Graphical Index Research Articles

Fatty acid metabolic profiles and biomarker discovery for type 2 diabetes mellitus using graphical index of separation combined with principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis

Metabolite profiles and biomarker discovery benefit clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and reflection of metabolite variations in pathophysiology. Fatty acids play an important role in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values of T2DM patients are partially adjusted to normal range (FPG<7.0mmol/L) after the intervention of drug or other treatments. However, whether these patients return to normal is still unknown. In this study, graphical index of separation (GIOS) was employed to discover the potential biomarkers of fatty acids for T2DM and subsequently investigate whether the fatty acid differences exist between T2DM patients with low and high FPG values (low fasting plasma glucose, FPG<7.0mmol/L and high fasting plasma glucose, FPG≥7.0mmol/L). As a result, C16:0, C20:2, C20:5, C22:6 and FPG were selected as potential biomarkers, which could significantly decline the misdiagnosis rate of diabetes (from 35/98 to 0/98). Additionally, the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was also employed to identify fatty acids responsible for T2DM and subsequently build a discriminant model using significant variables. After Monte Carlo cross validation, the prediction rate of PLS-DA reaches to 89.1%. Moreover, the biomarkers selected by GIOS were compared with those selected by PLS-DA model. The almost accordant results indicate that GIOS is a simple but comprehensible method to screen biomarkers.

Research on the Index System and Knowledge Rules for Geographic-Feature-Oriented Generalization

This paper expounded the author's research on the index system and knowledge rules for Geographic - Feature - Oriented Generalization, and an example of its application. The research approach is the integration of geo-science analysis conclusion, map analysis, expert consulting, as well as GIS . RS spatial analysis method, to extract, conclude and build them. The index system include three types as data, literal and graphic index , and on the other hand grouped by database generalization index and map visualization index. The knowledge rules include, in crosswise, geometric, structure and procedure knowledge, and in lengthways, the knowledge of geographic feature description, operator selection, algorithm selection, as well as specific geo-object oriented and specific region oriented knowledge. In the knowledge base, these knowledge rules are organized by three dimension of variables as generalization condition, generalization scope/level, and generalization actions. The example is the generalization of The Map of Transportation Network in Zhujiang Delta Economic Zone.

A graphical index of separation (GIOS) in multivariate modeling

AbstractWe introduce a new measure for the importance of predictor variables, X, for the separation of two groups (classes) of observations. The measure is a Graphical Index of Separation (GIOS), and is, for each predictor, determined from the distribution of all possible pairs of observations with one from each group. GIOS is quantitative, intuitively simple and easy to interpret. The GIOS is straightforward to visualize in bivariate plots, and line or bar plots for larger number of variables. The approach applies both to discriminant analyses such as LDA, SIMCA, PLS‐DA, OPLS‐DA and to quantitative modeling such as MLR, PLS and OPLS. In the latter case, the observations are first divided into two groups based on their response values, Y. The GIOS approach is illustrated by PLS‐DA/OPLS‐DA and SIMCA‐classification of a number of multivariate data sets with few and many variables relative to the number of observations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Evidence-Based Medicine: Step 3—Critical Appraisal of Therapeutic Literature

Jinkui Shenqi pill (JKSQ) and Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH) pills are ancient traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), which are usually used for the treatment of kidney deficiency for thousands of years in China. Time-selected combination of LWDH and JKSQ pills in treating kidney deficiency and aging is one of the features of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). However, the molecular mechanisms of time-selected combination remain unclear. In this work, UHPLC–QTOF/MS based metabolomics research was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effect of LWDH, JKSQ pills and their combinations on kidney deficiency in Sprague–Dawley rats induced by d-galactose and Dexamethasone. Based on peak areas of serum extracts, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and graphical index of separation (GIOS) were employed to select the significant variables for kidney deficiency and aging and principal component projection (PCP) was subsequently applied to evaluate the influence of drugs on endogenous metabolites. 10 endogenous metabolites from 22 important ions were identified via database search. The score plot of PCA shows that nourishing Yang–nourishing Yin group shows the strongest rehabilitation for metabolic disorder induced by kidney deficiency and aging, which is consistent with the classic theories of traditional Chinese medicine. Moreover, metabolic pathway function analysis indicates that kidney deficiency and aging might possess closed relationships with lipid metabolism and energy metabolism. In this work, the change trends of potential biomarkers after administration provide molecular evidence for combined administration of Jinkui Shenqi pill in the morning and Liuwei Dihuang pill at night for the patients with kidney deficiency. The method proposed in this study may provide inspiration for evaluation of the therapeutic effect of Chinese medicines by comparing the rehabilitation of potential biomarkers.

