Graphene Nanoplates Research Articles

Enhanced Stability of Dopamine Delivery via Hydrogel with Integrated Graphene.

The synthesis of graphene-based materials for drug delivery represents an area of active research, and the use of graphene in drug delivery systems is promising due to its unique properties. Thus, in the present work, we discuss the potential of few-layer graphene in a hydrogel system for dopamine release. The hydrogels are frequently used for these systems for their special physico-chemical properties, which can ensure that the drug is effectively released in time. However, the release from such structures is mostly determined by diffusion alone, and to overcome this restriction, the hydrogel can be "improved" with nanoscale fillers like graphene. The release kinetics of the composite obtained were analyzed to better understand how the use of graphene, instead of the more common graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), affects the characteristics of the system. Thus, the systems developed in this study consist of three main components: biopolymer, graphene, and dopamine. The hydrogels with graphene were prepared by combining two different solutions, one with polyacrylic acid and agarose and one with graphene prepared by the exfoliation method with microwave irradiation. The drug delivery systems were developed by adding dopamine to the obtained hydrogels. After 24 h of release, the presence of dopamine was observed, demonstrating that the system developed can slow down the drug's degradation because of the interactions with the graphene nanoplates and the polymer matrix.

Effect of TiB2 and GNP reinforcements on machinability in drilling of Al7075/TiB2/GNP hybrid composites produced by powder metallurgy

In this study, it has been aimed to investigate the machinability performances by drilling by producing Al7075 matrix hybrid composite samples with graphenenanoplate (GNP) and titaniumdiboride (TiB2) reinforced at different rates by powder metallurgy. The impacts of GNP and TiB2 reinforcing materials on the cutting parameters and wear behavior of the cutting tool have been examined and discussed. As a result of the drilling tests which are carried out by applying different cutting parameters, it was observed that GNP additive has positive impact on the cutting forces, surface roughness, and hole quality in general. As a result of the machining experiments, the lowest cutting force was obtained as 150 N at a feed rate of 0.100 mm/rev and a cutting speed of 60 m/min in the 1% GNP reinforced sample. The minimum roughness value was obtained as 0.886 micron at 60 m/min cutting speed in the 1% GNP reinforced sample. The minimum deviations from cylindricality and circularity were also measured as 0.03 and 8.005 mm from the 1% GNP reinforced sample. While the lubricating effect was low with a GNP ratio of 0.5%, the abrasive effect was observed more with a GNP ratio of 1.5%. While GNP supplementation decreased the diameter deviation and cylindrical deviation values, it increased the perpendicularity deviation values. In general, swarf chip formation occurred with a small amount of flank wear on the cutting tools. While hard TiB2 reinforcement particles in the composite structure were effective in flank wear, the most important cause of chip formation was the presence of ductile aluminum matrix and relatively low cutting speeds. When the entire experimental study was evaluated, it was evaluated that the solid lubricant property of the GNP reinforcement material was effective at the most 1% GNP reinforcement rate.

New discovery on the role of graphene nanoplates in enhancing the structural and electrical properties of carbon nanofibers

In this study, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were successfully manufactured from special polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) copolymer/graphene nanoplates (GNPs) via an electrospinning process after that stabilization and carbonization approaches. The carbonization stage for stabilized SPAN/GNPs nanofibers was applied by heating the samples to 900 °C under an N2 inert atmosphere. The relationship of the GNPs concentration with morphological and structural properties of SPAN/GNPs composite nanofibers has been examined. The fineness and crystallinity of composite nanofiber increase with increasing concentration of GNPs from 0 to 4 wt%. With increasing the GNPs concentration in the SPAN/GNPs solutions from 0 to 4 wt%, the average diameter of nanofibers decreased from 480 ± 78 nm to 174 ± 18 nm. All CNFs samples synthesized at 900 °C have acceptable morphological, structural, and electrical properties. Moreover, the microstructure of the SCNFs can be controlled with GNPs concentration in composite nanofibers. The electrical conductivity of CNFs attained from neat nanofibers is 0.25 × 10+4 S/m, which is increased to 1.37 × 10+4 S/m with 4 wt% GNPs. Therefore, the unique 2D structure of GNPs is very suitable for the development of low-cost and conductive CNFs with low temperatures of carbonization.

