Graphical Shapes Research Articles

Duchowość według współczesnego człowieka. Analiza danych językowych

The study aims at describing the spirituality of contemporary people as noticed in language. 250 textual passages were subject to the analysis and they were excerpted from the National Corpus of Polish as well as looking up entries via Google browser. Because of the extensive occurrences of lexeme spirituality, and of its forms, the survey was narrowed down to the explanations which have a graphic shape of definition or which can be brought down to such by means of simple transformations. Expressions like those mentioned, which commonly appear directly after the term, thus introduce it into the text: Spirituality is… or Spirituality means… The expression “the explanations which have a graphic shape of definition” signals the fact that very rarely is the term given a (taxonomic) definition, as understood in logic. Yet, these are in most cases only pseudo-definitions. The textual passages analysed have been categorised according to the following aspects: – Categorisation: scope(s) within which the pseudo-definition places the content of the term ‘spirituality’ – Type of text from which they are derived – Provenance of worldview– Author’s specialisation (in the case of a publication). A comparison of the findings with those from the study carried out about 10 years ago shows new areas of phenomena to which the expression ‘spirituality’ is referred. In general, these comprise physicality, physiology (including sex), business, material wealth, everyday life, and all surrounding reality.

Effects of Sodium and Chlorine Doping on Optical Properties of Germanene: Density Functional Theory Calculation

Germanene is a two-dimensional material which is derived from germanium elements and arranged in a honeycomb-like hexagonal. This study aims to determine the optical properties of pristine germanene and effect of doping Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) atom on germanene. These elements are chosen owing to their ability to create strong bonds with germanene and easily available in nature. This research uses Density Functional Theory approach to measure the effects of sodium and chlorine doping on germanene’s optical properties. The results showed that pristine germanene had higher optical and energy than the doped with sodium and chlorine. Cl-doped germanene had similar graphical shape with pristine germanene

The challenge of simple graphics for multimodal studies: articulation and time scales in fuel retail logos

This article suggests that a Multimodal Social Semiotics (MSS) approach to graphics is severely challenged by structurally very simple texts. Methodologically, multimodal studies favour the level at which elements from discrete modes are integrated grammatically into texts. Because the tradition has this focus, the analytical description of the expression plane of many modes is underdeveloped. In the case of graphics, there is no descriptive or explanatory readiness for graphic form. The author aims to remedy this problem by combining (i) a small inventory of formal dichotomies for graphic shape features at a general level of delicacy with (ii) a fractal-derived understanding of composition as a nested hierarchy of traces from articulatory events on different time scales. In combination, the two approaches cast a light on the meaning potential of texts that are too simple to specify lexico-grammatical meaning potential as typically understood by MSS. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the approach, the article carries out a comparative reading of two logos for Scandinavian fuel retail companies: Norwegian Statoil Fuel and Retail ASA, and Swedish Preem AB.

Neurolinguistic Studies of Reading in Chinese.

Using the Chinese writing system, which is unique with respect to the composition of each character in terms of its graphic shape, as an example, this chapter addresses the neurobiological underpinnings of reading and writing and how these brain circuits are used in different languages.

Graphic Shape, Constitution and Function: on the Theory of Three Planes of the Science of Chinese Characters by a Synthetic Account

The widely accepted understanding that a Chinese character has three factors, i.e., form, sound and meaning, takes sound and meaning into the account of the Chinese Graphology; this has too broad a scope. On the other hand, the view that “Chinese Graphology is in essence the study of the graphic shape” is too narrow. From my observation, Chinese characters have three properties of their own: shape, constitution and function. To start from here may in necessity attain three branches of it, that is, the study of Chinese graphic constitution and the study of Chinese graphic functions, each forming a system of its own. These three systems do not stand in parallel, nor in layers, but three independent and not severed planes of the noumenon of Chinese characters. In other words, they constitute what the Chinese Graphology should concern. This may be termed “the Three-Plane Theory of Chinese Graphology”. A dozen years of researches of ours have proved that this theory, and the study of Chinese graphic function in particular, have both important theoretical and wide-reaching practical values.

Demographic inference through approximate-Bayesian-computation skyline plots.

