Graphic LCD Research Articles

IJIREEICE - Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control

Real-time operating system (RTOS) is a very useful tool for developing the application on embedded boards with least software development effort. Though number of RTOS products are available in the market, µC/OS-II is a freeware with minimum facility and more popular among the hobbyist, researchers and small embedded system developers. The µC/OS-II supports preemptive scheduling which is not efficient with respect to processor utilization. As a result, this may lead to missing deadline of the task assigned and hence may cause system failure. In this paper, a Rate Monotonic scheduling (RM), which is a better scheduling method when compared to preemptive technique, is implemented on µC/OS-II and its operation in terms of task execution and processor utilization are discussed. This paper presents the RM Analysis (RMA) on µC/OS-II with two different types of hardware: 1) Low end microcontroller i.e., 8051 based system and 2) High end system based on ARM9 is used. For the demonstration of RM Analysis, two tasks, namely, 1) Advanced encryption standard (AES) and 2) Text message display and graphic display are implemented. The software tools Keil IDE, SDCC compiler and Phillips Flash Magic are used for implementation of tasks on 8051 embedded development board. The ARM developers Suite v1.2 and DNW are used for implementation of tasks on ARM9 development board. In addition to the above said tasks, additional tasks like Real time clock interface, graphical LCD interface and UART interface for communication with computer are also implemented. The scaled-version of µC/OS-II with multiple tasks uses 4 kB of flash and 512 bytes of RAM in 8051 board. The entire MUCOS RTOS in ARM9 with multiple tasks uses 29.23 kB of flash and 596.36 kB of RAM. The results obtained indicate optimum utilization of processor with RMA scheduler for realizing low cost software for developing the application on embedded boards with least software development effort.

A modular and programmable development platform for capsule endoscopy system.

The state-of-the-art capsule endoscopy (CE) technology offers painless examination for the patients and the ability to examine the interior of the gastrointestinal tract by a noninvasive procedure for the gastroenterologists. In this work, a modular and flexible CE development system platform consisting of a miniature field programmable gate array (FPGA) based electronic capsule, a microcontroller based portable data recorder unit and computer software is designed and developed. Due to the flexible and reprogrammable nature of the system, various image processing and compression algorithms can be tested in the design without requiring any hardware change. The designed capsule prototype supports various imaging modes including white light imaging (WLI) and narrow band imaging (NBI), and communicates with the data recorder in full duplex fashion, which enables configuring the image size and imaging mode in real time during examination. A low complexity image compressor based on a novel color-space is implemented inside the capsule to reduce the amount of RF transmission data. The data recorder contains graphical LCD for real time image viewing and SD cards for storing image data. Data can be uploaded to a computer or Smartphone by SD card, USB interface or by wireless Bluetooth link. Computer software is developed that decompresses and reconstructs images. The fabricated capsule PCBs have a diameter of 16mm. An ex-vivo animal testing has also been conducted to validate the results.

GSM based electronic voting machine using touch screen

The Electronic voting machine plays a key role in elections. The major drawbacks like it needs more man power, time and mislead the voting scenario due to influence of local people. The proposed system overcome the above problems using biometric (FINGERPRINT), Touch screen based GLCD and GSM modules. Finger print authentication is used to identify the voter and display the voter information on graphical LCD. If the person is authenticated then the vote is issued and the polling process is done using the touch screen, else that denies the process. At every regular intervals of time the polled votes are transferred to the server through GSM module. The GSM module receives the polled votes and updates the database. At the end of voting session the server counts all the polled votes and display on LED module. This system gives an efficient way to conduct elections and display the results on the same day.

Embedded User Interface for LED Lighting System using LPC2148

This proposed work is to develop embedded user interface for efficient interior led lighting system which can be used to control LED down light panels, check status form the installed LED panels of interior LED lighting system in the entire building. This will be a hand held device (i.e. operates on a 5V DC power with a graphical LCD digital user interface) which can configure lighting arrangements in different places like hospitals, colleges, offices, malls, houses, etc. The only advantage of this controlling device is that it will be a single solution controlling device. This will manage the lighting needs of the entire building.

Graphic LCD for Lightweight Electric Vehicles

In this paper, one solution of graphic LCD control board for lightweight electric vehicles is shown. The main idea was to build adoptable hardware solution that can be fast and easy applied in different electrical vehicles and easy for modifications. It was designed, built and tested graphic LCD for monitoring and seting up of main parameters and control signals for lightweight electric vehicle. Some of parameters that could be displayed on graphic LCD are charge status, actual speed, total mileage, daily mileage and indicators of direction. Also we discussed about other possibilities for some sensors that can be used to monitor vehicle speed and ways of visualizing the parameters of interest. The main principles that were used during the selection of hardware solutions implementation also are shown.