Investigation of the effect of ultrasonic exposure on polymer solutions in the production of biodegradable packaging materials

One of the options for improving the structure and properties of films obtained from polymer solutions is ultrasonic exposure to solutions of various chemical nature. The use of this effect on polymer solutions with various additives and agents showed not only an improvement in physical and mechanical properties, but also antibacterial properties, which contributed to an increase in the shelf life of food products. The main components of the compositions whose studies are presented in scientific articles were: polyvinyl alcohol, proteins and pullulan, they were mixed with various additives and agents, with different duration of exposure to ultrasonic treatment of solutions. The studied compositions had the following compositions: polyvinyl alcohol and hemicellulose with an antioxidant agent of tea; polyvinyl alcohol, sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose, zinc oxide nanoparticles, as well as multilayer graphene nanoplates; polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan; fish scale collagen, polyvinyl alcohol and potassium sorbate; egg white; quinoa protein and chitosan; pea protein; rice protein hydrolysate and chitosan; whey protein hydrolysate; aqueous soy extract with bee wax and essential oil of cloves; oat protein with pullulan and nizin; pullulan with the addition of nanoemulsion with cinnamon essential oil; pullulan and trehalose with tea polyphenols saturation. Some of the films made from these formulations were tested on food products such as strawberries, apples, pears and cupcakes. Based on the considered scientific data, it can be concluded that in order to improve the properties of films from polymer solutions, it is necessary to have an optimal time of ultrasound exposure to solutions, since longer ultrasonic exposure can worsen the physical and mechanical properties, namely, to reduce the tensile strength and elongation at break, in contrast to moderate exposure.

Rheology, curing and time‐dependent behavior of epoxy/carbon nanoparticles systems

AbstractThis study delved into the characterization of epoxy nanocomposites containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGBEA), graphene nanoplates (GN), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) across a range of weight percentages (0.05% to 2%). The nanocomposites were produced through a process involving mechanical stirring and ultrasonication. To assess compatibility, three‐dimensional solubility parameters (3DSP) were employed. CNT demonstrated superior compatibility with epoxy and triethylenetetramine (TETA), due to its higher amount of oxygenated species in nanoparticle surface compared to GN. A rheological percolation phenomenon occurred in CNT systems at concentrations above 0.2%, while GN did not display percolation even at 2% concentration. Incorporating nanoparticles led to increased curing enthalpy due to surface functional groups. As the percolation network formed, viscosity rose, and a reduced glass transition temperature (Tg) indicated restricted molecular mobility. Surprisingly, Tg consistently increased by approximately 27°C during composite annealing, regardless of nanoparticle type or concentration. This was attributed to forming a three‐dimensional network structure potentially originating from reactions between nanoparticle‐oxygenated groups and the epoxy matrix. This phenomenon was crucial in heightened creep and irreversible deformations, setting these nanocomposites apart from pure resin behavior.

A novel high-performance coating with hybrid nanofiller reinforcement for superior self-cleaning, anti-icing, and corrosion resistance properties

A novel self-cleaning superamphiphobic nanocomposite coating with excellent corrosion protection, anti-icing, and mechanical properties has been developed through the integration of hybrid graphene nanoplate (GNP) and silica nanoparticle (NS) reinforcement, coupled with surface modification using fluorinated particles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The GNP/NS hybrid nanofiller imparts superior corrosion barrier performance and mechanical strength to the coating. The surface modification led to impressive contact angles of 168° for water and 150° for hexadecane. While sliding angle consistently displayed less than 10° for both fluids, signifying the coating's exceptional superamphiphobic characteristics. The coating demonstrates exceptional anti-icing performance, with significantly delayed ice formation and reduced ice adhesion. Moreover, the coating exhibits remarkable stability and durability, even after long-term exposure to corrosive and harsh weathering environments. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements confirmed the coating's superior corrosion resistance; the impedance plot of developed coating remained unchanged and exceeded 1010 Ω/cm2 across various exposure durations, whereas the neat epoxy started with a lower impedance value that progressively diminished over the exposure period. Tensile tests revealed a 75% increase in tensile strength, 63% improvement in failure strain, and an 11% increase in Young's modulus compared to the neat epoxy. Additionally, to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the developed nanocomposite coating, this study utilized a range of advanced analytical methods, including SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and hardness tests. The developed nanocomposite coating shows promising potential as a reliable, long-lasting protective solution for metal structures in civil, mechanical, and aerospace engineering applications.

