Graphene Oxide-silver Nanoparticle Research Articles

Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticle Nanohybrids: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties.

Drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms has become a global public health problem, which has prompted the development of new materials with antimicrobial properties. In this context, antimicrobial nanohybrids are an alternative due to their synergistic properties. In this study, we used an environmentally friendly one-step approach to synthesize graphene oxide (GO) decorated with silver nanoparticles (GO–AgNPs). By this process, spherical AgNPs of average size less than 4 nm homogeneously distributed on the surface of the partially reduced GO can be generated in the absence of any stabilizing agent, only with ascorbic acid (L-AA) as a reducing agent and AgNO3 as a metal precursor. The size of the AgNPs can be controlled by the AgNO3 concentration and temperature. Smaller AgNPs are obtained at lower concentrations of the silver precursor and lower temperatures. The antimicrobial properties of nanohybrids against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and the yeast Candida albicans were found to be concentration- and time-dependent. C. albicans and S. aureus showed the highest susceptibility to GO–AgNPs. These nanohybrids can be used as nanofillers in polymer nanocomposites to develop materials with antimicrobial activity for applications in different areas, and another potential application could be cancer therapeutic agents.

Anti-adhesion and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle composites

The rise of nanotechnology has allowed the development of several inorganic nanoparticles with strong biocidal properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Among them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stand out as one of the most promising antimicrobial nanomaterials. Graphene oxide (GO) is another attractive nanomaterial with antimicrobial properties. Although the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs and GO is known, the development of hybrid materials of GO-AgNPs has considerable interest in various applications since they may exhibit synergistic bactericidal properties that exceed the yields of the individual components. The aims of this work were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and anti-adhesion properties of AgNPs and GO-AgNPs nanocomposites for potential applications in antimicrobial coatings. The antimicrobial activity was tested by agar diffusion method. It was found that activity varied according to the synthesis procedure of the nanomaterials. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Kokuria rhizophila were the most susceptible strains. The nanocomposite GO- AgNPs synthetized using the ex-situ method exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against all the assayed strains. Similar results were obtained for bacterial adhesion inhibition tests. Thus, GO-AgNPs nanohybrids could be applied as antibacterial coatings to prevent bacterial biofilm development. Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide, bacteria, biofilms.

Novel electrochemical aptasensor with dual signal amplification strategy for detection of acetamiprid

In this work, a novel dual signal amplification strategy for aptasensor employing reduced graphene with silver nanoparticles and prussian blue-gold nanocomposites was developed for detection of acetamiprid. To improve the sensitivity of aptasensors, reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (rGo-AgNPs) were modified on a bare glassy carbon electrode surface, which provided a large specific surface area for subsequent material immobilization and amplified current signal. The electrical signal output and sensitivity of the aptasensor was significantly improved after the immobilization of prussian blue-gold nanoparticles (PB-AuNPs) as a catalyst for the redox reaction. The analysis experiment exhibited that it had super-high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.30 pM (S/N = 3), which met the requirements of the vast majority of daily leaf vegetable testing. Under optimized conditions, the proposed aptasensor showed a wide linear detection range from 1 pM to 1 μM. This aptasensor also had good stability and high selectivity for acetamiprid detection without an interfering effect of some other pesticides. The proposed aptasensor displayed good recovery rates in real samples, which proposed a new method for constructing electrochemical sensors and provided a novel tool for rapid, sensitive analysis of pesticides with low cost.

Green synthesized rGO-AgNP hybrid nanocomposite – An effective antibacterial adsorbent for photocatalytic removal of DB-14 dye from aqueous solution

In this study, a facial synthesis of a reduced graphene oxidesilver nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposite (rGO-AgNP) was carried out from aqueous extract of Brassica nigra by the reduction of graphene oxide and silver ions simultaneously. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity examination of rGO-AgNP nanocomposite against both gram negative and gram positive bacterial strains ensured enhanced antibacterial effect. The phytosynthesized nanocomposite acts as a photocatalytic agent for the removal of dye thereby finding its way in water treatment. Direct blue-14 (DB-14) dye was used to study the adsorption efficiency of synthesized nanocomposites. The parameters that influence the rate of adsorption such as effect of time, pH, light source and adsorbent dosage were investigated. The perfect recovery of adsorbent after reaction and its unchanged efficiency for cyclic use showed that it will be an economically and environmentally friendly photocatalyst. Isotherm models like Langmuir and Freundlich were used to assess the capability of adsorbent on adsorption. The outcomes show that the rGO-AgNP composites are effectual in adsorbing dye and have a promising effect on water treatment.

