Graphical Objects Research Articles

Object-difference drived graph convolutional networks for visual question answering

Visual Question Answering(VQA), an important task to evaluate the cross-modal understanding capability of an Artificial Intelligence model, has been a hot research topic in both computer vision and natural language processing communities. Recently, graph-based models have received growing interest in VQA, for its potential of modeling the relationships between objects as well as its formidable interpretability. Nonetheless, those solutions mainly define the similarity between objects as their semantical relationships, while largely ignoring the critical point that the difference between objects can provide more information for establishing the relationship between nodes in the graph. To achieve this, we propose an object-difference based graph learner, which learns question-adaptive semantic relations by calculating inter-object difference under the guidance of questions. With the learned relationships, the input image can be represented as an object graph encoded with structural dependencies between objects. In addition, existing graph-based models leverage the pre-extracted object boxes by the object detection model as node features for convenience, but they are suffering from the redundancy problem. To reduce the redundant objects, we introduce a soft-attention mechanism to magnify the question-related objects. Moreover, we incorporate our object-difference based graph learner into the soft-attention based Graph Convolutional Networks to capture question-specific objects and their interactions for answer prediction. Our experimental results on the VQA 2.0 dataset demonstrate that our model gives significantly better performance than baseline methods.

Analysis of the trajectory shapes of moving objects in the video sequence with use of structural description

This article proposes using structural description for graphical objects to solve an urgent task of trajectory analysis. A range of modern trajectory analysis approaches were analyzed and the best that is based on Graph Convolutional Neural Networks and Suffix Tree Clustering algorithm was chosen. Descripted ways to reduce computational sources for this neural network approach. This neural network was adapted to analyze structural description and advantages of this approach are shown.

METHODS AND ALGORITHMS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Methods and algorithms of computer graphics are considered in the article. Implementation of transformation of graphic objects by means of operations of transfer, scaling, rotation, the types of geometric models are considered. Methods of computer graphics include methods of converting graphic objects, representing (scanning) lines in raster form, selecting a window, removing hidden lines, projecting, painting images.

Steganalysis of meshes based on 3D wavelet multiresolution analysis

3D steganalysis aims to find the information hidden in 3D models and graphical objects. It is assumed that the information was hidden by 3D steganography or watermarking algorithms. A new set of 3D steganalysis features, derived by using multiresolution 3D wavelet analysis, is proposed in this research study. 3D wavelets relate a given mesh representation with its lower and higher graph resolutions by means of a set of Wavelet Coefficient Vectors (WCVs). The 3D steganalysis features are derived from transformations between a given mesh and its corresponding higher and lower resolutions. They correspond to geometric measures such as ratios and angles between various geometric measures. These features are shown to significantly increase the steganalysis accuracy when detecting watermarks which have been embedded by 3D wavelet-based watermarking algorithms. The proposed features, when used in combination with a previously proposed feature set, is shown to provide the best results in detecting the hidden information embedded by other information hiding algorithms.

POSSIBILITIES OF ANIMATION IN SYSTEM COMPAS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL THOUGHT OF STUDENTS

Computer-aided design COMPAS-3D is used for the construction of three-dimensional model of frame-clamping unit on the basis of models of details, connected by interfaces. An animation library is intended for simulating of motions of different machines, devices, mechanisms and devices, modelled in the system COMPAS-3D; simulating of processes of assembling-sorting out of wares; creations of video, demonstrating work of yet not existent devices for presentations or interactive technical guides; creations of successive shots for research of motions of mechanisms. Animation of the created model of pump demonstrates principle of work of good, when the rotation of one detail sets all mechanism in motion. Performing similar works with students significantly expands student design opportunities. Mastering 3D modeling skills helps solve problems related to the design and visualization of complex graphic objects in mechanical engineering.The use of graphical technologies helps to fulfill technical documentation according to standards and at the same time develops the ability of students to find creatively.

User Representations in Human-Computer Interaction

ABSTRACT Cursors, avatars, virtual hands or tools, and other rendered graphical objects, enable users to interact with computers such as PCs, game consoles or virtual reality systems. We analyze the role of these various objects from a user perspective under the unifying concept of “User Representations”. These representations are virtual objects that artificially extend the users’ physical bodies, enabling them to manipulate the virtual environment by performing motor actions that are continuously mapped to their User Representations. In this paper, we identify a set of concepts that are relevant for different User Representations, and provide a multidisciplinary review of the multisensory and cognitive factors underlying the control and subjective experience of User Representations. These concepts include visual appearance, multimodal feedback, sense of agency, input methods, peripersonal space, visual perspective, and body ownership. We further suggest a research agenda for these concepts, which can lead the human-computer interaction community towards a wider perspective of how users perceive and interact through their User Representations.