Use of Functionalized Graphene-Based Materials on Grease

The growing awareness of reduced friction losses and new demands for electrical powertrains demand improved lubricants. Due to their unique properties, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, graphene and its derivatives have been investigated for tribological applications, especially as lubricant additives. In this work, we investigated three commercially available graphene variants, one comprising a few layers and the other two comprising nanoplates, after functionalization as additives to lithium soap grease. The grease temperature dropping point increased by approximately 6 °C. Additionally, during the reciprocating friction test, friction increased with the test duration for the baseline grease, whereas it decreased for the ones containing graphene-based additives. On the test end, friction was reduced by 8% compared to the baseline grease. On a four-ball tribometer, the wear scar was reduced from 10 to 18% compared to the baseline grease. In general, no significant difference was seen between the three graphene-based variants. The promising results found with graphene nanoplates, a less expensive material than a few graphene layers, creates opportunities for a cost-competitive additive to commercial greases.

Improving the transient dynamic response of the curved surface used in the car’s roof: Application of advanced polymeric nanocomposites and data mining

Engineers and designers working in the aerospace industry are always under pressure to enhance mechanical effectiveness and maximize structural performance. Due to their extreme stiffness and small weight, composite surfaces are often utilized in bending-stress-prone constructions like wings and fuselages. In order to increase the effectiveness of temporary double-curved surfaces under external stresses, we employed high-performance nanocomposites termed graphene nanoplates as reinforcing nanofillers inside polymers. Three-dimensional flexibilities using equilibrium conditions as well as analytical methods are used for developing and solving complex equations. For general modeling of the external mechanical loading, step, triangle, and half-sine loadings to model the current work in a general complex position. The novelties of the current work are considering three-dimensional flexibilities and external mechanical loading for extracting transient responses of doubly curved surfaces under external force. As well as this, with the aid of this analysis, free and forced vibrations of the current structure are shown in the transient response of the doubly curved surface using three-dimensional flexibilities, for the first time. This paper will use a data mining algorithm to optimize the performance of mathematical simulation and use Multi-Objective Grey Wolf with Lévy Flight and Mutation Operator to simulate the system. For this purpose, four thousand five hundred collocation points in the cube and one thousand five hundred boundary points on each boundary surface are produced at random and used as training samples. The results section shows that there is a reduction of up to 45% in displacement when the weight fraction percentage of graphene nanoplate increases from 1% to 4%. Another important outcome is that for all force intensities, the compressive stress induced in the surface is 30% higher in the x direction in comparison with the y direction. Finally, for related industries, it is shown that the curvature ratio decreases from infinity to three, curved surface experiences a reduction of 50% in the shear stress.

Enhancing strength-ductility synergy of graphene/Al–Cu–Mg composites via forming MgAl2O4@graphene complex structure

The strength and ductility of graphene nanoplate (GNP) reinforced 2009Al composite (GNP/2009Al) were enhanced simultaneously, through wrapping MgAl2O4 around GNP and forming an MgAl2O4@GNP complex structure via in-situ reaction of CuO, Al and Mg during fabrication. This architecture generated numerous Al–MgAl2O4-GNP complex interfaces due to crystallographic orientation relationship of the Al–MgAl2O4 interface and the strong Al–O–C chemical bond, therefore, it not only enhances the load transfer efficiency of GNP but also improves the dislocation storage capacity of the Al matrix. These factors contributed to a stable and persistent working hardening capability for the GNP/2009Al composite. The feasible design proposed in this work, namely the in-situ Al–MgAl2O4-GNP complex strategy, can achieve improved tensile properties in GNP/2009Al composites.

Brazing of graphite to tungsten using graphene nanoplates reinforced TiNiCu composite filler

Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) reinforced TiNiCu composite filler (TiNiCuG) developed with which the brazing of graphite to W was achieved in this study. The effects of the GNPs reinforcement and brazing temperature (1120–1200 °C) on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of brazed joints were implemented in detail. Experimental results revealed that the bonding of graphite and filler material was achieved through the formation of a TiC reaction layer. A well bonded TiC/Ti(Ni,Cu) interface with lattice mismatch of 6.8% was observed by HRTEM. The FCC TiC and monoclinic Ti(Ni,Cu) taken the coherent orientation relations of [01̅1]fcc║[331]. The typical interfacial microstructure of graphite/W joint using TiNiCuG at 1180 °C for 15 min was graphite/Ti(Ni,Cu)+ Ti2(Ni,Cu)+TiC /W(Ti)ss/W. The added GNPs reacted with Ti and in-situ synthesized TiC particles by reducing the residual stress to strengthen the brazed joint and increase the thickness of the brazing seam. The shear strength of the joint using composite filler reached the maximum value of 37.59 MPa, 132% higher than that joint without using GNPs.

