Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluids Research Articles

Effects of Surfactants on the Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloy in Graphene Nanofluid

In this study, the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy was investigated in graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanofluids prepared with different surfactants. The surfactants include sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 80, and Gum Arabic (GA). The corrosion properties of the alloy in the different GNP nanofluids were evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization tests at room temperature. The surface morphology of the aluminum alloy was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an electron dispersive spectroscopy detector. The experimental results revealed that the addition of surfactants improves the resistance of the aluminum alloy to corrosion in the nanofluid. This was attributed to the adsorption of surfactants on the surface of the alloy to form a protective film layer, which reduces moisture permeability and enhances corrosion inhibition. The addition of GA was found to exhibit the highest inhibition efficiency. This was followed by Tween 80, SDS, and SDBS, which contributes the least inhibition. XRD post-corrosion analysis also reveals the presence of aluminum oxide and aluminum hydroxide phases on the surface of electrodes immersed in all the different GNP nanofluids.

Numerical Simulation of Graphene-Nanoplatelet Nanofluid Convection in Millimeter-Sized Automotive Radiator

The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental considerations in transportation sector motivate the researchers to enhance the efficiency and performance of the automotive systems. However, the poor thermal performance of conventional coolant poses a limitation in the development of energy-efficient vehicle due to the cooling constraint. In the present study, a comprehensive numerical study is conducted to scrutinize the convective performance of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) nanofluid in millimeter-sized automotive radiator, aiming to enhance the understandings on the underlying physical significance of the suspension of graphene-based nanoparticle in water for the performance enhancement of automotive radiator. The temperature-dependent thermophysical properties of GnP-water nanofluid is predicted via existing correlations, while a modified viscosity correlation is developed. ANSYS Fluent is employed in the present numerical simulation to investigate the effects of various pertinent parameters such as Reynolds number, nanoparticles aspect ratio, tube aspect ratio and tube hydraulic diameter on the heat transfer performance of the radiator. Double precision and second-order upwind scheme with inclusion of viscous heating, and convergent criteria of 10˗6 are adopted for the present simulation. It is observed that the convective performance of the radiator is significantly enhanced by increasing Reynolds number and nanoparticle volume fraction while decreasing the aspect ratios of nanoparticle and radiator tube, with an enhancement rate as much as 1816%. Therefore, it is evident that the suspension of GnP intensifies the heat transfer performance of millimeter-sized automotive radiator, which could possibly lead to a more efficient radiator that is smaller and lighter.

Is the Hamilton-Crosser model of any relevance? – A contribution dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Maxwell's model and the 100th anniversary of Fricke's model

The Hamilton-Crosser model (HC model) is designed to describe the thermal conductivity of suspensions and nanofluids with anisometric particles. It is one of the most widely cited models in the nanofluid community. In this paper we show, however, that the HC model (1962) is essentially scientific folklore. It is an incorrect reformulation of a correct model that has been derived almost a century ago, Fricke's model (1924). The latter is a generalization to ellipsoids, in particular spheroids, of Maxwell's model (1873) for spheres. Fricke's model is an effective medium approximation that provides admissible (though not necessarily realistic) predictions of the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube or graphene nanoplatelet nanofluids, while the HC model is an inadmissible variant of the same model, because it cannot reproduce the correct predictions (Fricke's model) and under certain circumstances it even violates a basic law of physics, the upper Hashin-Shtrikman bound (1962). Thus, it cannot be used for any isotropic system. Therefore, in contrast to common belief, any comparison of experimental data with the HC model predictions is irrelevant and all attempts to “improve” or “renovate” the HC model should be abandoned.

Experimental Study on Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement of Automotive Radiator with Graphene-Nanoplatelet Suspension

In the present work, an experimental investigation has been conducted to analyse the effects of graphene-nanoplatelet (GnP) suspension on the thermal performance of automotive radiator. GnP nanofluids are prepared by dispersing the nanoparticles in distilled water with a concentration of 0-0.3 vol.%. The thermophysical properties of water-GnP nanofluid have been studied with different volumetric concentrations and temperatures. The present study shows that convective heat transfer performance of the automotive radiator could be enhanced by increasing the nanoparticle suspension, heating power, air flow and Reynolds number. The maximum thermal performance enhancement of 275% is achieved for 0.3 vol.% GnP nanofluid at the highest rated heating power. It is also evident that the suspension of nanoparticle has the most significant effect in enhancing the convective heat transfer of automotive radiator, followed by the effects of heating power, air velocity and Reynolds number.