Analyzing Planning and Design Discourses

The term ‘discourse’ is used to describe the entangled and contested transactions through which real-world planning and policy issues are addressed. Studies of discourses have become an important way of understanding how power is mediated in planning, but the methods through which discourses are identified and evaluated is as yet unclear in the literature. Here, we describe our attempt—with still only limited success—to map discourses using a method that extends the work of Toulmin and Gasper and George. Our method consists of a tabular representation of argument structure to depict the content and structure of a discourse, and a graphical index to the discourse table to reveal higher order patterns in the discourse. Using discourse pertaining to a real-life design-review case, we demonstrate how our approach allows us to understand the internal structure of that discourse better. We conclude with suggestions for how the method might be further improved.

Extending CRC cards into a complete design process

Ectropic Design is a feature-oriented, collaborative design method, patterned on Open Source software development. Software evolves ectropically through the continuous augmentation of its features, which are bound to specific program goals. These evolving features are defined in terms of the end-user goals the features achieve and how the features interact, both statically and dynamically, with other features. By binding source code and collaboration technology to identified program goals, Ectropic Design provides developers with the necessary mechanisms to enhance software continuously, while maintaining the conceptual integrity of the program.Ectropic Design is taught as a part of our curriculum's Sophomore required course on Objects and Desig. In the course, we introduce students to CRC cards (Class, Responsibility, Collaborator cards) and scenarios. Traditionally, CRC cards are simply 3x5 index cards, one for each class being considered in a design, annotated with two columns: One for the responsibilities of that class, and the other with the collaborators that the class will need to complete the responsibilities. Scenarios are narrative descriptions of how the system being designed should respond to user-initated events.We have students understand enjoy, and actually use CRC cards in the introductory object-oriented design process. We attempted to teach a more sophisticated design process that would grow upon the students' interest in CRC Cards, and we provided a design tool to support that process. The Ectropic Collaborative Design Environment, ECoDE , is a development tool designed to capture CRC Cards and Scenarios, and it provides a natural mechanism for tying these two design notions to the underlying code the students were writing.The results of using ECode in the class were not as promising as we had hoped. Students did develop much better scenarios than they had in the past, but they did not use the ties to code at all. More importantly, students found that ECoDE actually stifled their collaborations: With current computer monitors, it's much easier to gather around a table full of 3x5 cards than a screen of graphical index cards.Students expressed frustration in having to learn how to use ECoDE, and indicated that they were more comfortable with pencil and paper. An important indicator of the usability of ECoDE was the decision of the student whether to use ECoDE for the final two design submissions ---for it they were free to choose not to use ECoDE. It is interesting to note that 68.5% of the students voluntarily chose to use ECoDE. The top reason given for choosing to use ECoDE was its simplicity in updating their previous design versions. Of the students who chose not to use ECoDE, the reason most frequently given was that they preferred pencil and paper (44%). Subjectively, the subject group documentation was much more detailed in nature. Many of the subject group students demonstrated a clearer personal understanding of their actual design.A high level conclusion of our study could be, "Beginning students will not willingly use a detailed design process", but that is a little too simplistic. The students did appreciate CRC cards and willingly used them. They did also use some of the aspects of the Ectropic Design process, such as the emphasis on scenarios. But simply putting things in a computer tool does not make them better. Student's primary goal is the completion of the program, not the design. The limitations of a one semester course makes it difficult to make it otherwise. It is the challenge of educators to build design tools that will be adopted that meet that goal. Studying ECode has given us some insight on how best to proceed to meet that challenge.

Measuring Crime Dispersion

Existing crime statistics generally either compare crime rates within regions over time, in order to identify a worsening or improvement in crime risk, or rank regions by crime rate in a specific time period, in order to compare communities on the relative risk of victimisation. Such comparisons, however, provide no information about the relative contribution made by particular geographical areas to the observed aggregate change in the state crime rate or to the total level of crime. This paper describes the development of graphical methods and summary indices which measure the spatial dispersion of crime risk and the spatial dispersion of a change in crime risk. Measures of crime dispersion such as those described in this paper could prove useful in choosing among alternative crime control strategies and in measuring the net effects of crime control strategies or policies. Furthermore, the tendency towards a progressive concentration of crime in certain neighbourhoods may be studied.