Fabrication of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Ag Nanocomposites and Analysis on the Interaction with BSA

Graphene is an excellent platform to support and stabilize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (rGO-AgNPs) were synthesized by the chemical reduction method and characterized by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The binding reaction of rGO-AgNPs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by using fluorescence spectrometry and SPM. As the concentration of AgNPs increased, the fluorescence spectrum was quenched, and the quenching process of rGO-AgNPs and BSA was static quenching. Thermodynamic parameters of the absorption process were evaluated at different temperatures, and the negative values of Gibbs free energy ( Δ G ) showed that this process was spontaneous. The main type of interaction was hydrophobic interaction according to the values of changes in standard enthalpy ( Δ H ) and entropy ( Δ S ). In addition, the morphology changes of proteins interacting with nanomaterials were detected by SPM.

One-step eco-friendly synthesized silver-graphene oxide/poly(vinyl alcohol) antibacterial nanocomposites

Due to the increasing occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance pathogenic microorganisms, the development of antimicrobial materials has emerged as a strategy to control the bacterial activity and transmission. In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol)/silver nanoparticles-graphene oxide (PVA/AgNPs-GO) nanocomposites were synthesized by a one-step process with l-ascorbic acid as environmentally friendly reductant agent of a mixture of AgNO3, GO and PVA aqueous solutions. PVA/GO nanocomposites were also prepared for comparison. The structure, morphology, thermal, mechanical, water resistance and antibacterial properties of the samples were investigated as a function of GO and silver precursor contents. GO sheets decorated with spherical AgNPs were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. The size range of most AgNPs was below 10 nm. Nanocomposites exhibited higher glass transition and crystallization temperatures. Thermal stability, mechanical and water resistance properties of PVA enhanced when GO was incorporated, and it was more remarkable in the presence of AgNPs-GO. PVA/AgNPs-GO nanocomposites showed antibacterial activity against Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, being its efficiency dependent on exposure time and AgNPs precursor concentration. In contrast, PVA/GO films showed no activity against both bacteria over the GO loading range investigated. PVA/AgNPs-GO nanocomposites may be potential wound dressings.

Tunable graphene oxide inter-sheet distance to obtain graphene oxide–silver nanoparticle hybrids

An improved capacitor using silver nanoparticles incorporated within sheets of graphene oxide. 90 times higher specific capacitance than bare graphene oxide.

Atmospheric Plasma Treatment Enhances the Biosensing Properties of Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticle Composite

This work presents an approach to tailor the properties of the graphene oxide- silver nanoparticle (GO-AgNPs) composite using room temperature atmospheric plasma treatment. In particular, the aerosolized deposition of graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle composite (GO-AgNPs), the rapid reduction of GO at room temperature, and AgNPs surface excitation are investigated in this work. The plasma treatment of aerosolized GO leads to the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) formation which is observed from the increase in D to G band ratio from 0.65 for GO to 1.2 for rGO in the Raman spectra. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Selected Area Electron Diffraction patterns show that the plasma treatment leads to the morphological changes and the Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy results show the improvement in the conductivity of the rGO-AgNP composite. To demonstrate the efficacy of the technique, plasma treated GO and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite is used for the electrode surface modification of the commercial screen-printed electrodes for the cortisol detection. The cyclic voltammetry scans to detect cortisol shows that the sensitivity of the surface modified electrodes is increased after plasma treatment. This room temperature atmospheric plasma annealing technique is of specific interest for rapid processing of nanoparticles on flexible surfaces without subjecting them to elevated temperatures.

Evaluating the Antibacterial Activity of AgGO Nanocomposite Against Clinical Isolate Bacteria

This study discusses the synthesis, characterization, and activity of silver nanoparticles, along with silver graphene oxide, against pathogenic bacteria. Silver nanoparticles are prepared by laser ablation and fabricated with silver graphene oxide. The synthesized silver nanoparticles and silver graphene oxide were characterized through UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier-transforms spectroscopy, and zeta potential. The antimicrobial performance of silver nanoparticles and silver graphene oxide nanoparticles were monitored by the contradiction of gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia.coli and Acenetobacter bumannii), and gram positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus. Different concentrations of silver and silver graphene oxide have been investigated to monitor their antibacterial activity against bacterial isolates. The results indicate that the nanocomposites have antibacterial activity and the antibacterial effect increases with increased concentration of nanocomposites. Laser ablation method, a fast synthesis technique, has been used in the current study to prepare silver nanoparticle and silver nanoparticle-graphene oxide nanocomposites.

