undamaged although their overall shape is modified and a few do become myelinated. The centriole remains unchanged throughout the entire postirradiation period. Organelles are differentially susceptible to irradiation; some exhibit no change, some are d...

II. Drosophila neuron differentiation in vitro.

Many investigators have described the growth of axons in vitro from explants of embryonic mammalian or bird tissue (Murray, 1965). In all cases the explant contained cells from already differentiated nervous tissue and no claims were made for neuron differentiation from stem cells. Niu and Twitty (1953) and Barth and Barth (1958) observed the development in vitro of long processes which presumably were axons, from neurons that had differentiated from fragments of amphibian gastrula ectoderm. Neuroblasts in explants taken from grasshopper embryos show repeated divisions in vitro (reviewed by Carlson and Gaulden, 1964). The cytoplasm is distributed unequally at each division to generate a small ganglion cell and a large cell that will divide again. Each neuroblast thus serves as a stem cell for several ganglion cells but no axons are produced in vitro.

Growth of the embryo of Ornithacris turbida (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with special reference to the antennae

SYNOPSISAn account is given of the celluIar changes underlying the growth of the antenna of the grasshopper embryo. Similar changes involved in the growth of the hind femur, and the embryo as a whole, are described.

The external morphogenesis of grasshopper embryos

SynopsisThe external morphogenesis of the embryos of Pyrgomorpha cognata and Ornithacris turbida is discussed in relation to other work on grasshopper embryos. A generalised scheme of development is given in order to facilitate direct comparisons between different species of Acridoidea.

The biochemical events of mitosis. II. The in vivo and in vitro binding of colchicine in grasshopper embryos and its possible relation to inhibition of mitosis.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Biochemical Events of Mitosis. II. The in Vivo and in Vitro Binding of Colchicine in Grasshopper Embryos and Its Possible Relation to Inhibition of Mitosis*Leslie Wilson and Morris FriedkinCite this: Biochemistry 1967, 6, 10, 3126–3135Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00862a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views185Altmetric-Citations220LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (965 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOLUS DURING MITOSIS IN THE GRASSHOPPER NEUROBLAST CELL.

The behavior of the nucleolus during mitosis was studied by electron microscopy in neuroblast cells of the grasshopper embryo, Chortophaga viridifasciata. Living neuroblast cells were observed in the light microscope, and their mitotic stages were identified and recorded. The cells were fixed and embedded; alternate thick and thin sections were made for light and electron microscopy. The interphase nucleolus consists of two fine structural components arranged in separate zones. Concentrations of 150 A granules form a dense peripheral zone, while the central regions are composed of a homogeneous background substance. Observations show that nucleolar dissolution in prophase occurs in two steps with a preliminary loss of the background substance followed by a dispersal of the granules. Nucleolar material reappears at anaphase as small clumps or layers at the chromosome surfaces. These later form into definite bodies, which disappear as the nucleolus grows in telophase. Evidence suggests both a collecting and a synthesizing role for the nucleolus-associated chromatin. The final, mature nucleolar form is produced by a rearrangement of the fine structural components and an increase in their mass.

Effects of Added Substrates and Inhibitors on Homogenate Respiration during the Metamorphosis of the Mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor Linnaeus1

A Since the work of Potter and Elvehjem (1936), tissue homogenates have been used extensively for the study of the enzymatic activity of vertebrate tissues. The homogenate technique was applied to a study of insects by Bodine and Lu (1950). They homogenized embryos of the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thos.), and compared the rate of O2 consumption of whole embryos with that of their homogenates during diapause and non-diapause. Bodine, Lu, and West (1952) extended these experiments to include the effects of adding substrates and inhibitors to homogenates of grasshopper embryos. These experiments showed marked differences in the enzymatic activity of diapause and nondiapause stages.

