Graphic Documentation Research Articles

Realidad y representación de las fortificaciones en el siglo xvi. Los proyectos del Fratín para la ciudadela de Pamplona

The design and construction of the citadel of Pamplona required the delineation of numerous drawings by the most prestigious military engineers of the time. After the initial draft, prepared by Jacobo Palear Fratín in 1571, numerous disputes about technical aspects of the design of citadels happened between the different schools and family sagas. The search for the perfect machine of defence and the solution of the conflict between the different design opinions, forced to develop an increasingly accurate maps. Through this graphic documentation, the Council of War could take appropriate decisions in the distance, always under the paradigm of the citadel of Antwerp. The existing intimate relationship between written discourse and the image discourse in each project makes possible to reconstruct the history of the building.

Fuzzy Multilevel Graph Embedding for Recognition, Indexing and Retrieval of Graphic Document Images

This thesis addresses the problem of lack of efficient computational tools for graph based structural pattern recognition approaches and proposes to exploit computational strength of statistical pattern recognition. It has two fold contributions. The first contribution is a new method of explicit graph embedding. The proposed graph embedding method exploits multilevel analysis of graph for extracting graph level information, structural level information and elementary level information from graphs. It embeds this information into a numeric feature vector. The method employs fuzzy overlapping trapezoidal intervals for addressing the noise sensitivity of graph representations and for minimizing the information loss while mapping from continuous graph space to discrete vector space. The method has unsupervised learning abilities and is capable of automatically adapting its parameters to underlying graph dataset. The second contribution is a framework for automatic indexing of graph repositories for graph retrieval and subgraph spotting. This framework exploits explicit graph embedding for representing the cliques of order 2 by numeric feature vectors, together with classification and clustering tools for automatically indexing a graph repository. It does not require a labeled learning set and can be easily deployed to a range of application domains, offering ease of query by example (QBE) and granularity of focused retrieval.

Cultural Heritage: An example of graphical documentation with automated photogrammetric systems

Abstract. In the field of Cultural Heritage, the use of automated photogrammetric systems, based on Structure from Motion techniques (SfM), is widely used, in particular for the study and for the documentation of the ancient ruins. This work has been carried out during the PhD cycle that was produced the "Carta Archeologica del territorio intorno al monte Massico". The study suggests the archeological documentation of the mausoleum "Torre del Ballerino" placed in the south-west area of Falciano del Massico, along the Via Appia. The graphic documentation has been achieved by using photogrammetric system (Image Based Modeling) and by the classical survey with total station, Nikon Nivo C. The data acquisition was carried out through digital camera Canon EOS 5D Mark II with Canon EF 17–40 mm f/4L USM @ 20 mm with images snapped in RAW and corrected in Adobe Lightroom. During the data processing, the camera calibration and orientation was carried out by the software Agisoft Photoscans and the final result has allowed to achieve a scaled 3D model of the monument, imported in software MeshLab for the different view. Three orthophotos in jpg format were extracted by the model, and then were imported in AutoCAD obtaining façade’s surveys.

A multi-range approach for Cultural Heritage survey: a case study in Mantua Unesco site

Abstract. In this paper, a Cultural Heritage survey, performed by employing and integrating different type of acquisition technologies (imagebased and active sensor based) is presented. The aim of the survey is to create a 3D multiscale database, therefore, different restitution scales, from the architectural-urban one to a detail one are taken in consideration. This research is part of a project financed by the Unesco for the study of historical gardens located in Mantua and Sabbioneta, and in particular for the Palazzo Te renaissance gardens in Mantua, which are reported in this paper. First of all, a general survey of the area has been realized by employing the classical aerial photogrammetry in order to provide the actual arboreal and urban furniture conditions of the gardens (1:500 scale). Next, a detailed photogrammetric survey of the Esedra courtyard in Palazzo Te has been performed by using a UAV system. At the end, laser scanning and traditional topography have been used for the terrestrial detailed acquisition of gardens and architectural façades (1:50–1:20 scale). The aim of this research is to create a suitable graphical documentation support for the study of the structure of the gardens, to analyze how they have been modified over the years and as an effective support for eventual future re-design. Moreover, the research has involved a certain number of botanic and archeological investigations, which have been duly acquired and modeled with image based systems. Starting from the acquired datasets with their acquisition scales, a series of comparative analysis have been performed, especially for those areas in which all the systems have been employed. The comparisons have been extracted by analyzing point cloud models obtained by using a topographical network. As a result, the multi-range approach efficiency, obtained by employing the actual available technologies have been illustrated in the present work.

