Graphic Production Research Articles

Coding graphs by contractions

AbstractWe propose a new parameter for studying the cohesiveness of graphs. The parameter is based on a technique for coding points by their images under various contractions. We find the value of this parameter for various classes of graphs, and investigate its behavior under three graphical products.

Transference and counter-transference as manifested in graphic productions

THE transference phenomena is a significant factor in the process of psychotherapy; so too is its opposite counter-transference. There is a considerable body of literature that describes various techniques and case histories pertaining to the observation and working through of this phenomena in traditional verbal psychotherapy. This author believes that art therapy can make an important contribution as a technique in crystalizing and expediting the process of working through these feelings which represent the greatest resistance to therapy and learning between patient and therapist, group and leader and student and teacher.

INFORMAL DISCUSSION. THE USE OF COMPUTERIZED GRAPHIC AIDS IN DESIGN AND PRODUCTION DRAWING.

"INFORMAL DISCUSSION. THE USE OF COMPUTERIZED GRAPHIC AIDS IN DESIGN AND PRODUCTION DRAWING. ." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 56(4), pp. 651–652

Retesting with graphic production: resolution of a diagnostic dilemma

Retesting with graphic production: resolution of a diagnostic dilemma

Primary process elements in the Draw-A-Person protocols of creative young women.

A previous study showed that creative high school girls, as compared with their peers, exhibit more elements of primary process thinking in their thematic literary productions. The present study examined the incidence of several such elements in the graphic productions (Draw-A-Person protocols) by the same Ss. Results disclosed that the creative girls reveal more primary process elements of a strange, bizarre nature than their peers. No significant differences between the two groups were found in the incidence of drive-dominated aspects of primary process, i.e., sex and aggression.

Relationships of Space Utilization by Children with Selected Aspects of Behavior

Abstract Fifty-four kindergarten age boys and girls were filmed while at play on the school playground. Space utilization was based on 10-min. film segments taken on each of six randomly selected days covering a period of seven weeks. Additional behavioral data were collected from the children on perceptual-motor development, body image, body size concept, fine motor skill, and space utilization in graphic production. Data for these variables were derived by administering the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, three performance subtests of the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence, a body image test, a body size concept test, and a self-drawing task. Results of the study lend support to the concept that young children can be differentiated by the amount of space each uses while engaged in self-initiated nonstructured locomotor movement. Also, relationships of space utilization by children with selected aspects of behavior were found.

Charting New Transportation Environment

Demands for transportation are moving into areas that not only call for a considerable increase in conventional mapping and surveying capabilities, but pose many unconventional problems and technology requirements. These are illustrated by examples of transportation ventures now active or under study. For example: unusual environments (icebreakers, civilian submarines), technology (gravity vacuum train, National Air Space System), and requirements (automatic vehicle location, Dial-a-Bus). The growing contribution of computer-assisted map production using regional banks of computer-compatible geocoded socio-economic, geographical, and physical data for route planning and production of graphics is emphasized. Remote sensor technology, such as side-looking radar, infra red photography, are shown to add another dimension of capability to mapping large areas quickly, to revealing features not obvious from on-site examination, and to obtaining data cheaply. Their possible application to other areas such as urban transportation planning is considered.

The Relation of Conceptual Styles and Mode of Perception to Graphic Expression

Early research in cognition, perception, and graphic expression attributes differences in the cognitive and graphic products of children of the same age to differences in the amount of knowledge, facility in reasoning, skills, or biogenically determined developmental levels. More recent studies in cognition and perception seem to indicate stable intraindividual consistencies of patterning in coping with and relating verbal and visual information.l 2

Art Therapy: Preliminary Observations

Graphic productions as a diagnostic and projective device are clearly well known. Following Naumburg, we insisted on the therapeutic aspect of graphic productions with a personal emphasis upon the research aspect. However all these distinctions are fairly dogmatic and useful only for academical purposes; the graphic productions become ‘therapeutic’ as long as they ‘reveal’ something to the patient. These distinctions can help to avoid many conflicts between different schools of psychotherapy using the same basic productions (dreams, associations, graphic productions etc.) in different ways.

