Graphics Processing Units Virtualization Research Articles

Analyzing GPU Performance in Virtualized Environments: A Case Study

The graphics processing unit (GPU) plays a crucial role in boosting application performance and enhancing computational tasks. Thanks to its parallel architecture and energy efficiency, the GPU has become essential in many computing scenarios. On the other hand, the advent of GPU virtualization has been a significant breakthrough, as it provides scalable and adaptable GPU resources for virtual machines. However, this technology faces challenges in debugging and analyzing the performance of GPU-accelerated applications. Most current performance tools do not support virtual GPUs (vGPUs), highlighting the need for more advanced tools. Thus, this article introduces a novel performance analysis tool that is designed for systems using vGPUs. Our tool is compatible with the Intel GVT-g virtualization solution, although its underlying principles can apply to many vGPU-based systems. Our tool uses software tracing techniques to gather detailed runtime data and generate relevant performance metrics. It also offers many synchronized graphical views, which gives practitioners deep insights into GVT-g operations and helps them identify potential performance bottlenecks in vGPU-enabled virtual machines.

Efficient GPU Cloud architectures for outsourcing high-performance processing to the Cloud

The world is becoming increasingly dependant in computing intensive applications. The appearance of new paradigms, such as Internet of Things (IoT), and advances in technologies such as Computer Vision (CV) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are creating a demand for high-performance applications. In this regard, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have the ability to provide better performance by allowing a high degree of data parallelism. These devices are also beneficial in specialized fields of manufacturing industry such as CAD/CAM. For all these applications, there is a recent tendency to offload these computations to the Cloud, using a computing offloading Cloud architecture. However, the use of GPUs in the Cloud presents some inefficiencies, where GPU virtualization is still not fully resolved, as our research on what main Cloud providers currently offer in terms of GPU Cloud instances shows. To address these problems, this paper first makes a review of current GPU technologies and programming techniques that increase concurrency, to then propose a Cloud computing outsourcing architecture to make more efficient use of these devices in the Cloud.

Exploring the use of data compression for accelerating machine learning in the edge with remote virtual graphics processing units

SummaryInternet of Things (IoT) devices are usually low performance nodes connected by low bandwidth networks. To improve performance in such scenarios, some computations could be done at the edge of the network. However, edge devices may not have enough computing power to accelerate applications such as the popular machine learning ones. Using remote virtual graphics processing units (GPUs) can address this concern by accelerating applications leveraging a GPU installed in a remote device. However, this requires exchanging data with the remote GPU across the slow network. To address the problem with the slow network, the data to be exchanged with the remote GPU could be compressed. In this article, we explore the suitability of using data compression in the context of remote GPU virtualization frameworks in edge scenarios executing machine learning applications. We use popular machine learning applications to carry out such exploration. After characterizing the GPU data transfers of these applications, we analyze the usage of existing compression libraries for compressing those data transfers to/from the remote GPU. Our exploration shows that transferring compressed data becomes more beneficial as networks get slower, reducing transfer time by up to 10 times. Our analysis also reveals that efficient integration of compression into remote GPU virtualization frameworks is strongly required.

Job placement using reinforcement learning in GPU virtualization environment

Graphics Processing Units (GPU) are widely used for high-speed processes in the computational science areas of biology, chemistry, meteorology, etc. and the machine learning areas of image and video analysis. Recently, data centers and cloud companies have adopted GPUs to provide them as computing resources. Because the majority of cloud providers allocate the GPU resource to users in an exclusive access method, the allocated GPU resource may not be all used. Although the method of allocating a GPU resource to multiple users for sharing can increase the resource utilization, performance degradation may occur in individual jobs because of interference between different jobs. It is difficult for a cloud provider to predict or control the performance of various applications executed on various cloud resources by considering their characteristics heuristically. Therefore, an intelligent job placement technique is required to minimize the interference between different jobs and increase resource utilization. This study defines the resource utilization history of applications and proposes a reinforcement learning-based job placement technique, which uses it as an input. For resource utilization history learning, a deep reinforcement learning model (DQN) is used. As a result of learning, the current resource’s state is not exceeded, and the resource is still provided by predicting which commonly placed jobs will have less impact on the total performance when executed simultaneously. This approach prevents the performance degradation of applications with diverse execution characteristics and increases the resource utilization by executing the applications while sharing the resources. The superiority of this study is demonstrated by using the proposed learning method and other methods to analyze workloads with various resource utilization characteristics. Through the experiments, it is proven that the proposed method facilitates a reduction of the total execution time and the effective use of resources, while the maintaining performance.