The skyline plot is a graphical representation of historical effective population sizes as a function of time. Past population sizes for these plots are estimated from genetic data, without a priori assumptions on the mathematical function defining the shape of the demographic trajectory. Because of this flexibility in shape, skyline plots can, in principle, provide realistic descriptions of the complex demographic scenarios that occur in natural populations. Currently, demographic estimates needed for skyline plots are estimated using coalescent samplers or a composite likelihood approach. Here, we provide a way to estimate historical effective population sizes using an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework. We assess its performance using simulated and actual microsatellite datasets. Our method correctly retrieves the signal of contracting, constant and expanding populations, although the graphical shape of the plot is not always an accurate representation of the true demographic trajectory, particularly for recent changes in size and contracting populations. Because of the flexibility of ABC, similar approaches can be extended to other types of data, to multiple populations, or to other parameters that can change through time, such as the migration rate.

Grafizacja w prasie, czyli o kilku przykładach organizacji przestrzennej tekstów prasowych

In the article, the author underlines that each press text is a macrostructure, organized by key elements (for example: titles, leads, initial and final fragments, photographs). Those elements in the press are isolated and graphically designed by authors and editors. The author considers the graphic shape of the text as a certain form of its visualization. In the article, the author refers to several texts from “Duzy Format” (a supplement to the “Gazeta Wyborcza” daily), where textual space is visualized in various manners. The author points out multi-voice structures, the atypical lay-out of press columns in the fashion of photographs, introduction of infographics into reports, playing with light, or incorporating the text into the graphics. The represented examples of text graphization fit into the tendency of visual journalism, and at the same time prompt the viewer with additional possibilities for the interpretation of press texts.

A Social Semiotic Theory of Synesthesia? - A Discussion Paper

After a brief survey of ideas about synesthesia in philosophy, science and the arts, this paper explores the common qualities of the parameters of colour, graphic shape (including typography), timbre and texture, hypothesizes a number of points of correspondence and argues for their semiotic importance in the contemporary multimodal communication of identity.

Głos w dyskusji o tekście staropolskim. Znad kanonów mszy św.

A Contribution to the Discussion on Old Polish Text. Analysing the Canons of the MassThe paper analyses selected mediaeval Canons of the Mass from a text linguisctic perspective. It focuses on four monuments which are considered glosses from the point of view of the formal criterion (the placement on the page), and texts from the point of view of their shape (the degree of development). The analysis includes the graphical shape of the annotations, the syntax of the Polish passages with respect to the Latin prototype, the base and the completeness of the translation. This multi-faceted analysis leads to the conclusion that mediaeval Polish glosses to the Canons of the Mass consitute not a text but a complete collection of glosses. This conclusion is justified by both their graphical and grammatical shape: verbatim rendering of Latin constructions and inflections (inconsistent with Polish grammar), and accumulation of multiple lexical equivalents of a single element. When working with this kind of monuments, one needs to take into account not only the quantitative criterion (completeness of the translation) but also the function of the whole that the scribe created, and the intention of the author.

Graphical shapes of the 2nd type singularities of a 3-RR̠R planar mechanism

This paper intends to discuss about singularity curves of 2nd type inside the workspace of a 3R̠RR planar parallel mechanism used as robot structure. In order to attain this goal we will use certain variation of the links dimensional parameters. This characterization of the mechanism singularities located inside mechanism workspace depends on the dimensional parameters and can be useful in mechanism designing accorded to some functional particularities in the sense that it can help in avoiding singular configurations.

Identification and control of electro-mechanical systems using state-dependent parameter estimation

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the important topic of electro-mechanical systems identification with an application in robotics. The standard inverse dynamic identification model with least squares (IDIM-LS) method of identifying models for robotic systems is based on the use of a continuous-time inverse dynamic model whose parameters are identified from experimental data by linear LS estimation. The paper describes a new alternative but related approach that exploits the state-dependent parameter (SDP) method of nonlinear model estimation and compares its performance with that of IDIM-LS. The SDP method is a two-stage identification procedure able to identify the presence and graphical shape of nonlinearities in dynamic system models with a minimum of a priori assumptions. The performance of the SDP method is evaluated on two electro-mechanical systems: the electro-mechanical positioning system and the second link of the TX40 robot. The experimental results demonstrate how SDP identification helps to avoid over-reliance on prior conceptions about the nature of the nonlinear characteristics and correct any deficiencies in this regard. Finally, a simulation study shows how the resulting SDP model is able to facilitate nonlinear control system design using linear-like design procedures.