La diffcrenziazione delle gonadi negli embrioni della cavallette

Summary The differentiation of gonads in grasshopper embryos (Anacridium aegyptium L.) has been investigated from the beginning of abdominal lobe segmentation up to hatching. The germ cells are clearly seen at first in the dorsal part of the celomic sacs of abdomen, where they form the genital crest. Thereafter the germ cells migrate into the medial wall of somites to form the genital band. During the differentiation of the celomic sacs and before blastokinesis, a primordial not yet sex differentiated gonad obtains, which is formed by a dorsal cord of mesodermic cells and a ventral group of germ cells. The first differentiation is observed during and after blastokinesis, when the gonads reach their final position under the heart. The germ cells move into the dorsal mesodermic cells to form a gonad similar to that described by Nelsen (1934) in Melanoplus differentialis embryos, characterized by a dorsal mass of somatic cells, a central mass containing the germ cells and a ventral mass of mesodermic cells. ...

Effects of Versene-induced Calcium Deficiency in Living Neuroblasts of the Grasshopper Embryo

1. Immersion of grasshopper embryos in various concentrations of versene solution, produces a number of well-marked changes in the mitotic cycle of the neuroblast cell.2. Treatment with .0025 to .01M for one hour results in mitotic blockage at interphase, early prophase, late prophase and telophase stages, and mitotic delay at middle prophase and prometaphase and metaphase stages. No effect on early and middle anaphase and the later part of very late prophase is detected.3. Treatment with cencentrations above .01M produces pronounced stickiness of chromosomes at the mid-mitotic stages and greatly increased mitotic delay, and subsequent blockage of mitosis.4. Cleavage abnormalities are observed in the neuroblast cells when treated with concentrations above .01M for more than one hour.5. Telophase chromosomes become highly refractile on being immersed for 30 minutes in .0025-.03M of versene. Treatment with .05M produces immediate blockage of most of the stages of mitosis. No refractile chromo-somes appear at telophase at this concentration.6. Recovery from most of the changes induced by versene is noticed, when the cells are transferred back to normal culture solution.7. That most of the effects of versene treatment may be due to lack of calcium ions in the cell, is indicated.

Influence of yolk on mitotic rate in untreated and x-rayed grasshopper neuroblasts in vitro.

Summary1. The frequency of mid-mitotic neuroblasts in grasshopper embryos in hanging-drop cultures increases as the quantity of yolk in the culture is increased up to a quantity equivalent to 1/4 that in an egg. The influence of yolk on mitosis in the untreated neuroblast is interpreted as indicating that, in this cell at least, the first half of prophase does not operate solely on energy stored within the cell but is dependent on an outside source of energy for continuance of mitosis. 2. The pronounced positive effect of yolk on recovery of neuroblasts from radiation damage demonstrates that, in this cell, some extracellular metabolite or metabolites greatly enhance repair of mitotic damage.

Amino compounds and ethanolamine phosphoric acid of the grasshopper egg

The presence of 16 or 17 amino acids, amines, ethanolamine phosphoric acid (EPA), and one unknown compound has been demonstrated in the egg of the grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata De Geer by means of paper partition chromatography. The role of citrulline in nitrogen elimination in this organism is questionable. EPA may be active in nitrogen elimination. Methionine is the only sulphur amino acid detected. Ethanolamine is metabolically related to serine and glycine. EPA may have the same metabolic relationship to these amino acids as does ethanolamine. The presence of EPA and a high lipid metabolism are probably characteristic of rapidly growing tissues. EPA may be necessary for the maintenance of tissue cultures of the grasshopper embryo.

EFFECT OF ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) ON THE ENDOGENOUS OXYGEN UPTAKE OF DEVELOPING GRASSHOPPER EMBRYOS

1. A study has been made on the effects of ATP on the endogenous O2 uptake of grasshopper embryos and homogenates at different developmental stages. 2. ATP has little, if any, effect upon the O2 uptake of the intact embryo. 3. ATP augments the O2 uptake of homogenates in sucrose. 4. The magnesium ion is necessary for maximal stimulation of ATP.