Redesigning the rCUDA communication layer for a better adaptation to the underlying hardware

SummaryThe use of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has become a very popular way to accelerate the execution of many applications. However, GPUs are not exempt from side effects. For instance, GPUs are expensive devices which additionally consume a non‐negligible amount of energy even when they are not performing any computation. Furthermore, most applications present low GPU utilization. To address these concerns, the use of GPU virtualization has been proposed. In particular, remote GPU virtualization is a promising technology that allows applications to transparently leverage GPUs installed in any node of the cluster. In this paper, the remote GPU virtualization mechanism is comparatively analyzed across three different generations of GPUs. The first contribution of this study is an analysis about how the performance of the remote GPU virtualization technique is impacted by the underlying hardware. To that end, the Tesla K20, Tesla K40, and Tesla P100 GPUs along with FDR and EDR InfiniBand fabrics are used in the study. The analysis is performed in the context of the rCUDA middleware. It is clearly shown that the GPU virtualization middleware requires a comprehensive design of its communication layer, which should be perfectly adapted to every hardware generation in order to avoid a reduction in performance. This is precisely the second contribution of this work, ie, redesigning the rCUDA communication layer in order to improve the management of the underlying hardware. Results show that it is possible to improve bandwidth up to 29.43%, which translates into up to 4.81% average less execution time in the performance of the analyzed applications.

Ballooning Graphics Memory Space in Full GPU Virtualization Environments

Advances in virtualization technology have enabled multiple virtual machines (VMs) to share resources in a physical machine (PM). With the widespread use of graphics-intensive applications, such as two-dimensional (2D) or 3D rendering, many graphics processing unit (GPU) virtualization solutions have been proposed to provide high-performance GPU services in a virtualized environment. Although elasticity is one of the major benefits in this environment, the allocation of GPU memory is still static in the sense that after the GPU memory is allocated to a VM, it is not possible to change the memory size at runtime. This causes underutilization of GPU memory or performance degradation of a GPU application due to the lack of GPU memory when an application requires a large amount of GPU memory. In this paper, we propose a GPU memory ballooning solution calledgBalloonthat dynamically adjusts the GPU memory size at runtime according to the GPU memory requirement of each VM and the GPU memory sharing overhead. ThegBalloonextends the GPU memory size of a VM by detecting performance degradation due to the lack of GPU memory. ThegBalloonalso reduces the GPU memory size when the overcommitted or underutilized GPU memory of a VM creates additional overhead for the GPU context switch or the CPU load due to GPU memory sharing among the VMs. We implemented thegBalloonby modifying thegVirt, a full GPU virtualization solution for Intel’s integrated GPUs. Benchmarking results show that thegBalloondynamically adjusts the GPU memory size at runtime, which improves the performance by up to 8% against thegVirtwith 384 MB of high global graphics memory and 32% against thegVirtwith 1024 MB of high global graphics memory.

A Virtual Multi-Channel GPU Fair Scheduling Method for Virtual Machines

In modern virtual computing environment, the 2D/3D rendering performance and parallel computing potential of GPU (graphics processing unit) must be fully exploited for multiple virtual machines (VMs). Existing GPU virtualization techniques are unable to take full advantage of a GPU's powerful 2D/3D hardware-accelerated graphics rendering performance or parallel computing potential, or it has not been considered that the internal resources of a GPU domain are fairly allocated between VMs with different performance requirements. Therefore, we propose a multi-channel GPU virtualization architecture (VMCG), model the corresponding credit allocating and transferring mechanisms, and redesign the virtual multi-channel GPU fair-scheduling algorithm. VMCG provides a separate V-Channel for each guest VM (DomU) that competes with other VMs for the same physical GPU resources, and each DomU submits command request blocks to its respective V-Channel according to the corresponding DomU ID. Through the virtual multi-channel GPU fair-scheduling algorithm, not only do multiple DomUs make full use of native GPU hardware acceleration, but the fairness of GPU resource allocation is significantly improved during GPU-intensive workloads from multiple DomUs running on the same host. Experimental results show that, for 2D/3D graphics applications, performance is close to 96 percent of that of the native GPU, performance is improved by approximately 500 percent for parallel computing applications, and GPU resource-allocation fairness is improved by approximately 60-80 percent.

Sugar

Modern personal computers have embraced increasingly powerful Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Recently, GPU-based graphics acceleration in web apps (i.e., applications running inside a web browser) has become popular. WebGL is the main effort to provide OpenGL-like graphics for web apps and it is currently used in 53% of the top-100 websites. Unfortunately, WebGL has posed serious security concerns as several attack vectors have been demonstrated through WebGL. Web browsers» solutions to these attacks have been reactive: discovered vulnerabilities have been patched and new runtime security checks have been added. Unfortunately, this approach leaves the system vulnerable to zero-day vulnerability exploits, especially given the large size of the Trusted Computing Base of the graphics plane. We present Sugar, a novel operating system solution that enhances the security of GPU acceleration for web apps by design. The key idea behind Sugar is using a dedicated virtual graphics plane for a web app by leveraging modern GPU virtualization solutions. A virtual graphics plane consists of a dedicated virtual GPU (or vGPU) as well as all the software graphics stack (including the device driver). Sugar enhances the system security since a virtual graphics plane is fully isolated from the rest of the system. Despite GPU virtualization overhead, we show that Sugar achieves high performance. Moreover, unlike current systems, Sugar is able to use two underlying physical GPUs, when available, to co-render the User Interface (UI): one GPU is used to provide virtual graphics planes for web apps and the other to provide the primary graphics plane for the rest of the system. Such a design not only provides strong security guarantees, it also provides enhanced performance isolation.

