Graptophyllum Pictum Research Articles

The Activity of Wungu Leaf (<i>Graptophyllum pictum</i> (L) Griff) Extract in Reducing Blood Glucose Level of Hyperglycemic Mice

Wungu leaf (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) is a plant thought to have potential use in alleviating symptoms of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the activity of wungu leaf extracts in decreasing blood glucose level of alloxan (200 mg/kg BW)-induced hyperglycemic mice. Extracts of wungu leaf were obtained by macerating with ethanol and then partitioning the extract with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Each extract obtained was used to treat hyperglycemic mice for 28 days. The results showed that wungu leaf extracts have the ability to decrease the blood glucose level of hyperglycemic mice (dose 50 mg/kg BW). The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity, bringing about a decrease of blood glucose of 37.6 %. The wungu leaf extract has the potential to be developed as a source of anti-diabetic agents.

Nectar Feeding Habits of Loten’s Sunbird Cinnyris lotenius and Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Sunbirds (Nectariniidae) are small passerines that feed largely on nectar. The aim of thiswork was to observe the relationship of the purple-rumped sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica andLoten’s sunbird Cinnyris lotenius with their host flowers, and to examine their relationshipwith the glucose concentration of nectar, flower count and the length of corolla. The studywas carried out in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, between February2013 and September 2013. For each observation, plant species visited for nectar feeding,method of obtaining food, glucose concentration of nectar, length of corolla, and flower countwere recorded. Both species of sunbirds visited Hamelia patens, Sanchezia speciosa,Heliconia rostrata, Megaskepasma erythrochlamys, Strobilanthes flaccidifolius,Graptophyllum pictum and Pachystachys spicata. The male Loten’s sunbird’s occurrence ona given flower is biased by the presence of female (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.874; PValue:<0.001). The Purple-rumped female’s occurrence is biased by the presence of male(Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.819; P-Value: <0.001). The results also indicated that therewas no significant correlation between the occurrence of the bird and the glucoseconcentration of the flower (Pearson correlation coefficients: -0.045; P-Value: 0.740;[Loten’s male]; -0.094; P-Value: 0.489; [Loten’s female]; -0.061; P-Value: 0.653; [Purplerumpedmale]; 0.001; P-Value: 0.997; [Purple-rumped female]). Similarly, there was nosignificant correlation between the flower count with the occurrence of the bird (Pearsoncorrelation coefficients: 0.160; P-Value: 0.239; [Loten’s male], 0.171; P-Value: 0.208;[Loten’s female]; 0.172; P-Value: 0.595; [Purple rumped male]; 0.211; P-Value: 0.118;[Purple-rumped female]). The Loten’s sunbird has no significant correlation with flowercorolla length (Pearson correlation coefficients: -0.240; P-Value: 0.075; [Loten’s male]; -0.142; P-Value: 0.297; [Loten’s female]). The Purple-rumped sunbird has a significantcorrelation with the flower corolla length. (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.399; P-Value:0.020; [Purple rumped male]; -0.452; P-Value: <0.001; [Purple-rumped female]). Dependingon the length of corolla, the nectar obtaining method varied as probing or piercing.

Screening Potential New Tropical Ornamentals for Alkalinity, Salinity, and Irradiance Tolerances

Abstract With the rapid introduction of new herbaceous or woody perennial tropical and subtropical taxa to the U.S. nursery trade for use as summer annuals, methods for quickly assessing their tolerances to various environmental stresses will be needed. Three screening methods, one each for substrate alkalinity, soil salinity, and varied irradiance levels, were tested on four tropical taxa, Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. (blue butterfly bush), Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff, (caricature plant), Jatropha integerrima Jacq. (firecracker jatropha), and Chrysothemis pulchella (Don. ex J. Sims) Desc. (dozakie), with potential for use as summer annuals. Specialized portable structures for testing irradiance levels were developed which minimized confounding of restricted air movement often associated with imposing shade treatments. Irradiance and salinity screening procedures were deemed successful, while further refinement is needed with the alkalinity screening method tested. Decreased irradiance levels suppressed flowering of R. myricoides, while full sun exposure decreased foliar appearance and growth of C. pulchella. Only J. integerrima showed adverse responses to elevated substrate alkalinity. Jatropha integerrima and G. pictum exhibited adaptation to a wide range of light exposures and salinity levels while maintaining attractive foliage. Although flowering of J. integerrima was reduced with heavy shade (66%), some flowering continued.