BASYS-MTB: An integrative structural simulation platform based on adjacency matrices

The objective of this work is to develop and test a new data structure, which takes advantage of the latest programming technology to build interactive structural engineering modeling software that is robust, efficient, portable, modular, expandable, and easy to use. The data structure proposed is composed of a collection of matrices that describe both the geometrical properties and the topological adjacency information of the structural model, as well as the section, material, loading, and fixity attributes of the structural elements. This data structure is dubbed the Adjacency Matrix Data Structure (AMDS). There are eight matrices in the AMDS, each capturing the details of one type of structural entity or attribute: Vertex, Edge, Face, Group, Section, Material, Load, and Fixity. The design of the AMDS allows it to excel in terms of efficiency and speed when used in a matrix-based programming environment, such as MATLAB. The final outcome called “BASYS-MTB” is a structural modeling and visualization MATLAB Toolbox that is a demonstration implementation of the AMDS as the underlying data structure. The toolbox, which can serve as a preprocessor, solver, and postprocessor, employs the object-oriented programming capabilities in MATLAB to create and manipulate numerical and graphical objects. This system offers engineers and researchers with limited programming expertise a structural modeler that can be easily customized to their requirements using their existing knowledge in MATLAB.

ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПРОГРАММНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ НА БАЗЕ СРЕДСТВ ВИРТУАЛЬНОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ ГЕОПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ ДАННЫХ. ОБЗОР И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗРАБОТКИ

Актуальность. В условиях глобальной цифровизации, когда становятся актуальными такие проекты, как цифровая земля, компьютерная визуализация является важным элементом компьютерного моделирования как в научных исследованиях, так и в технике, в частности, в областях геоинформатики, природо- и недропользования, исследования георесурсов. Также компьютерная визуализация необходима при представлении «больших данных», например, накопленных в результате геологических исследований больших пространств. Компьютерная визуализация как самостоятельная дисциплина развивается уже более тридцати лет. В настоящее время в компьютерной визуализации активно используются средства виртуальной реальности, которые и оперируют геопространственными данными. Виртуальная реальность может использоваться при представлении данных о Земле. Возможно создание трёхмерных отображений графических объектов, представляющих элементы ландшафта. Одной из подобластей компьютерной визуализации является визуализация программного обеспечения (Software Visualization). Визуализация программного обеспечения необходима при представлении сложных программных комплексов, связанных с проектированием и разработкой в различных областях техники, включая энергоэффективные технологии. Объекты. Работа посвящена исследованиям и разработкам в области визуализации программного обеспечения на базе виртуальной реальности. Эти исследования могут применяться в целом ряде областей, связанных с геоинформатикой, а также в области исследования георесурсов. Методы: методы теории компьютерной визуализации, а именно элементы теории метафоры визуализации. Цель: поиск подходов, позволяющих эффективно использовать виртуальную реальность для решения сложных проблем, встающих перед специалистами в области программного обеспечения, связанного с большими объёмами сложно структурированных данных, в том числе больших геопространственных данных. Результаты. Проведен обзор развития визуализации программного обеспечения и описаны проекты в данном направлении, разработанные за последние десятилетия. Приводятся разработанные авторами проекты систем визуального программирования и визуализации программного обеспечения на базе виртуальной реальности с использованием метафор космического пространства и расширенной метафоры города. Рассматриваются психологические аспекты человеческого фактора в разработке систем визуализации программного обеспечения с использованием виртуальной реальности, включая использование теории деятельности. Возникает проблема описания деятельности программиста в качестве пользователя систем визуализации программного обеспечения. Разработка программного обеспечения для реальных технических задач, например для нужд инженерной геологии или прогнозирования георесурсов, требует специализации, а то и персонализации визуальных систем. В результате проведенного анализа можно заключить, что мы находимся на первых этапах важных исследований.

Evaluating hospital information system according to ISO 9241 part 12.

ObjectivesCompliance with standards in designing information systems leads to better utilization and ease of use for users. In this study, the compliance of a widely used hospital information system (HIS) with ISO 9241 part 12 was assessed.MethodsThis applied research is a descriptive, cross-sectional study in which the HIS of 8 hospitals affiliated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences was evaluated based on ISO 9241 part 12. Data were collected by using ISO 9241/12 checklist. The data was analyzed in SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics.ResultsThe analysis of data showed that the total compliance of the software with the ISO 9241/12 was 72%. The compliance of the software based on different groups of recommendations was 79% with Organization of information, 91% with Graphic objects, and 58% with Coding techniques. Compliance with different subgroups of ISO recommendations ranged from 28% related to “color coding” in coding techniques to 97% related to “General recommendation for graphical objects” in Graphic objects.ConclusionAccording to this study, the design of a widely used HIS has fairly good compliance with the standard but still suffers from some problems. Considering the role of accurate, valid and timely information in management of the hospitals, and the difficulty of system optimization after implementation, it is necessary that software developers follow existing standards when designing health information systems.