An advanced physiological data logger for medical imaging applications

The interest of physiological data sensing and recording using wireless body sensor network has increased in recent years due to the advancement of miniature and portable electronic devices. In this study, the design of a portable and rechargeable data logger with high data rate multiple wireless connectivity (Bluetooth and 2.4-GHz radio frequency) is discussed. The data are logged in micro secure digital (SD) cards and can be transferred to PC or Smartphone using SD card reader, USB interface, or Bluetooth wireless link. Analog signals can also be logged through an 8-channel analog-to-digital interface. A graphical LCD with touch screen is added for control and diagnosis. The hardware is generic and targeted for various medical imaging and data collection applications. The functionality of the prototype is later tested for wireless capsule endoscopy and skin temperature logging application.

Design and Implementation of Electronic Control Trainer with PIC Microcontroller

This paper describes the implementation of a PIC microcontroller in a conventional laboratory-type electronic trainer. The work comprises software for the PIC and hardware for the software. The PIC controller uses an EasyPIC6 board and includes a PC-interfaced programmer for the PIC chip. It has many external modules: 128 × 64 graphic LCD display, 2 × 16 LCD display, 4 × 4 keypad, and port expander, all in the same bench. The trainer is capable of 36 experiments in logic/analogue electronic and control systems. A 5-sided approximate sensor, two photoelectric sensors (BR56-DDT-P and BEN9M-TFR), four CMOS, four BCD-7-segment driven by CD4511B, two relays (2-pole and 3-pole), six voltages, ammeter measurement, DC motor, and 24VDC power supply, connect through connectors and pinions. Results of all the experiments show the trainer satisfying requirements of undergraduate and postgraduate projects involving conventional electronic and classical control systems.

Green laser photocoagulator for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy developed at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology

An all-solid-state green laser photocoagulator at 532 nm with output power varying from 100 mW to 1 W in a step of 10 mW and exposure time varying from 50 ms to 1000 ms in a step of 10 ms is developed for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. The output power stability is better than ±1.5% with a nearly diffraction-limited beam quality. The system includes various safety and operational features like internal power monitoring system, safety interlock, emergency switch-off, graphical LCD display with table-top touch mode portable control panel, smart delivery device selection, aiming laser beam with controllable intensity, foot switch, patient records, service mode etc. The system has successfully passed the clinical trials and is being used on patients.

PID 제어기를 이용한 전기인두기의 온도 제어 시스템 개발

본 논문에서는 전기인두기(soldering iron)의 히터에 공급되는 전압을 제어하여 안정적인 전원을 공급하는 PID 제어기를 이용한 전기인두기의 온도 제어 시스템을 개발하였다. 제안 시스템은 사용자가 설정한 온도에 빠르게 수렴하고, 외부 요인에 의한 열 손실을 빠르게 회복하도록 PID 제어기를 설계하였다. Ziegler- Nichols의 튜닝방법에 의해 설계된 PID 제어기는 히터에 인가되는 AC 24V 전원의 위상을 제어하기 위해 설정온도와 인두기의 현재 온도를 이용하여 트라이악의 구동 타이밍을 결정한다. 또한 그래픽 LCD를 내장하여 현재 인두의 온도 및 설정온도, 작업 진행 시간 등을 표시하는 기능을 부여하였으며, 작업을 하지 않는 휴지시간에는 적정온도로 낮추어 소비전력 감소와 인두팁의 수명연장을 고려하였다. 제안 방법의 성능을 확인하기 위하여 <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 실내에서 두 가지 실험을 실시하였다. 먼저 <TEX>$200^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$300^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$400^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$480^{\circ}C$</TEX>에 도달하는 시간 실험에서는 각각 12초, 12초, 16초, 18초씩 소요되어 기존의 방법보다 설정온도에 도달하는 시간이 단축됨을 확인하였다. 다음으로 <TEX>$300^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$400^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$480^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 정상상태에서 부하 실험에서는 각각 <TEX>$3.8^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$4.1^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$4.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 온도가 감소되어 기존의 방법보다 온도 편차가 적음을 확인 하였다. In this paper, we developed a digital soldering station based on PID controller, which supply stable power by controlling the current of heater of soldering iron. The proposed system designed PID controller to converge quickly to the set up temperature by user, and regain the lost of heat by external factors quickly. PID controller, designed by Ziegler-Nichols' tuning method, decides triac's trigger timing using setting temperature and present temperature to control the phase of AC 24V power that supply to the heater. Also, we give the function that shows present temperature and setting temperature of iron, and working time by graphic LCD. And during the rest time, we decided the power saving and extension of iron tip by dropping to the optimal temperature. Two experiments had implemented in <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> laboratory to confirm the performance of proposed method. The first experiment took 12sec, 13sec, 16sec, 18sec, reaching to <TEX>$200^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$300^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$400^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$480^{\circ}C$</TEX> respectively which result showed shorten of rising time than previous method. In the loading experiment of <TEX>$300^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$400^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$480^{\circ}C$</TEX> steady state showed temperature drop of <TEX>$3.8^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$4.1^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$4.5^{\circ}C$</TEX> which result showed the low temperature deviation than previous method.