Blood glucose lowering effect of aqueous extract of Graptophyllum pictum (Linn) Griff. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its acute toxicity in mice

This study was aimed at evaluating the claimed anti-diabetic property of the aqueous extract of Graptophyllum pictum leaf and to establish an effective dose for the extract. It also attempted to unravel if the extract could be acutely toxic to mice. The anti-diabetic study was carried out on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. After diabetic induction, the rats were divided into 5 groups. Groups 1 to 3 were orally administered 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight extract by gastric probe for four weeks; group 4 was administered 10 mg/kg body weight metformin, a well known hypoglycemic drug, while group 5 served as control and received the vehicle of administration (distilled water). The fasting blood glucose level (FBGL) of the rats was checked before commencement of treatment and weekly during the drug administration period using Roche Accu-chek Active Glucometer. The percentage change in FBGL before commencement of treatment and during the treatment period was calculated and expressed graphically. The acute toxicity of the extract was studied in 4 groups of Swiss albino mice which were orally administered high doses (1 to 4 g/kg) of the extract. The results obtained from the anti-diabetic study showed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the mean fasting blood glucose level in all the three groups of animals treated with the plant extract when compared to the control; and it exhibited effective anti-diabetic potency when compared with metformin (a standard anti-diabetic drug); the effective dose was established at 100 mg/kg. The LD50 could not be determined as none of the treated mice died during the acute toxicity study. These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of the leaves of G. pictum possess hypoglycemic effect which is comparable to metformin and can be safely administered orally without any immediate unwanted effect. However, this calls for detailed studies to elucidate the therapeutic and long term toxicological profiles of the extract. Key words : Diabetes, Graptophyllum pictum, aqueous extract, hypoglycemic, metformin.

English

&nbsp; This study was aimed at evaluating&nbsp;Graptophyllum pictum&nbsp;aqueous extract (GPAE) and ethanol extract (GPEE)&nbsp;in vitro&nbsp;for oxytocic and&nbsp;in vivo&nbsp;for anti-implantation activities. The oxytocic screening of the extracts was carried out on the isolated strip of gravid rat uterus in mid pregnancy and was compared with the activity of an agonist drug, oxytocin. GPEE exhibited oxytocic activity which is comparable to oxytocin while GPAE was found to reduce the normal contraction of the uterine strip. The anti-implantation investigation was done using three groups of eight week old virgin female Sprague-Dawley albino rats (eight rats/group). A selected dose (400 mg/kg) of GPEE was orally administered to a group of the rats. The same dose of GPAE was similarly administered to another group while the vehicle of administration (distilled water) was similarly administered to the third group as control. All administrations started on day one of pregnancy and were given daily for seven days. The rats were sacrificed on day 10 of pregnancy. Presence of foetus, implantation sites and number of corporal lutea in the autopsied rats were recorded and used to calculate the percentage anti-implantation effect. GPEE, GPAE and distilled water have percentage anti-implantation value of 93.8 &plusmn; 9.1, 16.8 &plusmn; 8.5 and 3.9 &plusmn; 5.4, respectively. The results support the use of this plant in folkloric medicine as a delivery aid and also suggest that the plant can be used very early in pregnancy as a contraceptive.&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Anti-implantation, oxytocic,&nbsp;Graptophyllum pictum, contraceptive.

Oxytocic and anti-implantation activities of the leaf extracts of Graptophyllum pictum (Linn.) Griff. (Acanthaceae)

This study was aimed at evaluating Graptophyllum pictum aqueous extract (GPAE) and ethanol extract (GPEE) in vitro for oxytocic and in vivo for anti-implantation activities. The oxytocic screening of the extracts was carried out on the isolated strip of gravid rat uterus in mid pregnancy and was compared with the activity of an agonist drug, oxytocin. GPEE exhibited oxytocic activity which is comparable to oxytocin while GPAE was found to reduce the normal contraction of the uterine strip. The antiimplantation investigation was done using three groups of eight week old virgin female Sprague-Dawley albino rats (eight rats/group). A selected dose (400 mg/kg) of GPEE was orally administered to a group of the rats. The same dose of GPAE was similarly administered to another group while the vehicle of administration (distilled water) was similarly administered to the third group as control. All administrations started on day one of pregnancy and were given daily for seven days. The rats were sacrificed on day 10 of pregnancy. Presence of foetus, implantation sites and number of corporal lutea in the autopsied rats were recorded and used to calculate the percentage anti-implantation effect. GPEE, GPAE and distilled water have percentage anti-implantation value of 93.8 ± 9.1, 16.8 ± 8.5 and 3.9 ± 5.4, respectively. The results support the use of this plant in folkloric medicine as a delivery aid and also suggest that the plant can be used very early in pregnancy as a contraceptive.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Graptophyllum pictum terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans pada Plat Gigi Tiruan Resin Akrilik