Virtual Anastylosis of the Arch of Titus at Circus Maximus in Rome

The methodology presented in this paper, based on the 3d modeling of fragments and the use of a 3D GIS, has studied some of the procedures for the virtual reconstruction of archaeological complex sites, such as the Arch of Titus. This method is based on the factorization of the reconstruction process in a planimetric anastylosis, a following altimetric anastylosis and a three-dimensional volumetric anastylosis that brings together information derived from the first two. Our research also makes use of existing traditional graphic documentation, from which it takes its cue.

Materials to the Zygnemaceae of Poland. IV. Spirogyra australica Czurda - a species new in Poland

<i>Spirogyra australica</i> Czurda 1932 was identified in a sample taken from a small pond in the Arboretum in Rogowo (Skierniewice Voivodship) on June 17, 1986. The diagnosis of this species has been supplemented with data on the width of vegetative cells, the dimensions of zygotes and the development of the conjugation tube. <i>S. australica</i> has been reported in Europe only in the Federal Republic of Germany (Bock and Bock 1956, Arch. Hydrobiol. 52). The figures presented in this report are the first graphic documentation of this species.

La Torre de las Palomas en el Monasterio de la Murta, estudio y análisis de sus trazas constructivas

The architectural element with the greatest iconographic significance in the Monasterio de la Murta is the Torre de las Palomas (Dove Tower) And so because of its importance as an architectural and landscape element, before restoration, comprehensive documentation is needed to provide an understanding of the building. As part of the work of interpretation, sufficient graphic documentation has been required to determine the original morphology, especially as regards the interior levels and systems of vertical communication. The data obtained has enabled sections to be redrawn, which has provided an overall perception of existing lines and has made it possible to generate a hypothesis on the tower’s original construction.

A METHOD FOR VIRTUAL ANASTYLOSIS: THE CASE OF THE ARCH OF TITUS AT THE CIRCUS MAXIMUS IN ROME

Abstract. This paper is the first report about the development of a methodology for the virtual Anastylosis of elements belonging to an archaeological site, based on the 3d modeling of fragments. This research is the result of the cooperation between Università Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura and Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali; several 3D survey, modeling, information systems and archaeology experts were involved. The purpose of the research was to study the complex and stratified site of the Arch of Titus at the Circus Maximus aiming, first of all, at completing the existing traditional graphic documentation using cataloguing and survey innovative methodologies, and, secondly, at supporting new proposals for the reconstruction and Anastylosis of the Arch itself. This tested methodology whose fundamental element is the three-dimensional textured model of each fragment, can also be used in other sites and contexts.

A 3D GIS METHOD APPLIED TO CATALOGING AND RESTORING: THE CASE OF AURELIAN WALLS AT ROME

Abstract. The project involves architecture, archaeology, restoration, graphic documentation and computer imaging. The objective is development of a method for documentation of an architectural feature, based on a three-dimensional model obtained through laser scanning technologies, linked to a database developed in GIS environment. The case study concerns a short section of Rome's Aurelian walls, including the Porta Latina. The city walls are Rome's largest single architectural monument, subject to continuous deterioration, modification and maintenance since their original construction beginning in 271 AD. The documentation system provides a flexible, precise and easily-applied instrument for recording the full appearance, materials, stratification palimpsest and conservation status, in order to identify restoration criteria and intervention priorities, and to monitor and control the use and conservation of the walls over time. The project began with an analysis and documentation campaign integrating direct, traditional recording methods with indirect, topographic instrument and 3D laser scanning recording. These recording systems permitted development of a geographic information system based on three-dimensional modelling of separate, individual elements, linked to a database and related to the various stratigraphic horizons, the construction techniques, the component materials and their state of degradation. The investigations of the extant wall fabric were further compared to historic documentation, from both graphic and descriptive sources. The resulting model constitutes the core of the GIS system for this specific monument. The methodology is notable for its low cost, precision, practicality and thoroughness, and can be applied to the entire Aurelian wall and to other monuments.