Quantitative Study of Distribution of Sulfhydryl Groups in the Developing Grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) Embryo

Previous articleNext article No AccessQuantitative Study of Distribution of Sulfhydryl Groups in the Developing Grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) EmbryoCharles NormanCharles Norman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 27, Number 2Apr., 1954 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.27.2.30154522 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:S. Kuk-Meiri, N. Lichtenstein, A. Shulov, M.P. Pener Cathepsin-type proteolytic activity in the developing eggs of the African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 18, no.44 (Aug 1966): 783–795.https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-406X(66)90212-XR. Beutler Vergleichende Physiologische Chemie, (Jan 1966): 659–970.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-37018-6_2P.S. Chen Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Insect Development, (Jan 1966): 53–132.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60186-1Ronald C. Fraser Somite genesis in the chick. IV. Activity of sulfur-containing compounds, Journal of Experimental Zoology 145, no.22 (Nov 1960): 169–178.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401450205A. Shulov, M.P. Pener, S. Kuk-Meiri, N. Lichtenstein Proteolytic enzymes in various embryonic stages of the eggs of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. and F.), Journal of Insect Physiology 1, no.33 (Nov 1957): 279–285.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(57)90042-2 Yu-Ying Fu Changes in Distribution of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids in Developing Grasshopper Egg (Melanoplus differentialis), Physiological Zoology 30, no.11 (Sep 2015): 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.30.1.30166303Sylvia S. Greenberg, M. J. Kopac, Myron Gordon CYTOLOGY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF MELANOMA CELLS, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 67, no.44 (Oct 1956): 57–121.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1956.tb46039.x

The separation of neuroblasts and other cells from grasshopper embryos.

The separation of neuroblasts and other cells from grasshopper embryos.

Changes in the Distribution of Phosphorus in the Developing Grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) Embryo

Changes in the Distribution of Phosphorus in the Developing Grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) Embryo

The action of thyroxine on the endogenous oxygen uptake of mitotically active and blocked grasshopper embryos, their homogenates and intracellular constituents.

The action of thyroxine on the endogenous oxygen uptake of mitotically active and blocked grasshopper embryos, their homogenates and intracellular constituents.

Methylene blue, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and oxygen uptake of intact and homogenized embryos.

Summary1. M.B. and 2,4-D.N.P. produce augmentation of oxygen uptake of intact grasshopper embryos. 2. M.B. produces augmentation of oxygen uptake of homogenates made from embryos. 2,4-D.N.P. does not produce significant augmentation of oxygen uptake of homogenates. 3. M.B. produces augmentation of oxygen uptake of intact nuclei and not of mitochondria or cytoplasmic constituents. 4. 2,4-D.N.P. does not affect oxygen uptake of isolated nuclei or mitochondria or other cytoplasmic constituents.

The effects of sulfanilamide upon the oxygen uptake of mitotically active and blocked grasshopper embryos.

1. The effects of sulfanilamide upon the oxygen uptake of mitotically active and blocked grasshopper embryos have been determined.2. Sulfanilamide depresses the rate of oxygen consumption in both active and blocked embryos in a relatively similar fashion.3. The sulfanilamide sensitive and insensitive fractions of the respiration are approximately constant for both active and blocked embryonic cells.

The succinic dehydrogenase activity of the grasshopper egg and embryo and the colorimetric triphenyltetrazolium chloride method.

The succinic dehydrogenase activity of the grasshopper egg and embryo and the colorimetric triphenyltetrazolium chloride method.

Effects of X-Rays and Neutrons on Mouse Lymphoma Chromosomes in Different Stages of the Nuclear Cycle

When chick embryo cells or mammalian fibroblasts in tissue culture are treated with x-rays, mitosis is inhibited so that the number of cells in the actively dividing stage reaches a minimum three hours later (1). The cells are arrested in the nuclear “resting stage.” Similar results have been obtained with plant root tips and tumors of the mouse and rat (2). Cells which just escape inhibition have just completed the resting stage at the time of irradiation. At this phase of the nuclear cycle chromosomes are much more sensitive to damage by ionizing radiation. This stage of maximum sensitivity has been found in chromosomes of tissues as different as root tips of onions, horse beans, peas, tomatoes (2, 3), grasshopper embryo cells and spermatogonia (4), Walker rat carcinoma 256, and mouse sarcoma 180. The investigations with mouse lymphoma to be reported here show not only this stage of high chromosome sensitivity but, in addition, a period during the nuclear resting stage of even greater sensitivity. The r...