Development of Graphical Indices for Viewing Building Energy Data: Part I

Graphs are an effective way of displaying quantitative and statistical information. Unfortunately, only a few studies have systematically looked at presenting building energy data in forms which are both informative, visually efficient, and easy to comprehend. Recent advancements in computing, including the development of sophisticated graphing packages and powerful desktop computers have made the concept of graphical displays or graphical indices more timely than ever before. In this two part paper, graphical displays or indices are reviewed and discussed that can be used to analyze several years of hourly data (20,000 to 30,000 data points). The purpose of these papers is to show how graphical indices can be used to help a building energy analyst view large amounts of hourly building energy consumption data in order to quickly and efficiently analyze the data, check for errors, or establish time and temperature related trends over a large period of time. Data from case study buildings in Texas’ are used to demonstrate the indices. Part I reviews the literature on graphical presentations of building energy use data and graphical perception and presents two graphical indices. Part II provides four additional graphical indices in use in the data review process for the Texas LoanSTAR program2.

Development of Graphical Indices for Viewing Building Energy Data: Part II

Graphs are an effective way of displaying quantitative and statistical information. Unfortunately, only a few studies have systematically looked at presenting building energy data in forms which are both informative, visually efficient, and easy to comprehend. Recent advancements in computing, including the development of sophisticated graphing packages and powerful desktop computers have made the concept of graphical displays or graphical indices more timely than ever before. In this two part paper, graphical displays or indices are reviewed and discussed that can be used to analyze several years of hourly data (20,000 to 30,000 data points). Part I reviewed the literature on graphical presentations of building energy me data and graphical perception and presents two graphical indices. Part II provides four additional graphical indices and a discussion about their effectiveness.

A Perspective on Methods for Analysis of Measured Energy Data from Commercial Buildings

This paper provides a historical perspective on the methods used to analyze measured energy use in commercial buildings. It summarizes the capabilities and uncertainties of the regression methods used in most M&amp;V applications today and the calibrated simulation approaches used for M&amp;V, commissioning, and end-use disaggregation. The need for graphical indices is introduced and applications of artificial neural networks, Fourier series and spectral analysis methods for M&amp;V and data acquisition are described.

Comprehensive performance assessment of building structural systems: research to practice

Contemporary analysis and design programs for engineering of building structures are heavily geared toward elastic analysis and specification formula-based, component-by-component design, with little direct assistance to the engineer in assessing overall system limit-states. To achieve the maximum potential benefits of modern computational power in design, improvements in and integration of sophisticated computational models of component behaviour are needed, and a complete rethinking of computeraided engineering approaches is necessary. New procedures need to be developed that allow the engineer to rapidly tune the system limit states behaviour based on measures of overall computed responses, as well as control detailed local component limit states. The engineer should be able to move easily and at will between detailed component and overall system considerations in developing a design. Meaningful graphical indices of the structure's performance should be available at all levels. This paper reviews a sample of the present technology for computational assessment of building structural performance, and offers a number of suggestions for further development and use of sophisticated analysis methods in design practice and research.

Radioisotopic evaluation of renal transplants.

Owing to the noninvasive nature, ready availability, and efficacy, radionuclide studies remain widely utilized following renal transplantation for monitoring changes in the functional status and detection of detrimental complications of the grafted kidney. Whereas surgical complications, including vascular occlusion, urine extravasation, drainage obstruction, hematoma, or lymphocele formation, can often be detected effectively, specification of other underlying causes of deterioration of parenchymal function, including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), various types of rejection, and cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity (CyA-NT), frequently cannot be derived independently from the findings of a study without clinical correlation. Besides imaging, plotting of renogram or time/activity curves, numerous quantitative methods have been introduced to provide objective measurements of the blood flow, as well as to gauge the capability of concentration and excretion of the transplanted kidneys. However, the findings whether qualitative or quantitative all have overlapping zones. There is no abnormal image, graphic, or numeric index absolutely specific for any of the possible posttransplant renal parenchymal complications. The differentiation of such conditions may best be achieved through chronologic association of the sequential changes, with or without quantification, detected in serial studies with the clinical presentation and findings.

A ‘demonstrator’ for the National Geosciences Data Index

Abstract A survey of users of geosciences data in Great Britain, carried out as part of the Databank Pilot Study jointly supported by the Department of the Environment and the British Geological Survey, indicated a priority requirement for a central geosciences data index. The consultations suggested that the system should contain information about the sources, accessibility and nature of data held in both centralized and widely-distributed collections. To illustrate to users how such a system would appear in its final implementation, and in order to refine the system's specification, the British Geological Survey developed, on an Intergraph Interpro 32 Workstation, a working demonstration of a ‘user-friendly’, interactive graphical index, capable of satisfying the requirements of a wide range of users of geosciences data. This paper describes the development of the ‘demonstrator’, its structure, content and implementation, and the benefits of adopting such an approach.