Vorstellung einer Software zur Erfassung von stationären Tagesdruckprofilen bei Glaukompatienten

The aim of diurnal pressure profiles is clarification of therapy safety and the diagnosis of glaucoma. The evaluation of intraocular pressure curves is part of the running assessment. In order to support this evaluation software has been developed which, in addition to the digital presentation of intraocular pressure curves corrected for corneal thickness also allows immediate statistical assessment. After specifying a target pressure it also allows deduction of possible therapy recommendations based on the resulting intraocular pressure values, the cup/disc ratio and the number of antiglaucoma agents given. In this study two collectives were investigated: in the first collective, in addition to the previously determined diagnoses, the intraocular pressure, number and time of measurements, predetermined target pressure, cup/disc ratio and corneal thickness-dependent correction values were evaluated. After completing a scoring system with respect to agreement of the clinical therapy suggestions with those suggestions calculated by the software, the second collective was compared after termination of the diurnal pressure profile. Concordance was found in 73 out of 88 eyes. The digital collation system for profile measurement was found to be very well suited for graphical and clinical documentation of diurnal pressure profile curves. Therapy decisions can be deduced from the available data and supported by the software.

Nieves, hielos y aguas en los paisajes de Sierra Nevada : el interés de la información gráfica de los libros de época

The graphical documentation from ancient books is valuable in the landscape’s geographical interpretation of Spanish Sierra Nevada. Water, snow and ice are fundamental in the reconstruction and scientific explanation of the Little Ice Age. The ideas and interpretations that are included in the paper (centuries XVII-XIX) stress the gradual progress of the cartography and emphasize the advance of the scientific knowledge of Sierra Nevada summit landscape.

From Hand Survey to 3D Laser Scanning: A Discussion for Non-Technical Users of Heritage Documentation

Digital technology has changed our approaches to cultural heritage documentation radically and promises to continue to bring rapid changes. Photographic and non-photographic (graphic) documentation tools are merging in one process, in which digital photographic technology is the main base. Due to digital technology, there is an increasing gap between specialist technicians and non-technical users involved in heritage documentation. 3D approaches are still not popular among users in cultural heritage. However, in order to build a bridge between the specialist and non-technical users, a dialogue between them needs to be developed, not only to discuss issues of data precision and 3D accuracy, but also visualization production systems, which can now easily be achieved by modern digital photographic technology.This paper presents a comparative evaluation and synthesis of cultural heritage documentation methods and survey techniques currently available, focusing on the needs and requirements of non-technical users of heritage documentation. It attempts to clarify some new aspects in cultural heritage documentation and to assess the impact of current technology. The paper undertakes a comparative evaluation of the potential application of digital methods in documentation — and examines issues such as quality, accuracy, time, costs and specific skills required — from pre-electronic techniques (hand measurement) to 3D laser scanning, which today represents the most advanced technology available for measuring and documenting objects, structures and landscapes.

Computer Tool for Automatically Generated 3D Illustration in Real Time from Archaeological Scanned Pieces

<p>The graphical documentation process of archaeological pieces requires the active involvement of a professional artist to recreate beautiful illustrations using a wide variety of expressive techniques. Frequently, the artist’s work is limited by the inconvenience of working only with the photographs of the pieces he is going to illustrate. This paper presents a software tool that allows the easy generation of illustrations in real time from 3D scanned models. The developed interface allows the user to simulate very elaborate artistic styles through the creation of diagrams by using the available virtual lights. The software processes the diagrams to render an illustration from any given angle or position. Among the available virtual lights, there are well known techniques as silhouettes enhancement, hatching or toon shading.</p>

Gas-Adsorption Indicator Method for NDT and Surface-Defect Characterization

The gas-adsorption indicator method (GAIM) is a relatively unknown yet reliable technique for nondestructive testing (NDT) of engineering materials, and component parts. Invented in Russia, GAIM is a spin-off from the BURAN space program in the former Soviet Union. GAIM is inspired on a highly effective method to detect defects on the tiles of the thermal protection system (TPS) of BURAN and leakages through seals in compartment hatches of the spacecraft. This method involved the capture of gas molecules by a chemically treated sheet. Based on this technique, GAIM was derived and developed into an innovative penetrant technique (PT) for NDT and NDE of surfaces. GAIM offers clear advantages over more conventional PT methods and other techniques for surface NDT and NDE. GAIM proves to be more versatile, adaptable, considerably less expensive, safer, and more reliable. It allows fast inspections, detections, and characterization of surface anomalies, such as cracks, corrosion, and micro-porosity. The technique can be used in a wide variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, specialized coatings, and composites. The applicability of GAIM for NDE and NDT is ample, ranging from simple lab tests to field inspections of spacecraft, aircraft, and nuclear and conventional power plants. The underlying physical phenomena and researched theory behind the technique are presented and explained. The technique is also illustrated with graphical documentation, and application examples.

