Graphical Figures Research Articles

Investigation of convective heat transport in a Carreau hybrid nanofluid between two stretchable rotatory disks

Abstract Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) have outstanding energy transfer capabilities that are comparable to mono-nanofluids. Materials had appliances in obvious fields such as heat generation, micropower generation, and solar collectors. The objective of this study is to investigate the new aspects of convective heat transfer in an electrically conducting Carreau HNF situated between two parallel discs. In addition to the presumed stretchability and rotation of the discs, physical phenomena like nonlinear radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule dissipation, and heat generation and absorption are considered. The Cu and TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil to understand the intricate phenomenon of hybridization. The Tiwari and Das nanofluid model is employed to model the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) and then simplified using boundary layer approximation. The suitable transformations of similarity variables are defined and implemented to change the set of formulated PDEs into ordinary differential equations. The reduced system is solved semi-analytically by the homotopy analysis method. The influences of involving physical parameters on the velocity and temperature are plotted with the help of graphical figures. This study brings forth a significant contribution by uncovering novel flow features that have previously remained unexplored. By addressing a well-defined problem, our research provides valuable insights into the enhancement of thermal transport, with direct implications for diverse engineering devices such as solar collectors, heat exchangers, and microelectronics.

Magnetoacoustics and magnetic quantization of Fermi states in relativistic plasmas

Abstract Dispersive characteristics of electromagnetic sound waves with frequencies less than the electron and ion gyro-frequencies are studied herein analytically and numerically at astrophysical scales. Magnetic quantization of Fermi states is concerned with the degenerate relativistic electrons fluid treated by quantum hydrodynamic model (QHD). The quantum features are included from Landau quantized Fermi pressure dependent upon the dc magnetic field, whereas the ions are treated as nondegenerate and classical. The numerical analysis verifies the analytical results. The phase speed of magnetosonic waves for relativistic degenerate plasma typically for white dwarf stars parameters is depicted from the graphical figures. In this manuscript, an overlooked feature of quantization, that is Landau quantization, is mainly focused for magnetoacoustics in plasmas.

A computational study of the calendering processes using Oldroyd 8-constant fluid with slip effects

The analyses of the calendering processes using Oldroyd 8-constant fluid model with the non-linear slip condition effects are discussed in this paper. To model the flow equations for the study of calendering, we utilized the conservation of mass, momentum equations, and Oldroyd 8-constant model. The final equations are reduced into fourth order differential equations by utilizing lubrication approximation theory (LAT). MATLAB’s built-in function bvp4c is employed to calculate the stream function and the fluid velocity. Furthermore, pressure gradient, pressure, and mechanical quantities of calendering processes are obtained by fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The effects of the slip and material parameters of Oldroyd 8-constant fluid on the physical quantities related to calendering are illustrated via graphical figures. The presence of slip is resistive to length of contract and pressure distribution. On the other hand the pressure showed the increasing trend with increase the value of material parameter ([Formula: see text]). The engineering quantity such as force function show decreasing with increase the values of the slip parameter K. As evident from the study, the material parameters play a crucial role in controlling the pressure, thereby influencing the final sheet thickness and separating force. With an increase in the material parameter [Formula: see text], both the sheet thickness and roll-separating force show a corresponding increase.

Thermodynamic properties of Second-grade micropolar nanofluid flow past an exponential curved Riga stretching surface with Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion

In the current study, second-grade micropolar nanofluid flow past an exponential curved Riga sheet in the presence of Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion is studied. The slip impacts are considered. The model of governing equations in PDE’s (Partial Differential Equations) form is formulated because of the boundary layer approximation. The suitable transformations of similarity variables are defined to implement the approach of Lie symmetry method to change the set of formulated PDE’s into ODE’s. Then bvp4c scheme is adopted to numerically describe the dimensionless expressions of ODE’s. The influences of involving physical factors on the velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration distributions are plotted with the help of graphical figures. Numerical findings of involved parametric impacts against physically interested quantities which are skin friction, couple stress, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are comprehensively described in tabular format. A comparison with the literature work is also conducted to check the validity of modeled problem. The values of velocity are found to be diminishing by an increment of second-grade parameter. The values of shear thickening increased and fluid viscosity enlarged but the increment of second-grade parameter ultimately fluid velocity reduced at Riga stretching curved sheet.