МОДИФІКАЦІЯ МЕТОДУ А-БУФЕРА ДЛЯ ЗГЛАДЖУВАННЯ ТРИВИМІРНИХ ЗОБРАЖЕНЬ

According to the A-buffer method, a dynamic list of polygon fragments that cover a pixel is used for antialiasing of three-dimensional images. The A-buffer method uses less memory than the additional sampling method, but the need for dynamic memory allocation complicates its hardware implementation in computer graphics systems. Using a fixed number of fragments per pixel of the image simplifies the hardware implementation of the A-buffer method, but memory is used inefficiently because the number of fragments to calculate the pixel color intensity can differ significantly for different pixels. It was proposed to use a combined static-dynamic principle of memory organization, which is to introduce a common fragment buffer. New modifications of the A-buffer method have been developed, which use: - a combined static-dynamic approach to memory organization, which consists in the introduction of a common buffer for storing redundant fragments. The proposed modification has a simpler hardware implementation compared to dynamic memory allocation and requires less memory to store fragments of polygons than a fixed allocation; - a new approach to reducing the error of color intensity calculations, which occurs due to the rejection of fragments of polygons that did not have enough space in the fragment buffer. The essence of the approach is that the two most distant fragments from the observer are combined into one. The block diagram of the rasterization subsystem of three-dimensional graphic objects is developed, in which the modified A-buffer method is used. A computer program for modeling and testing smoothing methods based on the Abufer method has been developed. The simulation showed that the use of the proposed principle of memory allocation allows to reduce by 1.3-3.1 times the amount of memory required for smoothing three-dimensional images using the A-buffer method, compared with fixed memory allocation. The simulation results showed that the proposed solution, based on the combination of redundant fragments, provides a smaller value of the normalized standard error compared to the approach in which excess fragments are discarded. When using the new method to process polygon fragments, smoothing even complex scenes with the A-buffer method can be performed using only three fragments per pixel of the image, which reduces the amount of memory required to store fragments of polygons.

From Perceptual to Algorithmic Evaluation of Recommending Interfaces Survival in Visual Space

Abstract The design of recommending systems is mainly related to algorithms targeting customer needs, products, and service selection. However, even the most effective algorithms will not increase the performance of an e-commerce platform if the recommendation interface is not noticed by the user. Recommendations, like all other visual stimuli, can be subconsciously eliminated by users as a result of habituation identified for online environment as a banner blindness. This article presents the results of an experiment, in which the influence of the intensity of graphic elements within the interface on user attention was examined. The study explores the visual space and survival of graphic objects, analysed with the use of survival analysis instead of typical perceptual studies. Results show that an increase in visual intensity does not always lead to an increase in user attention, and survival analysis makes it possible to identify the differences between design variants and between users targeted with the same stimuli.

Kajian Intertekstualitas Sampul Album ‘Viva La Vida’ dari Coldplay

Every design objects had meanings that borrowed their meanings from other texts. This understanding comes from the notion of intertextuality, in which this notion isn’t absent from graphic design. This article will discuss about the design of Coldplay’s 2008 ‘Viva La Vida’ album cover design. The study for the design will be done in two ways, in a formalistic manner which elaborates the design and visual elements of the design, and also in a contextual manner which discusses the meanings that come from external texts. The study is approached with a qualitative perspective, using the artifact analysis and literature review method. The result of the study is the conclusion that ‘Viva La Vida’ had borrowed references from other popular texts that enriches the value of the design. The author hoped that this writing can open up new perspective on how to see graphic design objects.

ПОШУК ЕКСТРЕМУМУ ПОТУЖНОСТІ ФОТОЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГО ЕЛЕМЕНТУ ШЛЯХОМ МЕТОДИКИ РОЗПІЗНАВАННЯ ОБРАЗІВ ШТУЧНИМИ НЕЙРОННИМИ МЕРЕЖАМИ.