Optimizing the efficiency of deep learning through accelerator virtualization

Training deep learning models often occupies entire compute clusters, built solely for this purpose, for days or even weeks at a time. There exists a large body of work on approaches for improving training performance, ranging from novel algorithms to full custom hardware accelerators. Offering compute capabilities of multiple teraflops (trillion floating point operations per second), graphics processing units (GPUs) have established themselves as a de-facto standard for accelerating deep learning network training. As systems with up to 16 GPUs—each GPU consuming up to 300 W—become available, efficient usage of these resources becomes imperative. We conduct a detailed analysis of deep learning workloads to characterize their efficiency in making use of GPU acceleration. We found that many deep learning workloads consume only a fraction of GPU resources, and we demonstrate how sharing GPU resources can improve throughput by a factor of 3, effectively turning a 4-GPU commodity cloud system into a high-end 12-GPU supercomputer. Using Watson workloads from three major areas that incorporate deep learning technology—i.e., language classification, visual recognition, and speech recognition—we document the effectiveness and scalability of our approach. We are working toward enabling GPU virtualization not only to reduce cost, but also to accelerate new breakthroughs in deep learning by increasing compute capacity without making further hardware investments.

GPU Virtualization and Scheduling Methods

The integration of graphics processing units (GPUs) on high-end compute nodes has established a new accelerator-based heterogeneous computing model, which now permeates high-performance computing. The same paradigm nevertheless has limited adoption in cloud computing or other large-scale distributed computing paradigms. Heterogeneous computing with GPUs can benefit the Cloud by reducing operational costs and improving resource and energy efficiency. However, such a paradigm shift would require effective methods for virtualizing GPUs, as well as other accelerators. In this survey article, we present an extensive and in-depth survey of GPU virtualization techniques and their scheduling methods. We review a wide range of virtualization techniques implemented at the GPU library, driver, and hardware levels. Furthermore, we review GPU scheduling methods that address performance and fairness issues between multiple virtual machines sharing GPUs. We believe that our survey delivers a perspective on the challenges and opportunities for virtualization of heterogeneous computing environments.

CUDA acceleration for Xen virtual machines in infiniband clusters with rCUDA

Many data centers currently use virtual machines (VMs) to achieve a more efficient usage of hardware resources. However, current virtualization solutions, such as Xen, do not easily provide graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerators to applications running in the virtualized domain with the flexibility usually required in data centers (i.e., managing virtual GPU instances and concurrently sharing them among several VMs). Remote GPU virtualization frameworks such as the rCUDA solution may address this problem. In this work we analyze the use of the rCUDA framework to accelerate scientific applications running inside Xen VMs. Results show that the use of the rCUDA framework is a feasible approach, featuring a very low overhead if an InfiniBand fabric is already present in the cluster.

GPU Virtualization using PCI Direct Pass-Through

Machine virtualization and cloud computing environment have highlighted for last several years. This trend is based on the endeavor to enhance the utilization and reduce the ownership cost of machines. On the other hand, in aspect of high performance computing, graphics processing unit (GPU) has proved its capability for general purpose computing in many research areas. Evolving from traditional APIs such as the OpenGL and the Direct3D to program GPU as a graphics device, the CUDA of NIVDIA and the OpenCL provide more general programming environment for users. By supporting memory access model, interfaces to access GPUs directly and programming toolkits, users can perform parallel computation using the hundreds of GPU cores. In this paper, we propose a GPU virtualization mechanism to exploit GPU on virtualized cloud computing environment. Differently from the previous work which mostly reimplemented GPU programming APIs and virtual device drivers, our proposed mechanism uses the direct pass-through of PCI-E channel having GPU. The main limitation of previous approaches is virtualization overhead. Since they were focused on the sharing of GPU among virtual machines, they reimplemented GPU programming APIs at virtual machine monitor (VMM) level, and it incurred significant performance overhead. Moreover, if APIs are changed, they need to reengineer the most of APIs. In our approach, bypassing virtual machine monitor layer with negligible overhead, the mechanism can achieve similar computation performance to bare-metal system and is transparent to the GPU programming APIs.