Computational analysis of thermoelastic vibrations of functionally graded nonlocal nanobeam excited by thermal shock

Functionally graded materials are widely used in the aerospace, nuclear, and aviation industries because of their exceptional properties. The progressive and continuous variation in elastic and thermal characteristics across its surfaces reduces thermal stress within the material and increases its endurance. To study how functionally gradient thermoelastic nanobeams interact with abrupt heat in the context of nonclassical thermoelasticity with phase delays, this study introduces a new mathematical model incorporating memory-dependent derivatives. A heat transfer equation based on memory-dependent derivatives with two delay times can be formulated by combining Eringen’s assumptions, the Hamiltonian principle, and Euler–Bernoulli’s theory. The analytical solutions for the domains of the system were obtained in the field of the Laplace transform. The distributions of physical fields such as temperature, displacement, deflection, and flexural moment were found numerically using an approximation algorithm. Through the discussion of the computational results and the graphical figures, the effects of effective parameters such as kernel functions, time delay, and nonlocal quantum were indicated. Moreover, a comparison of the current thermal conductivity model with existing classical and nonclassical thermal conductivity models was established to confirm the proposed model.

Applicability of BIM-IoT-GIS integrated digital twins for post occupancy evaluations

Post Occupancy Evaluations (POE) provided a systematic methodology for determining the performance gap between expected and actual performance. Monitoring quality of the indoor environment is essential for understanding building performance in relation to occupant health, wellbeing, and comfort. Because of the global COVID-19 pandemic, researchers faced numerous issues accessing the building for collecting data and making spot measurements of the indoor environment. Technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT), and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have the potential to address existing challenges for data collection, analysis, and visualization in post occupancy evaluations. This study aims to explore the applications of a BIM-IoT-GIS-integrated digital twin for post occupancy evaluations. First, high-level use case scenarios are developed to derive system requirements for a digital twin platform. Second, four tests are conducted that provide a step-by-step procedure for BIM-IoT-GIS integration. Third, the integration is validated by geo-reference checks, data transfer checks, and visual checks. Based on the tests, a streamlined workflow is recommended for similar/future projects. The results demonstrate that Revit-ArcGIS Pro integration meets the system requirements for post occupancy evaluations. Moreover, as shown in the graphical abstract (Figure), the spatial-temporal capabilities of ArcGIS Pro enable continuous monitoring and visualization of building performance in 4D. In conclusion, BIM-IoT-GIS integration can provide a solid foundation for developing a centralized digital twin for post occupancy evaluations and enables researcher to collect and analyze the data without being physically present in the building.

Not only a mild winter: German consumers change their behavior to save natural gas

Alexander Roth is a research associate at the Energy, Transportation, Environment Department at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). He is also a PhD student at the DIW’s Graduate Center. His research interests lie in the fields of energy economics focusing on the integration of renewable energies into the energy system using numerical and empirical methods. He holds a Master of Science in economics from the University of Mannheim and a Master of Science in quantitative economics from the Free University of Brussels (ULB) and a Bachelor of Science in economics from the University of Mannheim. Graphical Abstract View Large Image Figure Viewer Download Hi-res image Felix Schmidt is a research associate at the Energy, Transportation, Environment Department at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). He is also a PhD student at the DIW’s Graduate Center. His research interests lie in the fields of energy economics and operations research for power systems. Felix holds a Master of Science in economics and finance from Copenhagen Business School and a Bachelor of Science in economics from University of Cologne. Alexander Roth is a research associate at the Energy, Transportation, Environment Department at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). He is also a PhD student at the DIW’s Graduate Center. His research interests lie in the fields of energy economics focusing on the integration of renewable energies into the energy system using numerical and empirical methods. He holds a Master of Science in economics from the University of Mannheim and a Master of Science in quantitative economics from the Free University of Brussels (ULB) and a Bachelor of Science in economics from the University of Mannheim. Felix Schmidt is a research associate at the Energy, Transportation, Environment Department at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). He is also a PhD student at the DIW’s Graduate Center. His research interests lie in the fields of energy economics and operations research for power systems. Felix holds a Master of Science in economics and finance from Copenhagen Business School and a Bachelor of Science in economics from University of Cologne.