THE EVOLUTION OF CARTOGRAPHY IN CANADA AND A COMPARISON OF TRAINING PRACTICES IN OTHER COUNTRIES AND CANADA

During the period 1700 to about 1850, to university degrees. In the military maps of early Canada were produced by services, graduates are granted cornmilitary or naval agencies in Paris or missions as officers. These profesLondon, primarily for use in colonizasional cartographers are in great detion and colonial defence. Later, when mand in countries around the world and, government departments were estabas previously mentioned, cartography lished for administration of Crown in Canada has relied heavily their lands, contracts were arranged with services. In fact, the traditions and p r i v a t e individuals or companies in practices of cartography in Canada have England, and in the U. S.A., for cartobeen largely derived from the knowledge graphic production of maps from source and experience of immigrant profesmaterial supplied. This practice consional cartographers. This condition tinued un t i l the e a r l y 1900s when continues to-day, due to the lack of Canadian companies, staffed with imadequate training and education in our ported Eng l i sh , Scottish and French country. The reliance of Canadian carcartographers, began to compete for tography imported specialists is government contracts. apparent from the present membership of the O.I. C.C., of which 65% are As mapping agencies were established members who received professional wi th in departments of Federal and training prior to entering Canada. Provincial governments, many of the immigrant cartographers entered the In the period of a half century, Canadian Civil Service in order to gain improved mapping has progressed to a high state conditions, and security of employment. of proficiency through application of old Intime, these cartographers, being exworld practices to modern, scientifpert in their field, attained influential ically advanced equipment and materipositions and also formed a nucleus for als. Considering the difficulties posed the t r a i n i n g of new cartographers bythesizeandgeographyofCanada.it through traditional on the job methcan be sa id t h a t our cartographic ods. These me thods have continued achievements are comparable to those until recent times. of any o t h e r country. However the position is made vulnerable by the conExtensive expansions of cartographic tinued dependence recruitment of staffs have taken place in order to keep professionals from overseas. Intime pace with developments in the use of of war as in World Wars I and H, the aerial photography in map compilation restricted availability of such persons and in the use of electronic and photonecessitates drastic reductions in carmechanical methods of production. At tographic activities. This can only be the federal level, a wide variety of avo ided through implementation of maps and charts are now completely formally recognized training and edup r o c e s s e d wi th in government recation programmes in Canada, sources. Provincial cartographic services s t i l l make use of commercial The following is an outline of the acacompanies for map reproduction. demie and practical training provided to cartographers of other countries For the last two centuries or more, and Canada. The list is known to be inEngland, France, Switzerland, Holland, complete. It was compiled from inforG e r m a n y , and other countries of mation p r o c u r e d t h r o u g h limited Europe, have produced maps either research. However, it does provide an under royal patronage or through miliindication of training requirements as tary and naval services. A major aspect determined by various agencies: of such programmes was the opening of schools for the training of cartograAUSTRALIA phers. At these schools, students unThe Australian Institute of dergo extensive training and instruction Cartographers in all subjects related to cartography A c o m p l e t e survey and cartoand, after graduation, their qualificacourse with examinations and ditions are recognized as being equivalent plomas. Mr. Barnard is Chief Cartographer at the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests

A simple scoring device for quantifying graphic productions.

A simple scoring device for quantifying graphic productions.

THE EFFECTS OF EARLY INSTITUTIONAL CARE ON ADOLESCENT PERSONALITY (GRAPHIC RORSCHACH DATA)

The Graphic Rorschach Examination is one of the recently developed projective techniques for the study of personality. The test manual includes specific directions for the administration and scoring of the test (7). These will consequently not be repeated here in detail. However, a brief description of the test may make more comprehensible the data which follow. The subject is required to draw what he sees in the Rorschach ink blots from the cards themselves. He is encouraged to alter the blot features in any way he desires, in order to give the best representation of what he sees. He is given colored crayons to use if he desires to use color in a representation of the percept. It is apparent that the graphic product may adhere to the original attributes of the blot, to the attributes of the subject's concept of the thing perceived, or to a compromise between the blot and the subject's concept. Each drawing is rated separately on the following five scales:

Mechanization of Statistical Drafting

URING World War I statistical drafting came into its own. The various war agencies were in constant search for men who were familiar with the technique and principles of graphic presentation. Needless to say, most of the men who were qualified came from the engineering profession. Brinton, the engineer, had published his book on graphic presentation in 1914, the first of its kind. In the years following, the late Knoeppel became one of the foremost exponents of graphic production control.' He devised large control boards which, by mechanical means, served to guide the production engineer as to the status of balanced inventory, schedules, actual output and deliveries. Use was made of the principle of the Gant Chart, translated into a graphic mechanical set-up by means of movable strips, replaceable pins, etc. The devices were kept in the office of the supervising production engineer for purposes of immediate control. The same method is used by various industries in the present emergency to control the flow of production and assembly of implements of war. In 1917 there were at the disposal of the graphic analyst only few materials which enabled him to perform his work efficiently. Since then the situation has greatly changed. New reproduction methods have been discovered and others have been perfected. New materials such as Zipp-a-tone, acetate overlays, transparent tape, rubber cement, scotch tape, floating letter type, photo-letter type, stack type letters, the Wrico and the Leroy mechanical lettering sets are now on the market. Although only indirectly related to the subject matter discussed here, mechanization of computing operations should also be mentioned. The hand operated computing machine, while still in use, has given way to the electrically operated machine. The various models on the market have been constantly perfected, keeping pace with the requirements of the statistician or accountant. The automatic tabulating machines which are essential for the mass production of statistics need hardly be mentioned here. Incredible as it seems, each year new improvements are made and the older designs are revised. At present, as far as the writer knows, there is only one mechanical device on the market which eliminates drafting entirely-the so-called