MIMI, the Map and Graphic Information Index to Major Microform Sets

Presentation de MIMI (Map Index of Microform Images) index permettant l'acces aux cartes microfilmees des bibliotheques du WAML (Western Association of Map Libraries)

Airborne sound insulation and graphical indices

The use of graphical indices is interpreted as an approximate approach to the estimation of sound insulation performance of building elements. Differences of weighted sound pressure levels are considered as quantitative measures for subjective sound insulation. The indices considered are formed by shifting a reference curve until the highest position is found at which certain specifications, or rules, are met. General expressions are mathematically derived for the maximum differences between graphical indices and sound insulation in two cases: a maximum allowable sum rule for unfavourable deviations, and a combination for restriction of the maximum single deviation. The results indicate that the maximum deviation rule limits the variation between sound insulation and indices in a very efficient way. This comparison leads to I a being preferred to R w , which are special cases of the study.

Digital Fourier techniques in the diagnosis and quantification of aortic stenosis with pulsed-Doppler echocardiography.

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography and digital Fourier analysis were utilized to examine flow distal to the aortic valve and to quantify aortic stenosis. A graphic index of parameters derived from velocity spectrum patterns generated by Fourier analysis was regressed against mean systolic pressure gradients in 21 adults with clinical evidence of aortic stenosis who underwent catheterization studies and five normal adults (r = .82). Correlation improved in the absence of regurgitation (r = .92). Sensitivity for detecting gradients greater than 30 mmHg was 86%; specificity was 90%. Doppler spectral analysis shows promise in alleviating the need for many invasive studies.

The Relative Importance of Reliance on Intraword Characteristics and Interword Constraints for Beginning Reading Achievement

AbstractThis study investigated the relative importance of use of intraword characteristics and interword relationships for beginning reading achievement. The model for statistical analysis was multivariate multiple regression. Vocabulary and comprehension achievement were dependent variables; IQ was a control variable; using oral reading error analysis, reliance on intraword characteristics was represented by a Graphic Similarity Index and a Sound Similarity Index, and reliance on interword relationships was represented by a Grammatical Relationships Index. The results support the contention that dependence on within-word characteristics is more important for beginning reading success than is reliance on between-word analysis. The findings are related to two contrasting theories of reading instruction.

Structure, Stability, and Efficiency of Ecosystem [I] [II] [III

Ecosystem is treated as an energy transducer, the input of which is solar radiation and the output is thermal energy. Three approaches from three different aspects of the ecosystem, structure, stability and efficiency are applied and developed. The most of the part [I] concerns to structure, where a new graphical index that measures quantitatively the food web structure is introduced. The last section of the part [I] and the whole of the part [II] are devoted to the stability, where after a concise review of the stability theorems, fairly powerful stability criteria with respect to the looped and nonlooped food webs are given in detail and furthermore the stability of the spatial distribution is discussed. As to the efficiency, a new treatment is proposed and developed all over this article, especially in part [III], which insists that the time change of the ecosystem is divided into two processes, one of which is dynamical process during short time scale and the other is successional process during long time scale, and that the successional process proceeds so as to minimize the Margalef's gross turn over rate. According to this new treatment, various quantities of model system are calculated and compared with the field data of Silver Springs by Odum.

The quantitative relationship between anxiety-depressive states and the triiodothyronine I-131 binding capacity of alpha and beta globulins—A biochemical test and graphic index for investigation of protein-hormonal physiology in psychiatric disorders

The quantitative relationship between anxiety-depressive states and the triiodothyronine I-131 binding capacity of alpha and beta globulins—A biochemical test and graphic index for investigation of protein-hormonal physiology in psychiatric disorders

SEROLOGIC INDICES OF MENTAL DISORDERS.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ArticleNo AccessSEROLOGIC INDICES OF MENTAL DISORDERSHOWARD D. KURLANDHOWARD D. KURLANDSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Apr 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.121.9.909AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail PDFThis content is only available as a PDF. Access content To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. Personal login Institutional Login Sign in via OpenAthens Purchase Save for later Item saved, go to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry $35.00 Add to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry Checkout Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability. Not a subscriber? Subscribe Now / Learn More PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByJournal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 9, No. 1The quantitative relationship between anxiety-depressive states and the triiodothyronineI-131 binding capacity of alpha and beta globulins—A biochemical test and graphic index for investigation of protein-hormonal physiology in psychiatric disordersJournal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 6, No. 2 Volume 121Issue 9 March 1965Pages 909-911 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2006 Published in print 1 March 1965