Atypical gravito-electrostatic fluctuations in the presence of active ion-inertial dynamics

The plasmas in space, cosmic and astrophysical environments are long known to consist of numerous massive ionic components contributing to various wave instability fluctuation phenomena. Indeed, the ion-inertial effects need to be incorporated into realistic analyses, rather than treating the gravitating ionic species traditionally as a Boltzmann distributed fluid. Herein, we present an atypical theoretical model setup to study gravito-electrostatic mode-fluctuations in self-gravitating inhomogeneous interstellar dust molecular clouds (DMCs) on the astrophysical fluid scales of space and time. The main goal is focused on investigating the influence of self-consistent dynamic ion-inertial effects on the stability. Methodological application of standard multiple scaling techniques reduces the basic plasma structure equations into a unique pair of decoupled Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equations for the weak fluctuations. In contrast, the fully nonlinear counterparts are shown to evolve as a new gravito-electrostatically coupled pair of the Sagdeev energy-integral equations. In both the perturbation regimes, excitation of two distinct eigenmode classes – electrostatic compressive solitons and self-gravitational rarefactive solitons with unusual and unique parametric features – is demonstrated and portrayed. The graphical shape analysis reflects new plasma conditions for such eigenspectral patterns to coevolve in realistic interstellar parameter windows hitherto remaining unexplored. It is seen that the inertial ions play a destabilizing influential role leading to enhanced fluctuations toward establishing a reorganized gravito-electrostatic equilibrium structure. Finally, we discuss the consistency of our results in the framework of existing inertialess ion theories, experimental findings and multiple space satellite-based observations, together with new implications.

Literary Criticism and the Media

This article deals with literary reviews published in newspapers and their subordination to modern media which tend to give priority to non-verbal forms of communication, such as photography and the graphic shape of titles, which may control or overshadow the meaning of a text. In order to survive in such a context, book reviewers usually accept the language of journalism which imposes an ideological and commercialized dimension on them, forcing them to abandon their original discourse based on literary criticism. The paper poses the question whether there is any place left for literary criticism in the modern media or has criticism proper been relegated to specialized journals?

Visualizing inequality: How graphical emphasis shapes public opinion

Graphical representations of political issues and economic trends are an increasingly popular means of conveying information to the public. However, graphs have the potential to shape public opinion by visually emphasizing or downplaying the information they convey. I randomly assign subjects to view graphs that represent the same underlying information but that differ in relative emphasis: one is consistent with a textual account of rising inequality, while the other de-emphasizes the same information by increasing the scale of the Y-axis. My results indicate that graphical frames provide powerful contextual cues: for Republicans and conservatives, exposure to the de-emphasizing graph results in a 40% decrease in expressed support for intervention against inequality relative to Republicans and conservatives in the control condition, despite the fact that both groups read the same textual information. My findings reveal how an increasingly important and unexamined form of political communication affects public opinion, also suggesting promising avenues for future research.

Numerical Modeling of Dynamic Processes of the Reciprocating Reversible Electrical Machine

Now rotational electrical machines are used mainly for the implementation a reciprocating motion of working mechanisms and also as the electric generators powered by internal combustion engines. It is achieved by means of the kinematic transfers complicating a design and reducing the drive efficiency. The use of linear reciprocating electric machines allows to eliminate these defects. It should be noted that the most effective ones are the cylindrical designs of reciprocating electric machines with permanent magnets, whose efficiency reaches 93 – 95%. However, the rarity and lack of a mass production of this machine type and special recommendations for their design causes the need of research, directed on search of optimum constructive decisions. The article describes the types of linear electrical machines and summarizes the results of numerical modeling of dynamic characteristics for the three versions of the reciprocating cylindrical machine with permanent magnets of 10 kW with the oscillation frequency of the translator 20 Hz and the length of operating cycle of 120 mm. The most effective design parameters of linear electric machine were determined on the basis of its specific characteristics and analysis of the EMF graphics shape, appearing on the stator windings in the generator mode.