2D 얼굴 영상을 이용한 로봇의 감정인식 및 표현시스템

This paper presents an emotion recognition and its expression system of an intelligent robot like a home robot or a service robot. Emotion recognition method in the robot is used by a facial image. We use a motion and a position of many facial features. apply a tracking algorithm to recognize a moving user in the mobile robot and eliminate a skin color of a hand and a background without a facial region by using the facial region detecting algorithm in objecting user image. After normalizer operations are the image enlarge or reduction by distance of the detecting facial region and the image revolution transformation by an angel of a face, the mobile robot can object the facial image of a fixing size. And materialize a multi feature selection algorithm to enable robot to recognize an emotion of user. In this paper, used a multi layer perceptron of Artificial Neural Network(ANN) as a pattern recognition art, and a Back Propagation(BP) algorithm as a learning algorithm. Emotion of user that robot recognized is expressed as a graphic LCD. At this time, change two coordinates as the number of times of emotion expressed in ANN, and change a parameter of facial elements(eyes, eyebrows, mouth) as the change of two coordinates. By materializing the system, expressed the complex emotion of human as the avatar of LCD.

Low-Cost Compact ECG With Graphic LCD and Phonocardiogram System Design

Till today, many different ECG devices are made in developing countries. In this study, low cost, small size, portable LCD screen ECG device, and phonocardiograph were designed. With designed system, heart sounds that take synchronously with ECG signal are heard as sensitive. Improved system consist three units; Unit 1, ECG circuit, filter and amplifier structure. Unit 2, heart sound acquisition circuit. Unit 3, microcontroller, graphic LCD and ECG signal sending unit to computer. Our system can be used easily in different departments of the hospital, health institution and clinics, village clinic and also in houses because of its small size structure and other benefits. In this way, it is possible that to see ECG signal and hear heart sounds as synchronously and sensitively. In conclusion, heart sounds are heard on the part of both doctor and patient because sounds are given to environment with a tiny speaker. Thus, the patient knows and hears heart sounds him/herself and is acquainted by doctor about healthy condition.

LILLIPUTIAN HARDWARE PLATFORM FOR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS

Microcontroller plays an important role in gearing up scientific applications for measurements, data acquisition and controls. With the advent of technology in microcontrollers, a new era in the form of microconverter is available at the user's doorstep. Benefited by the excellent features of Analog Devices' microconverter chip ADuC 842, an attempt has been made to develop a Lilliputian platform for scientific applications at National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune. A real time system has been developed for measuring surface tension exerted by Langmuir films formed at air water interface. The films are compressed by smooth and precision barrier mechanism through DC motor in a controlled manner. I 2 C compatible EEPROM is provided on board for data storage and it can be communicated to a PC through RS232 link for further analysis. The other features provided are, In-circuit programming for firmware updating, keyboard functioning for special routine executions, I 2 C compatible RTC and battery backup. The software has been completely developed using assembly language programming. Intelligent Lilliputian platform designed using ADuC 842 chip and graphic LCD for real time plotting of surface pressure area isotherm of Langmuir films has been developed and tested successfully at NCL.

Design and Development of Microcontroller‐Based Clinical ChemistryAnalyser for Measurement of Various Blood Biochemistry Parameters

Clinical chemistry analyser is a high-performance microcontroller-based photometric biochemical analyser to measure various blood biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, urea, protein, bilirubin, and so forth, and also to measure and observe enzyme growth occurred while performing the other biochemical tests such as ALT (alkaline amino transferase), amylase, AST (aspartate amino transferase), and so forth. These tests are of great significance in biochemistry and used for diagnostic purposes and classifying various disorders and diseases such as diabetes, liver malfunctioning, renal diseases, and so forth. An inexpensive clinical chemistry analyser developed by the authors is described in this paper. This is an open system in which any reagent kit available in the market can be used. The system is based on the principle of absorbance transmittance photometry. System design is based around 80C31 microcontroller with RAM, EPROM, and peripheral interface devices. The developed system incorporates light source, an optical module, interference filters of various wave lengths, peltier device for maintaining required temperature of the mixture in flow cell, peristaltic pump for sample aspiration, graphic LCD display for displaying blood parameters, patients test results and kinetic test graph, 40 columns mini thermal printer, and also 32-key keyboard for executing various functions. The lab tests conducted on the instrument include versatility of the analyzer, flexibility of the software, and treatment of sample. The prototype was tested and evaluated over 1000 blood samples successfully for seventeen blood parameters. Evaluation was carried out at Government Medical College and Hospital, the Department of Biochemistry. The test results were found to be comparable with other standard instruments.