Investigation of H2 enrichment of ternary blended fuel modified with graphene nanoplate on cycle-by-cycle variations

Despite the global goal of achieving e-mobility in the future, the majority of the transportation sector still heavily relies on fossil fuels. Previous studies in the area have revealed the benefits of hydrogen additives and nanoparticles mixed with blended diesel fuels on engine performance and emissions. However, there is a significant gap in the research when it comes to exploring the combination of non-metallic nanoparticle additives with alcohol and diesel blend fuels under dual-fuel mode with hydrogen. In the study, a fuel blend (BF) comprising 80% diesel, 10% n-butanol, and 10% ethanol, which represents a potential alternative fuel composition for compression ignition engines, was specifically focused on. To further enhance the fuel properties and combustion characteristics, the addition of 50 ppm graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) was introduced as a non-metallic additive. By examining this novel fuel composition and investigating its impact under both single and dual-fuel mode, the dimension of hydrogen addition in the dual-fuel mode is aimed to explore potential synergistic effects. A diesel engine was used under dual fuel mode, with hydrogen fed at a rate of 0.25 g/min. The prepared fuels were tested at 1800 rpm engine speed by applying five different loads. 50 ppm GNP of modified fuels resulted in an increase of peak pressures by 3.1%, 4.2%, and 5.6% for DGNP, BFGNP, and BFGNP15H respectively, compared to D. At full load, the COVIMEP values were approximately 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 1.3%, and 1.6% for D, DGNP, BF, BFGNP, and BFGNP15H, respectively. In the term of thermal efficiency, BFGNP15H had a 3.9% lower BTE than BFGNP at 25% load, but BFGNP15H showed a 0.4% increase in BTE at full load compared to BFGNP. For emission analysis, BFGNP15H showed a reduction of 42.31%, 15.1%, and 10% in CO emissions compared to D, BF, and BFGNP, respectively, under full load in dual operating condition. However, the NO emissions of BFGNP15H were 7.2% higher than those of D under the same condition.

An Efficient Antimicrobial Performance of Hybrid Functionalized MWCNTs/GNPts Bionanocomposites Based on Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)

AbstractHaloferax mediterranei archaea has been utilized to biosynthesize Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) polyester from date waste as carbon source. The produced biopolymer has been composited with different percentages (1 %, 3 %, 5 % and 10 %) of a hybrid filler based on 1 : 1 carboxylated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CMWCNTs) and graphene nanoplates (GNPts). The synthesized bionanocomposites PHBV/(CMWCNTs‐GNPts)(1,3,5,10%) have been characterized by FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM and EDX. In addition, they were studied for their antibacterial properties against gram negative and gram positive strains of M. Luteus, S. Aureus, P. Aerugensa and E. Coli, and the results showed excellent antibacterial effect especially against gram negative strains of P. Aerugensa and E. Coli, showing inhibition zones of 52 % and 81 %, respectively, compared to chloramphenicol control that is used. Also, antifungal activities were investigated against G. Candidum and C. Albicans and showed that the produced bionanocomposites had inhibition zones of 32 % and 73 %, respectively, compared to the antifungal drug clotrimazole which was used as control.

Application of self-sensing cement-stabilized sand for damage detection

The sensing ability induced by carbon nanomaterials has attracted considerable attention in the scientific community for use in cement and concrete. However, the application of carbon nanomaterials in stabilized soils has been scarce. Therefore, in this study, the use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene nanoplates (GNPs) in cement-stabilized sand was investigated. MWCNTs and GNPs not only improve the mechanical characteristics of cement-stabilized sand but also can change conventional cement-stabilized sand into an intrinsic self-sensing material, which is important for structural health monitoring (SHM). The proposed composite was submitted from small to large stresses under cyclic loading to detect strain, cracks, and damage. To identify different levels of damage, various macro- and microscale analyses were carried out to explain the composite self-sensing ability. The key results used in the analysis were from the fractional changes in resistivity (FCR) and digital image correlation (DIC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. These results demonstrate the capability of the proposed MWCNT/GNP cement-stabilized sand for detecting the strain, stress, and damage of materials through different self-sensing trends in the elastic and plastic regions. It is very important to monitor the serviceability of a composite in a real structure through different self-sensing trends in the elastic and plastic regions.