Formative Dimensions for Green and Sustainable Chemical Education: A Qualitative Evaluation Tool of the Formative Level of Experimental Processes

This paper addresses the fundamentals, structuring, and application of a Formative Dimensions for Green and Sustainable Chemical Education (Formative Dimensions – GSCE) qualitative evaluation tool of experimental processes. This instrument was created considering the need to resignify laboratory practices in Chemical Education. Qualitative research conducted in a case study format analyzed its functionality considering two experimental proposals developed by students of “Green Chemistry” and “Experimentation in Chemical Education” disciplines in their initial course at a federal Higher Education Institution located in the State of São Paulo. The analyses of the dimensions identified and the graphic figures in the experiments revealed the essential elements that make a formative experiment. Formative Dimensions – GSCE aims at evaluations of the scopes and limits of experimental activities by teachers, students, and other educational agents and identification of aspects related to techniques and didactics for an individual’s socio-scientific formation.

Analytical and numerical solutions with bifurcation analysis for the nonlinear evolution equation in (2+1)-dimensions

This paper is focused on the nonlinear evolution equation in (2+1)-dimensions which is found in different engineering and scientific areas. Many sets of exact soliton solutions of the nonlinear evolution equation in (2+1)-dimensions are presented via two analytical methods such as the Kudryashov method and the G′G-expansion method. Numerical solutions based on the finite difference method are introduced. The bifurcation analysis of solitary wave solutions is exhibited. Our analytical and numerical results are compared and illustrate them through some tables and graphical figures.

How sport teaches values? The specific ability of intense bodily commitment to enhance norm adherence

How sport teaches values? The specific ability of intense bodily commitment to enhance norm adherence

Effects of graphical presentation of benefits on cognitive judgments induced by affect heuristic: Focusing on the acceptance of genetically modified foods

Genetically modified (GM) foods have been assumed to be seen through intuitive and affective routes (i.e., affect heuristics) rather than analytical and deliberative routes. We examined the impact of the graphical presentation of benefits derived from GM or conventionally bred foods on the acceptance of these varieties. In the two experiments (n = 266 for study 1 and n = 402 for study 2), no differences emerged in the estimation of farmers' benefits resulting from the introduction of improved varieties by the type of improvement. However, there were statistically significant differences in the magnitude of risk and the degree of acceptance of the improved varieties. Therefore, despite presenting identical benefits as a graphical figure, GM foods were consistently evaluated as providing higher risk and were less frequently accepted than conventionally bred foods. These results suggest that while the graphical presentation of benefits may promote comprehension of some advantages of the introduction of GM varieties, this may not lead to acceptance from the consumer's point of view. Based on the current findings, as well as previous studies on trust in risk managers, we discuss the specific factors that might promote acceptance of GM products.

Thermal vibrations of complex-generatrix shells made of sandwich CNTRC sheets on both sides and open/closed cellular functionally graded porous core

This article investigates dynamical characteristics of complex-generatrix cylindrical shells (CGCS) made of advanced composite with profiles defined by mathematical functions. The sandwich composite consists of an open/closed cellular functionally graded porous core, which is assumed to perfectly bond to two thin carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) face-sheets at two sides of the CGCS. Three different kinds of porosity distribution, as well as three CNT reinforcement configs variating through the thickness dimension are considered. By utilizing the classical shell theory and Von Karman–Donnell’s geometrical nonlinearity assumption, the displacement system of equations is established and then Galerkin’s method is utilized to solve the nonlinear governing differential equation, therefore fundamental frequencies and nonlinear dynamic behaviors are achieved. The effects of geometrical parameters, material distribution, thermal environment, and the elastic foundation are demonstrated in numerical tables and graphical figures. This paper is expected to contribute knowledge for science and technology of materials and structures.