USB 인터페이스를 이용한 LCD 구동회로의 FPGA 설계

본 논문에서는 USB(Universal Serial Bus) 인터페이스를 이용하여 Gray Mode Graphic STN LCD를 구동하는 구동회로를 제안한다. 제안된 구동회로는 사용자가 PC상에서 작업한 이미지 데이터를 USB 인터페이스를 이용하여 LCD로 전송할 수가 있다. 따라서 기존의 방식과는 달리 마이크로프로세서를 사용하지 않기 때문에 사용자가 손쉽게 LCD를 구동할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 제안한 LCD 구동회로 부분은 VHDL(VHSIC Hardware Description Language)로 설계하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하고 ALTERA사의 EPF10K10TC144-3 FPGA를 사용하여 구현하였다. USB 인터페이스 부분은 MS-Visual C++ 6.0으로 프로그래밍하였다. 한편, 제안한 구동회로를 테스트 보드를 구성한 후에 하드웨어 동작 검증을 수행하여 그 효용성을 입증하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 구동회로를 현재 시판중인 마이크로프로세서를 사용하는 타 업체의 구동회로와 비교한 결과는 구동회로의 작동 편이성, 제작시 소요되는 비용 등에서 우수함을 나타내었다. This paper describes a Gray Mode Graphic STN LCD drive circuit using USB interface. The drive circuit using USB interface can highly transfer image data created under PC t LCD. Hence, the LCD drive circuit doesn't use microprocessor for the convenience of users. The proposed LCD drive circuit part have been verified by simulation and by ALTERA EPF10K10TC144-3 FPGA implementation in VHDL. The USB interface part have been programmed in MS-Visual C++ 6.0. The validity and efficiency of the proposed LCD drive circuit have been verified by test board. After comparing this LCD drive circuit to specify it was verified that the developed LCD drive circuit showed good performances, such as convenience of users, low cost.

Effect of Frame Rate and Force Feedback on Virtual Object Manipulation

Research on virtual environments (VE) produced significant advances in computer hardware (graphics boards and i/o tools) and software (real-time distributed simulations). However, fundamental questions remain about how user performance is affected by such factors as graphics refresh rate, resolution, control latencies, and multimodal feedback. This article reports on two experiments performed to examine dextrous manipulation of virtual objects. The first experiment studies the effect of graphics frame rate and viewing mode (monoscopic vs. stereoscopic) on the time required to grasp a moving target. The second experiment studies the effect of direct force feedback, pseudoforce feedback, and redundant force feedback on grasping force regulation. The trials were performed using a partially-immersive environment (graphics workstation and LCD glasses), a DataGlove, and the Rutgers Master with force feedback. Results of the first experiment indicate that stereoscopic viewing is beneficial for low refresh rates (it reduced task completion time by about 50% vs. monoscopic graphics). Results of the second experiment indicate that haptic feedback increases performance and reduces error rates, as compared to the open loop case (with no force feedback). The best performance was obtained when both direct haptic and redundant auditory feedback were provided to the user. The large number of subjects participating in these experiments (over 160 male and female) indicates good statistical significance for the above results.

Hardware for an automated liquid chromatography system

The development of laboratory chromatography requires access to tools specially designed for this selective separation technique. This paper details the design process of a multi-task programmable automaton prototype, dedicated to all types of laboratory low-pressure chromatography. This modular system, with flood gates and a command console, ensures total fluid management by surveying all the usual parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, and optical density. Real-time knowledge of the values of the flow rate and the pressure ensures total safety for materials and experiments. This “push-button type of device has its own internal data processing and graphic LCD display capabilities for fast data acquisition.

Dot Matrix LCD Module for Graphic Display (64 x 320 dots)

The Graphic Dot Matrix LCD Module consisting of a super large area twisted nematic LCD of 64 x 320 dots and its driving circuit is described. This new graphic module can display not only graphic patterns but also 8 x 40 characters with 8 x 8 dot format scanned by two lines at a time method of duty 1/32 driving. The driving circuit is assembled into a compact package of 246(W) x 79(H) x 25.8(D) mm using driver LSIs, a control circuit, a temperature compensation circuit and an interface circuit, semi-compatible to a CRT display. The dot dimensions are also carefully designed to achieve optimum readability and visibility.