Graphical Aids Research Articles

Setting Individual Item Production Rates Under Significant Lead Time Conditions*

AbstractIn this paper we address an important problem faced in the area of production scheduling/ inventory control. We consider an item that is produced to stock. The stock buildup is gradual because of the finite nature of the production rate. In addition, a lead time of significant length exists. In the industrial example that motivated the research, there are many stages in the production process, consequently the impact of a production rate change is not felt for a considerable length of time (the lead time). Another complicating factor is that, for high yield considerations, it is advantageous to maintain the same production rate over a significant time period, known as a review interval or cycle. A decision rule is developed for determining the safety stock so as to provide a prescribed level of service, where service is defined as the fraction of demand routinely met from stock. A graphical implementation aid is shown, as well as a numerical example illustrating its use. The example demonstrates t...

The synthesis of near‐optimum finite element meshes with interactive computer graphics

AbstractA new approach to the generation of near‐optimum finite element meshes is presented. Like other current methods, the procedure presented uses the results of a previous analysis to improve the idealization, but unlike other procedures a new element mesh is generated in each cycle with the aid of interactive computer graphics. The procedure generates near‐optimum two‐dimensional meshes on one cycle employing a grid optimization criterion based on variations in the strain energy density and using a software system which operates like an interactive finite element preprocessor. The example problems presented demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the approach.

Computer simulation of the quadrupole mass filter

The quadrupole mass filter is currently used in the most popular type of mass spectrometer, but its characteristics are not fully understood. A simple iterative method of numerical computation has been used to simulate ion trajectories in an ideal quadrupole field. The method is based on elementary equations of classical physics. Comparisons have been made with numerical integration techniques and matrix methods. A preliminary study of the quadrupole mass filter including an investigation of ion exit distributions with this iterative approach is presented. The distributions of ensembles of ions at the exit of the quadrupole field are presented with the aid of computer graphics.

The Adequacy of Variable Subsets in Multivariate Regression

The problem of variable selection in multivariate regression is considered. Procedures for isolating subsets of the independent variables which adequately describe the regression relationship between the set of dependent variables and the set of all independent variables are discussed. Each procedure leads to a set of subsets of variables which contains all adequate subsets with probability not less than a specified lower bound. A graphical aid to the assessment of the relative importance of subsets of independent variables is noted.

Graphical aids to interpretation of scatchard plots and dose-response curves

General expressions are derived for the limiting slopes and intercepts of graphical representations of experimental binding data in either the Scatchard or the “dose-response” co-ordinate systems. We apply a previously formulated general model that includes heterogeneity and/or cooperativity of receptor affinity. One must establish or assume a physical chemical mechanism in order to fully interpret these limiting slopes and intercepts. However, they do provide satisfactory initial estimates for the binding parameters, for use in a non-linear least squares curve fitting approach using an exact model.

Graphical Aid for Drawing Normal Distributions

Graphical Aid for Drawing Normal Distributions

Recent developments in diagnosis and treatment planning of antero-posterior jaw discrepancies from the lateral skull cephalostat radiograph

The diagnosis of cranio-facial malformations can be made more precise by cephalometry, using an analysis derived from mathematical centroids. Traditional approaches have depended heavily upon purely anatomical parameters whether to serve as reference baselines or to define variation of the head form from its mean values. An alternative mathematical approach has been developed in recent years which is now becoming simpler and faster to operate with the aid of computer-graphics. By means of computer-graphic programming, the analysis rapidly produces a stable baseline of reference, a normalised skull outline which is corrected to the population mean area and superimposed upon the mean outline, a cyclical waveform which allows population members to be aggregated into separate clinically meaningful morphological clusters, and prescribed alternative treatment procedures to the original outline to facilitate discussion amongst clinicians prior to surgical or orthodontic treatment.

Some structured analysis techniques

Structured analysis advocates have recommended different graphic aids as the foundation technique. Ross has advocated the actigram and datagram (12). DeMarco and Rose have advocated the data flow diagram (DFD) or bubble chart as it is also known (8, 11). Gane and Sarson have advocated a graphic technique they also call the DFD (9).

Errata: Graphical Aid for Design of Base Plate Subjected to Moment

Errata

Graphic Aids in Reporting Technical Information

This is one of the papers from technical writing students that the Journal publishes from time to time. The use of visual aids to complement technical writing is described, especially in reference to two main categories: static and dynamic images.