As you know, there are several possible options for searching for the maximum power value — this is the use of fuzzy logic algorithms (Fuzzy Logic) and a neural network. However, there are also several ways to specify input information. The first method is called digital, when the neural network (namely, it is the object in this article that makes the search for the MMP value) receives the input values in the form of a digital array of power versus voltage P (U). These dependences, as a rule, are obtained by directly measuring the output voltage and current (I) of the regenerative energy sources and on the basis of these data for calculating the power. And the second method is called graphic and it is applied, first of all, when it is impossible or impractical to use the first method. The system operating according to this method is faced with the task of recognizing the maximum point having only a graphic object. This paper presents an example of the use of NN, which works according to the second method, to search for the value of the MMP in an electrical system with an alternative source of energy (solar panel). The neural network was built and trained in the Wolfram Mathematic application package.

The effect of captions and written text on viewing behavior in educational videos

The use of videos as learning objects has increased together with an increased variation in the designs of these educational videos. However, to create effective learning objects it is important to have detailed information about how users perceive and interact with the different parts of the multimedia design. In this paper we study, using eye-tracker technology, how fast and for how long viewers focus on captions and written text in a video. An educational video on thermodynamics was created where captions were used to highlight important concepts. Screen recordings of written text from a tablet were used to illustrate mathematical notations and calculations. The results show that there is a significant delay of about 2 seconds before viewers focus on graphical objects that appear, both for captions and for written text. For captions, the viewers focus on the element for 2-3 seconds, whereas for written text blocks, it is strongly dependent on the amount and quality of the presented information. These temporal aspects of the viewers’ attention will be important for the proper design of educational videos to achieve appropriate synchronization between graphical objects and narration and thereby supporting learning.

Shedding Light on “Knowledge”: Identifying and Analyzing Visual Metaphors in Drawings

ABSTRACTDrawing extends the capacity to communicate, since it allows individuals to use graphic objects and symbols to articulate complex ideas not easily communicated using words alone. Similarly, theorists argue that metaphors are commonly used to communicate complex and abstract concepts. Though, the interpretation of visual metaphors has been studied in relation to film and advertising, referencing common metaphors used in language, research has yet to examine how individuals construct their own visual metaphors and whether existing language-based metaphors are used, as a basis. Studying the underlying structure of drawings, using organizing frameworks and mapping systems, provides insight into how individuals use metaphors to communicate and the interdependent relationships between text and image.This study applies conceptual metaphor theory and frame semantics to identify and map visual metaphors in drawings of Knowledge. Three research questions guided the study: How are visual metaphors [of Knowledge] inferred in participant drawings using existing language-based metaphors?; Can language-based metaphor ontologies and semantic systems be used for interpreting visual metaphors?; and How are inferences found in language-based metaphors evident in the design of visual metaphors?Data were collected as part of the study: What does knowledge look like?, where participants (N = 404) were asked to draw what they thought Knowledge looks like to them, and explain why they drew what they did in writing. Five example cases are presented in the results: 1) the Illuminated Light Bulb, 2) the Electric Brain, 3) the Brain as a Container for Knowledge, 4) Knowledge (Ideas) as Food, and 5) the Open Mind. The findings present three notable conclusions: the combination of multiple metaphors within a single drawing; the use of a language-based metaphor ontology (i.e., Master Metaphor List) and frame semantics as analytic tools to examine visual metaphors; and the potential for additional language-based metaphor categories to emerge.

Algorithms of color QR codes formation for biometry tasks

Subject of Research. The paper considers an algorithm for the formation of color QR-codes for facial biometrics. Methods. The methods are based on image processing procedures, linear algebra methods and are implemented in MATLAB package environment. Main Results. We present a new graphics object: a color biometric QR code and a method of forming color QR codes in biometrics tasks. An algorithm for its implementation is described, a functional diagram of the device for its implementation is shown, examples of various variants of color biometric QR codes are given. Practical Relevance. The results obtained can be used in practical biometrics and its applications, and for creation of new types of test databases for face images

The Future of Holographic Head-Up Display

The use of Holographic or Diffractive optics is on the rise, premium DSLR optics using this technology is an outstanding example of compact device. This technology applied to head-up display (HUD) is presented, using the windshield as a transparent holographic display, with the ability to present floating graphical object in a large field of view. Augmented Reality display will be possible, increasing considerably the User Experience and situational awareness. Additionally, the use of Holographic Optical Element reduces the size, weight and cost of the actual HUD box.