A facile route for the preparation of silver nanoparticles-graphene oxide nanocomposites and their interactions with pyronin Y dye molecules

We report a facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles-graphene oxide (AgNPs-GO) nanocomposites and their interactions with Pyronin Y (PyY) molecules studied by UV-Vis absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy techniques in aqueous solution. With this aim, firstly, monodisperse AgNPs with two different sizes (4 and 6 nm) were synthesized by using a surfactant-assisted organic solution phase protocol comprising the consecutive thermal decomposition and reduction of silver (I) acetate. Secondly, AgNPs were anchored into GO nanoflakes via using liquid self-assembly method to prepare AgNPs-GO nanocomposites. The morphology and structure of both colloidal AgNPs and the AgNPs-GO nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and absorption spectroscopy. Finally, AgNPs-GO nanocomposites were interacted with PyY molecules in aqueous solution and the photophysical properties of PyY were studied by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence (steady-state and time-resolved) spectroscopy techniques. The spectroscopic results revealed that the photophysical properties of the dye were dramatically changed after its interaction with AgNPs-GO nanocomposites in aqueous solution.

Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticles in Molecularly-Imprinted Hybrid Films Enabling SERS Selective Sensing.

A highly sensitive and selective Raman sensor has been developed by combining molecularly imprinted cavities, silver nanoparticles, and graphene oxide into a hybrid organic-inorganic film. The molecular imprinted nanocomposite material is an advanced platform that exhibits Graphene-mediated Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. The sensing layers have been prepared via sol-gel process and imprinted with rhodamine 6G to obtain selective dye recognition. Graphene oxide sheets decorated with silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into the matrix to enhance the Raman scattering signal. The template molecule can be easily removed from the films by ultrasonication in ethanol. A 712-fold Raman enhancement has been observed, which corresponds to a 2.15 × 1013 count·μmol−1 signal enhancement per molecular cavity. Besides Raman enhancement, the sensing platform has shown an excellent selectivity toward the test molecule with respect to similar dyes. In addition, the material can be reused at least 10 times without any loss of performance.

Study on the Synthesis of GO-AgNP Mixture Assisted by AgNP Based on UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR

This study aims to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) towards graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (GO-AgNP) formation using liquid sonication exfoliation (LSE) method. The synthesis results are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. This research begins by making two type of solutions. The first solution is AgNO3 solution which is being varied in concentration, i.e.: 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, and 4 mM. The second solution is the graphite solution. Via the LSE method, AgNO3 that has been heated into becoming AgNP solution is mixed with the graphite solution. The mixture is subjected to 6 hours of ultrasonication. From this study GO or rGO material has been produced through the assistance of AgNP solution by varying the concentration of the AgNO3 solution. The UV-Vis result for 4 mM concentration shows two absorbance peaks with wavelength values of 265 nm and 416.5 nm. This also leads to a redshift of the GO absorbance peak with a wavelength of 252 nm to 265 nm resulting in reduction of GO (rGO) material. The SEM results of GO-AgNP samples do not show the presence of AgNP granules corresponding to the EDX results showing that the oxygen element has the highest percentage. The XRD results are shown by comparing the diffraction patterns of the GO-AgNP sample and that of GO sample. Furthermore FTIR results indicate the presence of C-H alkanes, C=O bonds, and O-H bonds in the GO-AgNP samples.

Electrochemical detection of L-dopa using crude Polyphenol oxidase enzyme immobilized on electrochemically reduced RGO-Ag nanocomposite modified graphite electrode

In the present work, we report the selective and sensitive electrochemical detection of L-dopa using crude Polyphenol oxidase enzyme (PPO) immobilized on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticles (RGO-Ag) nano composite modified graphite (Gr) electrode. The Gr electrode is first modified through the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide - silver (GO-Ag) nano composite to RGO-Ag nano composite on graphite electrode. The crude extract of PPO from Manilkara Zapota (sapota) fruit is later immobilized onto Gr/RGO-Ag modified electrode. Modification of Gr electrode at each step is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical impedance (EIS) techniques. The surface characterization of modified electrode is performed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The developed sensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the detection of L-dopa in the concentration range of 1–150 µM with low detection limit and high sensitivity. Further, the practical applicability of the developed biosensor is examined for the detection of L-dopa in urine samples.