Combining sigma-lognormal modeling and classical features for analyzing graphomotor performances in kindergarten children

This paper investigates the advantage of using the kinematic theory of rapid human movements as a complementary approach to those based on classical dynamical features to characterize and analyze kindergarten children’s ability to engage in graphomotor activities as a preparation for handwriting learning. This study analyzes nine different movements taken from 48 children evenly distributed among three different school grades corresponding to pupils aged 3, 4, and 5years. On the one hand, our results show that the ability to perform graphomotor activities depends on kindergarten grades. More importantly, this study shows which performance criteria, from sophisticated neuromotor modeling as well as more classical kinematic parameters, can differentiate children of different school grades. These criteria provide a valuable tool for studying children’s graphomotor control learning strategies. On the other hand, from a practical point of view, it is observed that school grades do not clearly reflect pupils’ graphomotor performances. This calls for a large-scale investigation, using a more efficient experimental design based on the various observations made throughout this study regarding the choice of the graphic shapes, the number of repetitions and the features to analyze.

What Literary Scholars Can Learn from the “Simple View of Reading”

According to what educational psychologists call the “simple view of reading,” learning to read requires two sets of skills: decoding (translating “graphic shapes into linguistic form”) and linguistic comprehension (Hoover and Gough 128). The possession of these best predicts success in reading, even beyond such factors as students' gender and socioeconomic status (Kendeou, Savage, and van den Broek; Juel). For humanists who thrive on the complexity of reading, the simple view may look not just simple but crude. But it looks so only if it is supposed to account for every aspect of learning to read rather than for the skills that explain the most variance in students' performance. Understood in the latter sense, it helps teachers know where to focus their efforts in teaching reading. It provides three predictions about why students might have trouble: problems with decoding, problems with understanding, or both. In this light, the model's reductiveness is less a weakness than an achievement in clarifying preconditions for literacy.

“Interactive surfaces” technology as a potential tool to stimulate physical activity in psychogeriatric nursing home residents

Purpose: The aims of this study were to determine whether and how psychogeriatric nursing home residents would respond to the interactive surfaces on the floor without receiving instructions and to determine how long residents would be physically active. Methods: The “interactive surfaces” technology includes different graphic shapes that are projected through a beamer on a floor. The surfaces are “activated” by a person’s movements in the area of the projection field, which is detected by an infrared camera. Every day for 1 h during an 11-day period one of seven different projections was shown. Spontaneous observed physical responses were counted, clustered and visualized in a tree diagram. Duration of physically responses was measured per session and during the total observation period of 11 h. Results: During 343 of 490 observations residents (n = 58) noticed the interactive surface and in 148 observations they engaged physically. In total, 4067 s (1 h, 7 min and 47 s) of physical activity were measured. Individual times that residents were active ranged from 3 to 415 s. Conclusions: Interactive surfaces technology may be a promising tool in psychogeriatric nursing home residents to stimulate physical activity. Further research is needed to assess its full potential.Implications for RehabilitationInnovative technology used to adapt the environment might stimulate nursing home residents to become more physically active.The use of innovative technologies may increase physical activity without necessarily increasing the workload of care professionals.

The Development of Graphic Representation in Abugida Writing: The Akshara’s Grammar

Abstract Phonological writing systems can use different modes in the arrangement of phonological information: linear or emblematic. The latter presupposes a two-dimensional composition of graphic elements which convey information of different levels: basic phonological units or their secondary features. Abugida is one of the most perfect modes of writing, using a two-dimensional principle of organization in its graphemes. Indian scripts imply forms of abugida, based on aksharas - orthographic syllables - as main graphemes, with their vocalization marked by sub-graphemes. Their complex forms reveal hierarchical structures representing phonological structures. Thus, “the akshara’s grammar” may be described, with its paradigms of shapes and meanings, their organization in space, their modes of conjunction. The functional characteristics of diacritic types and ligatures can be specified. The graphic shapes of the akshara can be represented as forming a “grammar” comparable to morphological structures. The graphic complexity of writing can then be estimated in typological perspective. This paper is an attempt to describe such a grammar.

Image Retrieval System for Composite Images using Directional Chain Codes

Most of the image retrieval systems published and implemented have focused on basic features like color, shape and texture of an image with little or no consideration of the included text region of the image. In this work, we have developed an image retrieval system that works on finding similar composite images containing graphical shapes as well as text from a database of thousands of images. By proposing a novel method for text localization, extraction followed by detection, we have demonstrated how this method outperforms commercial OCR tools. The significant feature of this work is its handling the requirements of invariance to font size, design, text region orientation and its ability to give accurate result even in the presence of complex background and graphical elements. The methodology has been tested for English text but is capable to handle any other language.