Graptophyllum pictum (Daun ungu) is one of the traditional plants in Indonesia. Graptophyllum pictum composition is flavonoid, Flavonoid has an antimicrobial effect. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of Graptophyllum pictum extract prevent the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin denture plate. The research was done plaque smear which Candida albicans adhered at the patient denture, then it was cultured and Candida albicans growth was cultivated. The research was done by using 40 samples. The samples were heat cured acrylic resin discs with 10 mm diameter. The research was used dilution method. The samples were divided into four groups.. Each group had been given Graptophyllum pictum extract with 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% for 8 hours. The plates with Sabouraud agar were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours and then Candida albicans were counted. The data were analyzed by the One way variant analysis and t-test. The result showed there were significant differences among the amount of Candida albicans which grew in different concentration of Graptophyllum pictum extract (p < 0.05). The conclusion was that Graptophyllum pictum extract had prevented the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin denture plate. DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v15i3.24

The Graptophyllum pictum extract effect on acrylic resin complete denture plaque growth

Graptophyllum pictum, in Indonesian is named ‘daun ungu’, is one of the traditional plants usually used as haemorrhoids medicament in Indonesia; it is composed from alkaloid, pectin, saponin, tannin, flavonoid and alcohol. Graptophyllum pictum is able to prevent the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of Graptophyllum pictum extract toward the growth of plaque on acrylic resin complete denture. For this plaque growth research, 40 samples of acrylic resin complete denture were used, which divided into four groups. Those samples were first treated by cleansing each denture from saliva with running water. The existence of plaque on the complete denture was known by means of disclosing agent. The plaque was then scored by using modified Quigley Hein index, in this case until the plaque was scored zero. The second treatment was soaking the Group I to IV denture samples in Graptophyllum pictum extract with various concentration 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%, each for 15 minutes. Following this, the dentures were worn by the patients again for four hours, and then removed and washed with water. Then the disclosing agent were rubbed on the dentures and subsequently washed with water. The obtained data were analyzed by One-way variant analysis and t-test. The study result showed there were significant differences among the growth of plaque on acrylic resin complete denture which was soaked in different concentration of Graptophyllum pictum extract (p < 0.05). Regarding this result it can be concluded that Graptophyllum pictum extract could inhibit the plaque growth on acrylic resin complete denture. And it seems also that the highest plaque growth inhibition on acrylic resin complete denture is caused by the 40% concentration extract of Graptophyllum pictum.

EFEK ESTROGENIK EKSTRAK DAUN HANDEULEUM {Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff)} PADA HISTOLOGI UTERUS MENCIT BETINA OVARIEKTOMI

Estrogenic effects of handeuleum leaf {Graptophyllum pictum (L.)Griff)} were showed by uterus histology examinations of ovariectomy female mice. Female mice aged 3 months, were treated by gavage with handeuleum leaf extracts, ethinyl estradiol, aqua dest, and olive oil. The results showed that the treatment of handeuleum leaf extracts (with concentration 0.5 mg/0.05 ml olive oil) could increase uterus diameter, mucous layer thickness, lumen epithelial cell height, and glandular epithelial cell height if it was compared with aquadest treatments. Compared with ethinyl estradiol as standard estrogen, handeuleum leaf extracts have lower effects than ethinyl estradiol.

EFEK ESTROGENIK EKSTRAK DAUN HANDEULEUM {Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff)} PADA HISTOLOGI UTERUS MENCIT BETINA OVARIEKTOMI:

Estrogenic effects of handeuleum leaf {Graptophyllum pictum (L.)Griff)} were showed by uterus histology examinations of ovariectomy female mice. Female mice aged 3 months, were treated by gavage with handeuleum leaf extracts, ethinyl estradiol, aqua dest, and olive oil. The results showed that the treatment of handeuleum leaf extracts (with concentration 0.5 mg/0.05 ml olive oil) could increase uterus diameter, mucous layer thickness, lumen epithelial cell height, and glandular epithelial cell height if it was compared with aquadest treatments. Compared with ethinyl estradiol as standard estrogen, handeuleum leaf extracts have lower effects than ethinyl estradiol.

Antiinflammatory effect of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.

The red leaves of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (G. pictum) are used in Indonesian folk medicine. The present study was carried out to elucidate the antiinflammatory effect of the ethanol extract obtained from this crude drug. The extract was partitioned between ether and water, and then the water-soluble fraction was extracted with 1-butanol. The 1-butanol-soluble fraction was extracted with chloroform-acetone, hot methanol and water, successively, and the hot methanol-soluble fraction (fr.) was chromatographed (frs. I-III). The antiinflammatory activity of these fractions was investigated on carrageenin-induced edema in rats and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability as well as the writhing symptom in mice. The ethanol extract (p.o.) showed an antiinflammatory activity as well as an analgesic activity and these activities shifted to the water-soluble fraction, 1-butanol-soluble fraction, methanol-soluble fraction and fr. II, successively. It was found that fr. II contained flavonoids. These results suggest that these flavonoids are at least partly responsible for the antiinflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of G. pictum.