Examining Volatile Organic Compound Profiles of Mare Oestrous Cycles

Saccharin (SAC) is a synthetic sweetener used in soft drinks and candies. Consumption of excess SAC leads to several health problems. Therefore, developing a simple method to detect its concentration in food stuffs and soft drinks is very important. The present study describes a simple colorimetric method for SAC determination using graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (GO-AgNPs) composite solution. The yellow color GO-AgNPs was changed to reddish brown while adding 600 μM SAC and the emission of GO was “turn off” after the formation of AgNPs. However, the emission was “turn on” after the addition of SAC. This was ascribed to the strong interaction between sulfonamide groups of SAC with AgNPs, resulting the leaching of AgNPs from GO surface. The emission intensity increases linearly when SAC concentration increases from 500 nM to 1 mM with R2 = 0.9971 and the limit of detection was 0.7 mg L−1 (S/N = 3). The present GO-AgNPs composite was also used to selectively determine SAC containing 1400-fold higher concentration of interferents. Finally, the real sample analysis was carried out by determining SAC in candies and soft drinks by using GO-AgNPs.

Multilayer Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticle Nanostructure as Efficient Peroxidase Mimic

In this work, platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti) and silver (Ag) doped graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures were synthesized by using sonochemical technique, a relatively new technique in nanomaterial synthesis, and characterized in detail. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized utulizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM images and XPS spectras showed that the dopping process was successful. In addition, a multilayer graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (M-GO-AgNPs) nano-structure was synthesized in this study for the first time, and it’s electrochemical performance was compared with GO-AgNPs. As a result of electrochemical studies, the rate constants of the GO-AgNPs and M-GO-AgNPs modified electrodes were found as ksanodic= 6.62 s-1 and ksanodic= 6.78 s-1, respectively. Finally, the M-GO-AgNPs nano-structure obtained by sonochemical technique, a green chemistry synthesis technique, has been found to be suitable for use as an electrochemical sensor matrix.

Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanocomposite Enhances Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Potential of Salinomycin in Human Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells (OvCSCs): A Novel Approach for Cancer Therapy.

The use of graphene to target and eliminate cancer stem cells (CSCs) is an alternative approach to conventional chemotherapy. We show the biomolecule-mediated synthesis of reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticle nanocomposites (rGO–Ag) using R-phycoerythrin (RPE); the resulting RPE–rGO–Ag was evaluated in human ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer stem cells (OvCSCs). The synthesized RPE–rGO–Ag nanocomposite (referred to as rGO–Ag) was characterized using various analytical techniques. rGO–Ag showed significant toxicity towards both ovarian cancer cells and OvCSCs. After 3 weeks of incubating OvCSCs with rGO–Ag, the number of A2780 and ALDH+CD133+ colonies was significantly reduced. rGO–Ag was toxic to OvCSCs and reduced cell viability by mediating the generation of reactive oxygen species, leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced expression of apoptotic genes, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and possibly triggering apoptosis. rGO–Ag showed significant cytotoxic potential towards highly tumorigenic ALDH+CD133+ cells. The combination of rGO–Ag and salinomycin induced 5-fold higher levels of apoptosis than each treatment alone. A combination of rGO–Ag and salinomycin at very low concentrations may be suitable for selectively killing OvCSCs and sensitizing tumor cells. rGO–Ag may be a novel nano-therapeutic molecule for specific targeting of highly tumorigenic ALDH+CD133+ cells and eliminating CSCs. This study highlights the potential for targeted therapy of tumor-initiating cells.

Reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles/nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber composites with meso-microporous structure for high-performance symmetric supercapacitor application

The electrochemical performance of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as the electrode material of the supercapacitor should be improved to meet requirements of renewable energy systems. We report here the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (RGO-AgNP/N-CNF) with a meso-microporous structure by the supplement of reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticles (RGO-AgNPs) into N-CNFs. The usage of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is aimed to supply nitrogen doped in carbon bulk, which can enhance fast migration of electrolyte ions during the electrochemical process. Decoration of AgNPs on RGO surface improves electrical conductivity of RGO-AgNP/N-CNF composites and alleviates the aggregation of AgNPs. The addition of RGO-AgNPs elevates the specific surface area and mesoporous content of CNFs. The assembled RGO-AgNP/N-CNF symmetric supercapacitor possesses high specific capacitance of 188.0 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, delivers an ultrahigh energy density of 26.1 Wh kg−1 and displays an excellent cycling performance (97.5% retention after 5000 cycles), which suggest its big potential as energy storage devices.

Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Stimulates Differentiation in Human Neuroblastoma Cancer Cells (SH-SY5Y).

Recently, graphene and graphene related nanocomposite receive much attention due to high surface-to-volume ratio, and unique physiochemical and biological properties. The combination of metallic nanoparticles with graphene-based materials offers a promising method to fabricate novel graphene–silver hybrid nanomaterials with unique functions in biomedical nanotechnology, and nanomedicine. Therefore, this study was designed to prepare graphene oxide (GO) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) nanocomposite (GO-AgNPs) containing two different nanomaterials in single platform with distinctive properties using luciferin as reducing agents. In addition, we investigated the effect of GO-AgNPs on differentiation in SH-SY5Y cells. The synthesized GO-AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The differentiation was confirmed by series of cellular and biochemical assays. The AgNPs were distributed uniformly on the surface of graphene oxide with an average size of 25 nm. As prepared GO-AgNPOs induces differentiation by increasing the expression of neuronal differentiation markers and decreasing the expression of stem cell markers. The results indicated that the redox biology involved the expression of various signaling molecules, which play an important role in differentiation. This study suggests that GO-AgNP nanocomposite could stimulate differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms of differentiation of neuroblastoma cells could provide new strategies for cancer and stem cell therapies. Therefore, these studies suggest that GO-AgNPs could target specific chemotherapy-resistant cells within a tumor.

An In Vitro Study of the Photodynamic Effectiveness of GO-Ag Nanocomposites against Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Graphene-based materials have garnered significant attention because of their versatile bioapplications and extraordinary properties. Graphene oxide (GO) is an extremely oxidized form of graphene accompanied by the functional groups of oxygen on its surface. GO is an outstanding platform on which to pacify silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which gives rise to the graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle (GO-Ag) nanocomposite. In this experimental study, the toxicity of graphene oxide-silver (GO-Ag) nanocomposites was assessed in an in vitro human breast cancer model to optimize the parameters of photodynamic therapy. GO-Ag was prepared using the hydrothermal method, and characterization was done by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-rays Analysis (EDAX), atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The experiments were done both with laser exposure, as well as in darkness, to examine the phototoxicity and cytotoxicity of the nanocomposites. The cytotoxicity of the GO-Ag was confirmed via a methyl-thiazole-tetrazolium (MTT) assay and intracellular reactive oxygen species production analysis. The phototoxic effect explored the dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability, as well as provoked cell death via apoptosis. An enormously significant escalation of 1O2 in the samples when exposed to daylight was perceived. Statistical analysis was performed on the experimental results to confirm the worth and clarity of the results, with p-values < 0.05 selected as significant. These outcomes suggest that GO-Ag nanocomposites could serve as potential candidates for targeted breast cancer therapy.

Novel biomolecule lycopene-reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle enhances apoptotic potential of trichostatin A in human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3).

BackgroundRecently, there has been much interest in the field of nanomedicine to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Combination therapy seems to be most effective when two different molecules that work by different mechanisms are combined at low dose, thereby decreasing the possibility of drug resistance and occurrence of unbearable side effects. Based on this consideration, the study was designed to investigate the combination effect of reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticles (rGO-AgNPs) and trichostatin A (TSA) in human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3).MethodsThe rGO-AgNPs were synthesized using a biomolecule called lycopene, and the resultant product was characterized by various analytical techniques. The combination effect of rGO-Ag and TSA was investigated in SKOV3 cells using various cellular assays such as cell viability, cytotoxicity, and immunofluorescence analysis.ResultsAgNPs were uniformly distributed on the surface of graphene sheet with an average size between 10 and 50 nm. rGO-Ag and TSA were found to inhibit cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of rGO-Ag and TSA at low concentration showed a significant effect on cell viability, and increased cytotoxicity by increasing the level of malondialdehyde and decreasing the level of glutathione, and also causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the combination of rGO-Ag and TSA had a more pronounced effect on DNA fragmentation and double-strand breaks, and eventually induced apoptosis.ConclusionThis study is the first to report that the combination of rGO-Ag and TSA can cause potential cytotoxicity and also induce significantly greater cell death compared to either rGO-Ag alone or TSA alone in SKOV3 cells by various mechanisms including reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage. Therefore, this combination chemotherapy could be possibly used in advanced cancers that are not suitable for radiation therapy or surgical treatment and facilitate overcoming tumor resistance and disease progression.