Nonlinear vibrations of doubly curved micropanels reinforced by graphene nanoplates in length direction under non-uniform thermal loading

Structures made of composites are quite common in different industries entailing automotive, marine, and aircraft industries, thanks to their favorable lightweight and strength. This study investigated the nonlinear vibrations of the various shapes of size-dependent graphene nanoplatelets reinforced micropanels under non-uniform thermal loading. In diverse ways in the axial direction, the material characteristics of graphene nanoplates (GPLs) alter. Taylor’s series expansion terms in curvature coordinates are used to illustrate the displacement field. Nonlinear von Karman theory and Hamiltonian principle work together to derive the nonlinear form of the pertinent equations and boundary conditions. Strain gradient theory with consideration for inherent length scale characteristics is investigated to account for size effects. By discretizing the spatial domain equations, deriving Duffing-type equations, and using Kronecker and Hadamard products, the governing equations and numerous nonlinear boundary edges are resolved. Using the techniques and answers outlined above, the results section is produced. There are four sections for this research. The findings are cross-checked with those from other studies that have been published in the first section. The effects of geometric and physical factors are shown in Parts 2, 3, and 4 on the nonlinear to linear frequency curve, the nonlinear frequency curve, and the sensitivity of the nonlinear frequency-to-size effect (SNFSE).

Deterioration behavior of graphene-modified epoxy-primer-coated aluminum alloy in a UVA acidic alternation immersion environment

The modification of epoxy primers with graphene can significantly improve their anticorrosion properties and reduce environmental pollution. In this study, the modified epoxy primers with different graphene contents were prepared and tested in a UVA acidic alternation immersion environment. The deterioration characteristics under different corrosion times were analyzed in terms of their microscopic morphology, electrochemical characteristics, and molecular structure. It was shown that graphene nanoplates can impede the penetration of corrosive media, promote the cathodic protection of fillers, and easily cross-link with amino radicals to improve the binding force at the interface. The coated surface of graphene nanoplates with a content of 1.0 wt% was flatter than those with a content of 0.5 wt% and 2.0 wt%. After corrosion, the roughness of the surfaces all increased significantly. Especially, the coatings with graphene contents of 0.5 wt% increased nearly three times. And the impedance improvement of the coatings with graphene contents of 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% is more significant, both reaching more than 6 × 1011 Ω·cm2. The most obvious corrosion inhibiting effect was the coatings with a graphene content of 1.0% wt.

Toward Sustainable Composites: Graphene-Modified Jute Fiber Composites with Bio-Based Epoxy Resin.

Sustainable natural fiber reinforced composites have attracted significant interest due to the growing environmental concerns with conventional synthetic fiber as well as petroleum-based resins. One promising approach to reducing the large carbon footprint of petroleum-based resins is the use of bio-based thermoset resins. However, current fiber-reinforced bio-based epoxy composites exhibit relatively lower mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural strength, and modulus, which limits their wider application. Here the fabrication of high-performance composites using jute fibers is reported, modified with graphene nanoplates (GNP) and graphene oxide (GO), and reinforced with bio-based epoxy resin. It is demonstrated that physical and chemical treatments of jute fibers significantly improve their fiber volume fraction (Vf) and matrix adhesion, leading to enhanced mechanical properties of the resulting Jute/Bio-epoxy (J/BE) composites. Furthermore, the incorporation of GNP and GO further increases the tensile and flexural strength of the J/BE composites. The study reveals the potential of graphene-based jute fiber-reinforced composites with bio-based epoxy resin as a sustainable and high-performance material for a wide range of applications. This work contributes to the development of sustainable composites that have the potential to reduce the negative environmental impact of conventional materials while also offering improved mechanical properties.

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Zn(II) Porphyrin, Graphene Nanoplates, and Ferrocene Hybrid Materials.

Following some previous work by some of us on the second order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Zn(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnP), fullerene, and ferrocene (Fc) diads and triads, in the present research, we explore the NLO response of some new hybrids with two-dimensional graphene nanoplates (GNP) instead of a zero-dimensional fullerene moiety as the acceptor unit. The experimental data, collected by Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic generation (EFISH) technique in CH2Cl2 solution with a 1907 nm incident wavelength, combined with Coupled-Perturbed (CP) and Finite Field (FF) Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, show a strongly enhanced contribution of the cubic electronic term γ(-2ω; ω, ω, 0), due to the extended π-conjugation of the carbonaceous acceptor moiety.