An epidemiology model involving high-order linear Fredholm integro-differential-difference equations via a novel balancing collocation technique

In this study, the approximations of the higher order linear Fredholm integro-differential-difference equations (IDDEs), with the mixed conditions, have been performed by a new collocation technique based on the balancing polynomials. In particular, an attempt has been made to transform the linear IDDEs and the given boundary conditions into matrix equations which corresponds to a system of linear algebraic equations via the proposed procedure. In addition to that, the solutions obtained by the proposed numerical methodology have been analogized with the exact solutions and the error has been registered to manifest the accuracy of the solutions. Furthermore, the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed scheme have been illustrated by some numerical experiments. In addition to that, the error analysis of the technique has been performed along with the investigation of the error function for the improved approximate solutions for the IDDEs. In particular, the rate of approximation of the balancing polynomials has been deduced and the numerical accuracy of the suggested technique has been demonstrated. Apart from that, the absolute errors have been tabulated and graphical figures have been depicted for the solutions obtained via the proposed technique.

On the dynamics of multi-closed-chain robotic mechanisms

Here, a recursive technique based on the Gibbs–Appell (G–A) and the Newton’s impact formulas for dynamic modeling of multi-closed-loop mechanisms has been presented. Each closed loop of the said mechanisms comprises an arbitrary number of rigid links. The challenges encountered in the present research are the following: (1) the relatively large number of the dependent generalized coordinates, (2) how to deal with the holonomic constraints that govern each closed loop in the mentioned mechanisms, (3) dealing with the end effectors of these systems in a way that does not cause any restriction in the recursive method presented, and (4) considering the dynamic coupling between the loops of such linkages. In this article, all these challenges have been responded through the presented dynamic equations and graphical figures. Although the stated equations are valid for all types of linkages belonging to this class of robotic systems, a 4RRR mechanism has been selected as the case study in this work. This research is concluded by simulating the movements of the abovementioned mechanism in the impact and non-impact phases and validating the responses of the system by means of the work and energy principles.

BECOMING A RACE CONSCIOUS LEADER

AbstractThe author notes that “Race Conscious Leadership is your invitation to unravel the racial narratives you didn’t choose, but for which you are now responsible.” She explains that it is “the practice of cultivating an ongoing, nuanced awareness of racial history, racial identity, and racial justice in one’s organizational life.” In a graphic Figure, she presents “The Insight‐Action Axis for Effective Race Conscious Leadership.” This depicts, for instance, in her words “A culture of the past (low in insight, low in action), A culture of learning (high in insight, low in action).” In further definitions, she says that “Cultures of learning are marked by acquiring information, finding stories, and sharing ideas.” Also: “Cultures of the future are environments where race conscious leaders are committed to expanding their insights and engaging in meaningful actions.” She also outlines 10 habits of race conscious leaders. Some are in her words: #1. Race conscious leaders are peacemakers, not peacekeepers. #2. Race conscious leaders make themselves accountable. #3. Race conscious leaders think collectively and individually. #4. Race conscious leaders are relentlessly self‐aware. #5. Race conscious leaders are truth tellers. #6. Race conscious leaders filter their decisions through the lens of equity and justice.

Trends in dental visits during the state of emergency for COVID-19 in Japan: a retrospective observational study

ObjectivesTo determine national medium-term trends in dental visits during three COVID-19 emergency declaration periods in Japan and to analyse how these trends varied according to prefectural emergency measures and COVID-19...

Patient-reported outcome measures to detect intentional, mixed, or unintentional non-adherence to medication: a systematic review

ObjectiveTo categorise patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) into their propensity to detect intentional and/or unintentional non-adherence to medication, and synthesise their psychometric properties.DesignSystematic review and regression analysis.EligibilityMedication adherence levels studied at...