Graphical Aid for Design of Base Plate Subjected to Moment

The purpose of the base plate is to distribute the column load to the concrete pedestal in such a way that the stress does not exceed the allowable bearing stress of the concrete. When the load is concentric, the distribution of pressure is uniform and is equal to P over A. The solution offered by Blodgett2 requires solving cubic equations to obtain the value of x. A modular ratio of 10 has been used by him in a worked out example. An alternative shorter method, usually adopted by people on a construction site, is to assume that the centroid of the compression area is exactly at the center of the leeward anchor bolts.

Indexing documents by gedanken experimentation

AbstractAlthough it is widely accepted that indexing and cataloging are central to the document and reference retrieval process, there is as yet little unanimity on the issue of how these operations ought to be carried out. Since indexing is a decision‐making process, decision theory and utility theory have been proposed as a possible theoretical framework within which to formulate decision rules for indexing. These decision rules may be interpreted operationally as guides to the thought processes appropriate to the making of sound indexing decisions. One such thought process involves “gedanken experimentation,” in which the indexer is led to an indexing decision by performing suitable thought experiments. This approach to indexing, in addition to providing a theoretical basis for what the indexer does, lends itself to various training schemes for the education of indexers, to the provision of graphic aids to indexing, and to the evaluation of indexing performance. There are also ramifications for automatic indexing.

A Graphical Aid for Determining Sample Size when Comparing Two Independent Proportions

Standard sample size calculations for n, the number of observations per group when comparing two independent proportions, P1 and P2, require the specification of four quantities: P1, one of the two proportions of interest; delta = P2 - P1, the smallest difference which it is important to detect; alpha, the significance level; and beta, the chance of failing to detect a difference as large as delta. In terms of these four quantities, the graphical aid is a series of charts showing isographs of sample size for selected values of n ranging from 35 to 500. The isographs, i.e. curves connecting points of equal sample size, are based on the asymptotic arc sine approximation and are plotted on the grid formed by P1 on the abscissa and delta on the ordinate. Eight separate charts are available for different choices of alpha and beta. These charts are especially useful in situations where the feasible sample size is roughly known, in which case the detectable difference, delta, can be read directly from the graph.

A Graphical Aid to Selection of Variables in Two-Group Discriminant Analysis

Alternatives to Mallows' (1964) well‐known graphical aid to variable selection in multiple regression have been suggested by Spj⊘tvoll (1977). The purpose of this note is to show that one of the plots proposed by Spj⊘tvoll has a straightforward and meaningful analogue in the corresponding two‐group discriminant analysis. This provides a graphical aid to a simultaneous procedure for variable selection in discriminant analysis proposed by McKay (1976) and also to a less conservative alternative to that procedure suggested by arguments paralleling those of Spj⊘tvoll in the regression context.

Using the least squares capability of a hand calculator and graphical aids to fit polynomials to curves or data

Using the least squares capability of a hand calculator and graphical aids to fit polynomials to curves or data

Note—A Graphical Aid for Determining Optimal Inventories in a Unit Replenishment Inventory System

This note provides the methodology to construct a set of indifference curves that permit the exact determination of the optimal inventory level in a system where items are restocked one at a time and unsatisfied demand is lost. An illustrative set of curves is shown.

Effect of substituents on the 1H n.m.r. spectra of para‐disubstituted benzenes. A graphical aid in the correct assignment of chemical shifts

AbstractIn para‐disubstituted benzenes, the effect of one substituent is transferred to the other composite substituent group and its decreased influence on the ortho and meta protons is reflected in their chemical shifts. A graphical presentation of this linear non‐additive dependence can serve as an aid in the correct assignment of the corresponding aromatic region of the spectra. The method is demonstrated on two series of chemical shift data taken from the literature.

Technical writing is different

Knowing how to express oneself properly is a necessity in today's technical world. The technical writer must use correct grammar and exact language in his descriptions of precise, technical subjects. He must learn how to adapt his personal style to the impact he wants to make. In addition, he must learn how to communicate to various levels of audiences. Also, he should learn to use graphic aids in the presentation of an article.

A graphical aid for extracting circular-polarized components from spinning-linear patterns

Gain measurements of circularly polarized antennas are often made with spinning linearly polarized gain standards rather than circularly polarized (CP) gain standards. This communication describes a graphical aid for quickly extracting the CP components.

Graphical Aid for Drawing Normal Distributions

"Graphical Aid for Drawing Normal Distributions." Journal of Quality Technology, 9(1), pp. 42–43Graphical AidNormal Distribution