Definition of “Graphic Document” and its Typology in the Ukrainian Terminology

The basic terms and concepts, concerning definition of “graphic document” and “graphic edition”, and also their typology are considered in the paper. Author's vision of definition of graphic document and its types, differing by external and internal characteristics is presented.

3D Laser Scanning for Site Monitoring and Conservation in Lalibela World Heritage Site, Ethiopia

World Monuments Fund and UNESCO are collaborating in a project for the conservation and management of the living heritage site of Lalibela, in the Lasta mountains in Ethiopia. The site is still in use today and it is characterized by a series of deep trenches where churches have been carved out from the bedrock in the XII-XIII centuries. One of the first steps in the conservation initiative was the complete re-examination of the graphic documentation available. The pioneering work of architect Sandro Angelini in providing a complete map of the entire site served as a basis for a new complete survey of the site using laser scanners, photogrammetry, GPS and conventional survey methods. This approach was selected for the possibility to recreate 3D digital models of each structure and feature, to provide the conservators with baseline information for subsequent detailed assessments of the state of conservation of these elements, and, eventually, to use the digital data for education and presentation purposes. The paper describes the challenges met in the execution of one of the largest laser scanning project ever conducted in a cultural heritage site.

Lienzos del Salón de Abd al-Rahman III Madinat al-Zahra (Córdoba) y Dolmen de Menga en Antequera (Málaga), experiencias sobre digitalización 3D y divulgación de la documentación gráfica obtenida.

<p>There is no doubt about the importance of having a correct graphic documentation as a first step for planing interventions ahead and to facilitate scientific research. 3 D digitalization is widely used nowadays and its combination with other techniques allows for reliable photorealistic models,with broad capabilities for research and circulation. In this article we present two projects of 3D digitalization and virtual documentation where the present state of two archeological sites, Abd al- Rahman III de Madinat al-Zahra (Córdoba) wall faces and the Dolmen of Menga in Antequera (Málaga) are described.</p>

A feasibility study of pro-active cancer care in the community

BackgroundTwo million people in the UK live with cancer: this will double by 2030. Research which tests a primary care model of supporting this growing population from diagnosis to palliation...

Digital reconstruction of pavilions described in an ancient Indian architectural treatise

Digital documentation and reconstruction is a comparatively recent phenomenon in the history of architectural heritage documentation and conservation. It has emerged as a result of technological development, especially in computer applications that have extended our capabilities to cope up with the knowledge systems of increasing broad range and complexity. For most people, including architects, heritage and conservation mean historical buildings and their conservation. However, there is another facet to it that is not well recognized; the area of “literary architectural heritage, ” that is, the literature on historical architecture. In the literary architectural heritage of India, many architectural treatises are available for graphical documentation of the built examples described in them. This article aims to present digital graphical documentation of the pavilions described in the Mayamatam , an architectural treatise of ancient India. Research in this area will enrich the knowledge base of architecture. Having this information in a digital format like CAD drawings, virtual 3D models would result in better communication, storage, and retrieval for editing, modifications, and analysis. This digital documentation and representation provides the possibility of being used as a teaching aid for students and architects and also for recovering lost knowledge in the context of partially destroyed structures. For architects and designers, who constantly search for new ways, the digital presentation of ancient Indian pavilions provide a design tool for discovering new patterns to be used in contemporary architecture.

English

The relative question to the first uses of the concrete as a material of construction in the domain of building in Algeria, and especially in the city of Tlemcen, is the heart of the work that we intend to publish. The objective of this research is to illustrate the history of the evolution of the use of material concrete in the domain of construction in the city of Tlemcen. The applied methodology is to collect all information relative to the projects of construction made on concrete in the period spanning from 1892 to 2005 from the archives of the township of Tlemcen, and therefore, reach a bank of data that gathers all information referring to every project of construction in concrete, whose exploitation drove us to distinguish five periods where the processes of construction knew a certain number of evolutions, notably in relation to the historicity of the use of the material concrete. Moreover, inserting this bank of data in a card which situates the city of Tlemcen and while appropriating an adequate software to it, we were able to reach all information concerning the date of the project, society of realization, the materials of construction and processes, graphic documentation, etc. Key words: Archives, concrete, card, history, Tlemcen.