In Vivo and In Vitro Efficacy of Enhertu in Uterine Serous Carcinoma (047)

Objectives: Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive subtype of epithelial endometrial cancer, comprising approximately 40% of endometrial cancer-related deaths. HER2 overexpression is detected in about 35% of patients with USC. Enhertu is a novel humanized monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody (trastuzumab) linked to the topoisomerase I inhibitor payload deruxtecan by a cleavable linker. Enhertu is FDA-approved for HER2-expressing metastatic breast and gastric cancers; however, its efficacy has not been tested in endometrial cancer. The objective of this study was to study the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Enhertu in USC. Methods: HER2 expression was analyzed with flow cytometry in primary USC cell lines: ARK2, ARK4, ARK7, and ARK20. Cell lines were treated with 0.05, 0.010, 0.025, 0.05, 0.2 μg/ml of Enhertu or Control antibody-drug conjugate (Control ADC). The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was assessed by counting the viable cells using a flow cytometer. Apoptosis and necrosis were assessed with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining. GFP-expressing ARK4 (ARK4-GFP) cells were co-cultured with ARK2 cells for the bystander effect assay. For in vivo experiments, eight million ARK2 cells were injected subcutaneously into SCID mice. Animals were randomized to intravenous injection of PBS (n=5), control ADC (4 mg/kg, n=6) or Enhertu (4 mg/kg, n=5) treatment. Kruskal Wallis, Friedman, and Log Rank tests were used for statistical analysis. Graphical Abstract View Large Image Figure Viewer Download Hi-res image Graphical Abstract View Large Image Figure Viewer Download Hi-res image Conclusions: Enhertu showed significant preclinical efficacy against HER2 overexpressing uterine serous carcinoma cell lines. Further clinical trials in USC are warranted. Objectives: Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive subtype of epithelial endometrial cancer, comprising approximately 40% of endometrial cancer-related deaths. HER2 overexpression is detected in about 35% of patients with USC. Enhertu is a novel humanized monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody (trastuzumab) linked to the topoisomerase I inhibitor payload deruxtecan by a cleavable linker. Enhertu is FDA-approved for HER2-expressing metastatic breast and gastric cancers; however, its efficacy has not been tested in endometrial cancer. The objective of this study was to study the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Enhertu in USC. Methods: HER2 expression was analyzed with flow cytometry in primary USC cell lines: ARK2, ARK4, ARK7, and ARK20. Cell lines were treated with 0.05, 0.010, 0.025, 0.05, 0.2 μg/ml of Enhertu or Control antibody-drug conjugate (Control ADC). The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was assessed by counting the viable cells using a flow cytometer. Apoptosis and necrosis were assessed with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining. GFP-expressing ARK4 (ARK4-GFP) cells were co-cultured with ARK2 cells for the bystander effect assay. For in vivo experiments, eight million ARK2 cells were injected subcutaneously into SCID mice. Animals were randomized to intravenous injection of PBS (n=5), control ADC (4 mg/kg, n=6) or Enhertu (4 mg/kg, n=5) treatment. Kruskal Wallis, Friedman, and Log Rank tests were used for statistical analysis. Conclusions: Enhertu showed significant preclinical efficacy against HER2 overexpressing uterine serous carcinoma cell lines. Further clinical trials in USC are warranted.

Into the future: a pilot study combining imaging with molecular profiling for preoperative prediction of resectability in ovarian cancer (068)