Visual Programming Tools for Creating Video Effects

Visual programming is a technology that allows you to create program code using graphic elements, not text. Graphic elements are used to describe the logic of the program. Visual programming provides the opportunity to describe processes in an easy to understand representation and sufficient level of abstraction. The paper considers the potential of using visual programming in visual arts. The software / Max / MSP / Jitter was considered.Max, also known as Max / MSP / Jitter, is a visual programming environment for music and multimedia developed and supported by Cycling '74 based in San Francisco. Max is a visual programming environment; MSP is an extension that makes it possible to work with audio, and Jitter is an extension for working with video. Hence the name is Max / MSP / Jitter. Max is a great space for creativity and requires minimal programming experience. It is an environment that contains a set of tools for creating unique sounds, beautiful rendering and exciting interactive media. These tools (called "objects") are small programs that perform specific functions. Some generate noise, others process video, some just perform arithmetic operations.Max, as a rule, is studied by compiling a dictionary of objects and how they function in Patchwork. Most objects are not graphical, consisting only of the object name and several attribute arguments (in essence, class properties), entered in the object field, other objects are graphical, including sliders, numeric fields, dials, table editor, drop-down menus, buttons and other objects for interactive program launch. Max / MSP / Jitter comes with about 600 such objects as a standard package; Extensions can be written by third-party developers like Max patchers (for example, by encapsulating some patcher functions in a sub-program that itself is a Max patch), or as objects written in C, C ++, Java, or JavaScript.Max interacts with OSC, MIDI, and HTTP, among many other protocols, and can handle input from external devices, such as Arduino (Arduino IDE is a development programming environment that is designed to program the same name card. Today, Arduino designs all kinds of interactive , educational, experimental, entertaining models and devices) through the setting of the serial input. It makes Max a great tool for working with visual art, a form that often uses existing video as a source material and offers many applications — interactive installations, light shows, trans-spatial design (visual projection mapping) and concert visual effects.Ref. 10, fig. 4.

Designing the Latina landscape: graphic images of Italian Fascism

ABSTRACTThe Latina Province in Italy is synonymous with Italian Fascism. This connection is manifest in the different design perspectives that contributed to the formation of the region’s visual character during the 21 years of Fascist rule between 1922–43. Corporativist urbanism framed how Fascism’s stories, myths and fables were told through numerous graphic objects that embellished new towns during the region’s reclamation. Through the lens of graphic design as urban design, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of how the Latina landscape was conceived, planned and made at the macro, meso and micro scale.

Avatar-Based Patient Monitoring With Peripheral Vision: A Multicenter Comparative Eye-Tracking Study.

BackgroundContinuous patient monitoring has been described by the World Health Organization as extremely important and is widely used in anesthesia, intensive care medicine, and emergency medicine. However, current state-of-the-art number- and waveform-based monitoring does not ideally support human users in acquiring quick, confident interpretations with low cognitive effort, and there are additional problematic aspects such as alarm fatigue. We developed a visualization technology (Visual Patient), specifically designed to help caregivers gain situation awareness quickly, which presents vital sign information in the form of an animated avatar of the monitored patient. We suspected that because of the way it displays the information as large, colorful, moving graphic objects, caregivers might be able to perform patient monitoring using their peripheral vision, which may facilitate quicker detection of anomalies, independently of acoustic alarms.ObjectiveIn this study, we tested the hypothesis that avatar-based monitoring, when observed with peripheral vision only, increases the number of perceptible changes in patient status as well as caregivers’ perceived diagnostic confidence compared with a high-fidelity simulation of conventional monitoring, when observed with peripheral vision only.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter comparative study with a within-participant design in which anesthesiologists with their peripheral field of vision looked at 2 patient-monitoring scenarios and tried to identify changes in patient status. To ensure the best possible experimental conditions, we used an eye tracker, which recorded the eye movements of the participants and confirmed that they only looked at the monitoring scenarios with their peripheral vision.ResultsOverall, 30 participants evaluated 18 different patient status changes with each technology (avatar and conventional patient monitoring). With conventional patient monitoring, participants could only detect those 3 changes in patient status that are associated with a change in the auditory pulse tone display, that is, tachycardia (faster beeping), bradycardia (slower beeping), and desaturation (lower pitch of beeping). With the avatar, the median number of detected vital sign changes quadrupled from 3 to 12 (P<.001) in scenario 1, and more than doubled from 3 to 8 (P<.001) in scenario 2. Median perceived diagnostic confidence was confident for both scenarios with the avatar and unconfident in scenario 1 (P<.001), and very unconfident in scenario 2 (P=.024) with conventional monitoring.ConclusionsThis study introduces the concept of peripheral vision monitoring. The test performed showed clearly that an avatar-based display is superior to a standard numeric display for peripheral vision. Avatar-based monitoring could potentially make much more of the patient monitoring information available to caregivers for longer time periods per case. Our results indicate that the optimal information transmission would consist of a combination of auditory and avatar-based monitoring.