An emerging class of 3D GNPs&MWCNTs structure of Mg matrix composites with improved thermal conductivity

Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can construct efficient thermal flux channels in composites, which is becoming one of the effective methods to improve thermal conductivity (TC) of composites. In this paper, an emerging class of GNPs&MWCNTs preform with 3D orientated structures were prepared by using electrostatic self-assembly and directional freeze-drying methods, and then fabricated the GNPs&MWCNTs reinforced AZ91D magnesium (GNPs&MWCNTs/AZ91D) composites by squeeze casting process. To ensure the well preparation of the composites, the GNPs&MWCNTs preforms need to possess enough compression strength to withstand squeezing pressure. Therefore, the effects of the electrostatic self-assembly process, directional freeze drying process and thermal reduction process on the compression strength of 3D structure GNPs&MWCNTs preforms were studied. The compression strength of GNPs&MWCNTs preforms were well improved to 98KPa, which were used for the fabrication of AZ91D matrix composites. The TC of 0.5 wt.% (1:1) GNPs&MWCNTs/AZ91D composites reached 71.7 W/(m·K) in the freezing direction, which was 41.8% higher than that (50.6 W/(m·K)) of the AZ91D alloy. This work provides a novel method for preparing GNPs&MWCNTs/AZ91D composites with improved TCs.

Aligning graphene nanoplates coplanar in polyvinyl alcohol by using a rotating magnetic field to fabricate thermal interface materials with high through-plane thermal conductivity

With the continuous advancement of electronic devices, there is an urgent need for advanced thermal interface materials (TIMs) to prevent high-power density electronics from overheating. The orderly arrangement of thermally conductive fillers in TIMs plays a crucial role in enhancing thermal conduction along preferred directions. However, it is challenging to control the orientation of the fillers, especially for two-dimensional fillers. In this study, graphene nanoplates (GNPs) were co-planarly arranged in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a rotating magnetic field, which significantly increased the thermal conductivity of the composites. The coplanar vertically aligned GNPs/PVA (CVGNPs/PVA) exhibited a through-plane thermal conductivity of 11.78 W m−1 K−1, which is about 10 times higher than that of the composites with disorderly distributed GNPs (1.14 W m−1 K−1). The rotating magnetic field facilitated the alignment of GNPs and increased face-to-face contact between adjacent GNPs, which significantly boosted the through-plane thermal conductivity of the composite. The compressive modulus of the CVGNPs/PVA composites was only 1.06 MPa, and it helped to reduce the thermal interface resistance to 49 mm2 K W−1. These results offer a novel approach for preparing excellent TIMs that could be used in various applications.

Synthesis of doped metal sulfide nanoparticles and their graphene reinforced nanohybrid for Pb(II) detection

Abstract This paper explores different techniques to combine and improve the electrochemical sensing activities of the transition metal chalcogenide. The transition metal chalcogenide was doped with a suitable dopant to tune the band structure. Surface-assisted nanotechnology was used to enrich the superficial properties of the doped material. Lastly, the nanostructured doped materials were physically mixed with the graphene nanoplates (GNPs) to improve the flow of charges and the stability of the electrochemistry. The most electrically conductive and common metal sulfides in nature were chosen and prepared using a cheap and easy wet-route method. Crystal structure, chemical functionality, texture, composition, and thermal stability of undoped, doped, and composite materials were determined using physicochemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TGA. N2-adsorption-desorption, current-voltage, and impedance studies show that the composite sample’s surface area, electrical conductivity, and charge transport properties are superior to those of the undoped and doped samples. Regarding electrochemical applications, the composite material supported a glassy carbon electrode (Co–Cu2S/Gr@GCE) with excellent Pb(II) ion sensing activity. Moreover, the sensitivity, detection, and quantification limits of the modified electrode for Pb(II) detection were computed to be 88.68 μAμMcm−2, 0.091 μM, and 0.30 μM, respectively. The key features developed in the metal sulfide for its enhancement of electrochemical sensing activity are a high surface area, good conductivity, and fast electron transport by adopting nanotechnology, metal doping, and composite formation methodologies. Based on the results of the experiments, we can say that using multiple inputs to integrate the feature we want is an excellent way to make electrochemical systems for the next generation.