Objectives: We sought to determine the joint predictive value of tumor molecular subtype and CT imaging data in predicting surgical outcomes prior to primary debulking surgery (PDS) in Stage IIIC/IV high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Methods: Patients undergoing PDS for Stage IIIC/IV were included. Based on CT imaging, a continuous CT-score indicative of overall disease burden was defined based on six CT measurements of anatomic involvement: (1) diaphragm disease; (2) gastrohepatic/porta hepatis; (3) root of superior mesenteric artery; (4) presence of moderate to severe ascites; (5) intrahepatic lesion, and (6) diffuse peritoneal thickening > 4mm. Patients were then classified as CT-low or CT-high if their score was ≤2 or ≥3, respectively. Molecular subtypes were derived from mRNA profiling of chemo-naïve tumors; women were classified as having mesenchymal (MES) subtype or non-MES subtype tumors. Patients were classified as having no gross residual disease (RD0) or any gross residual disease less than 1 cm (RD1), or gross residual disease greater than 1 cm (RD2). Multivariate regression models were fit to predict RD. The four cohorts, (i) non-MES & CT-low, (ii) non-MES & CT-high, (iii) MES & CT-low, and (iv) MES & CT-high, were compared with Fisher’s exact tests to examine the association with RD and surgical complexity. Graphical Abstract View Large Image Figure Viewer Download Hi-res image Conclusions: Preoperative CT imaging combined with tumor molecular subtyping can identify a subset of women for whom successful primary surgery is unlikely. Preoperative tumor sampling may be useful in advanced OC to better triage these cases to alternative approaches. Objectives: We sought to determine the joint predictive value of tumor molecular subtype and CT imaging data in predicting surgical outcomes prior to primary debulking surgery (PDS) in Stage IIIC/IV high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Methods: Patients undergoing PDS for Stage IIIC/IV were included. Based on CT imaging, a continuous CT-score indicative of overall disease burden was defined based on six CT measurements of anatomic involvement: (1) diaphragm disease; (2) gastrohepatic/porta hepatis; (3) root of superior mesenteric artery; (4) presence of moderate to severe ascites; (5) intrahepatic lesion, and (6) diffuse peritoneal thickening > 4mm. Patients were then classified as CT-low or CT-high if their score was ≤2 or ≥3, respectively. Molecular subtypes were derived from mRNA profiling of chemo-naïve tumors; women were classified as having mesenchymal (MES) subtype or non-MES subtype tumors. Patients were classified as having no gross residual disease (RD0) or any gross residual disease less than 1 cm (RD1), or gross residual disease greater than 1 cm (RD2). Multivariate regression models were fit to predict RD. The four cohorts, (i) non-MES & CT-low, (ii) non-MES & CT-high, (iii) MES & CT-low, and (iv) MES & CT-high, were compared with Fisher’s exact tests to examine the association with RD and surgical complexity. Conclusions: Preoperative CT imaging combined with tumor molecular subtyping can identify a subset of women for whom successful primary surgery is unlikely. Preoperative tumor sampling may be useful in advanced OC to better triage these cases to alternative approaches.

Equivalent dynamic stiffnesses and 3D wave propagations of a transversely isotropic elastic ground in rocking and torsional interactions with a harmonically loaded rigid foundation

An advanced theoretical formulation along with a robust numerical evaluation method are employed to study the 3 D wave propagations and equivalent dynamic stiffnesses of a transversely isotropic elastic ground in rocking and torsional interactions with a harmonically loaded rigid foundation. Using appropriate dynamic Green’s functions presented in the literature, the rocking and torsional harmonic oscillations of the foundation are formulated analytically in terms of several Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Then the dynamic stiffnesses and flexibilities are presented analytically for rocking and torsional oscillations. To validate the analytical results, they are reduced to two simpler cases reported in the literature: the static problem and the case of isotropic materials. The semi-infinite integrals appeared in the solutions are evaluated numerically by utilizing the contour integration and residue theorem along with several commands of the Mathematica software. A complete discussion on the elastic wave propagations due to oscillations of the foundation are presented and a detailed comparison is performed between different waves propagate within the half-space and full-space elastic grounds including the P, SV, SH and the Rayleigh waves. Our results showed that due to rocking oscillation of the foundation, the Rayleigh wave does not propagate in the full-space medium but it propagates in the half-space medium. However due to torsional oscillation, the Rayleigh wave does not propagate neither in the full-space nor in the half-space elastic medium. In addition, due to rocking oscillation, the body waves including P, SV and SH propagate within both half-space and full-space elastic mediums; but due to torsional oscillation, only SH-wave propagates within both full-space and half-space elastic mediums. In some tables, numerical values and mathematical formulas for the dimensionless wave numbers and wave velocities are provided for the P, SV, SH and the Rayleigh waves. The Gaussian quadrature method is implemented for definite integrals appeared in the dynamic stiffnesses. Some graphical figures are provided to represent the dimensionless rocking and torsional dynamic stiffnesses and flexibilities versus the dimensionless frequency for different transversely isotropic materials. The effects of anisotropy of materials and the frequency of excitations on the responses are discussed. The results presented in this paper including the dynamic stiffnesses and wave propagations have direct applications in dynamic soil-structure interaction analyses in civil engineering.