Graphene nanoplatelet nanofluids stabilised by hybridisation with graphene oxide: preparation, stability, and performance in flat plate solar thermal collector

Graphene nanoplatelet nanofluids stabilised by hybridisation with graphene oxide: preparation, stability, and performance in flat plate solar thermal collector

Numerical investigation of thermo-hydraulic performance utilizing clove-treated graphene nanoplatelets nanofluid in an annular passage with perforated curve fins

The use of fins is critical for improving the heat transmission of annular passages. This paper numerically investigated the thermo-hydraulic performance of finned annular conduits with varying hole numbers (0–16) and configurations. The clove-treated graphene nanoplatelets/distilled water (CGNP/DW) nanofluid 0.1 wt% was employed as the working fluid. Moreover, ANSYS FLUENT was utilized to study the flow characteristics with Reynolds numbers ranging from 611 to 10,389. Five curve fins were mounted on the inner wall of an annular conduit with an isolated outer surface and a constant heat flux inner pipe. According to the results, the eight-hole configuration obtained the highest performance evaluation criteria (PEC) value. This design offered advantages for use in laminar and transitional regions with Reynolds numbers lower than 4277, where all the PEC values were higher than 1. Furthermore, CGNP nanofluid improved the heat transfer coefficient by 11.87% and 11.43% for the curve fin conduit with eight holes and smooth pipe, respectively, with a negligible rise in pressure drop. The maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement attained was 49.88% using the curve fin conduit with eight holes and CGNP nanofluid. Lastly, the curve fin conduit with eight holes was recommended with a heat transfer coefficient lower than 2000 W/m2K, where either CGNP nanofluid or DW was employed.

Rheological behavior of dilute graphene-water nanofluids using various surfactants: An experimental evaluation

This study aims to experimentally investigate the effects of temperature and nanoparticle concentration on dynamic viscosity, which is one of the most significant thermophysical properties. Diluted water-based graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) nanofluids are prepared using a two-step approach, with concentrations ranging from 0.00005 to 0.001 vol.%. Surfactants such as Gum Arabic (GA) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are dispersed in the nanofluid medium at 1:1 weight ratios with respect to GNP. The suspensions are rheologically characterized from 20°C to 50°C using a rotational rheometer at shear rates ranging from 10 to 100 (s-1). The rheological behavior of GNP nanofluids is examined to ultimately develop a regression model for viscosity, that considers the effects of nanoparticle concentration and temperature for different surfactant type. Results indicate that GNP-GA and GNP-SDS nanofluids at 0.001 vol.% retained their stability over a time frame of 21 days. An increase in viscosity with the increase in nanoparticle concentration and a decrease in viscosity with the rise in temperature is reported. GNP-GA nanofluid at 0.001 vol.% concentration depicts the highest viscosity value. The rheological analysis demonstrates a Newtonian flow behavior for GNP nanofluids throughout the studied shear rate range, except for GNP-SDS nanofluids that exhibit shear thinning behavior at highest nanoparticle loading, and GNP-GA nanofluids that exhibit shear thickening behavior at the lowest nanoparticle loading. The proposed regression model has high prediction accuracy (R2>99%) for GNP nanofluids with different surfactants. The outcomes of this work are anticipated to aid several industrial and engineering applications like heat exchangers, refrigeration systems, cryogenic systems, air-conditioning units, power plants and solar panels.

Deiyonize Su/ Etilen Glikol Karışımı Bazlı Grafen Nano Plaka İçeren Nanoakışkan ile Şarj Edilen Bir Termosifonun Performans Analizi

The thermosiphons are wickless heat pipes which work under gravity force. Different working fluids like water, engine oil, ethylene glycol are used in this equipments. Nanofluids including various nano particles are also used in the thermosiphons. In this study, deionized water (DW)/ ethylene glycol (EG) mixture based graphene nano platelet (GNP) nanofluid was charged in a thermosiphon and thermal performance analysis was performed. The mixing rate of DW:EG was 95:5 while the particle concentration was 1 %. Triton X-100 was added to the mixture as surfactant. To specify the effect of GNP, a set of experiments for both DW+EG and DW+EG+GNP nanofluid were carried out at the same operating conditions. The results show that GNPs had a positive effect on the performance of the thermosiphon. The presence of GNP in the base fluid was decreased the thermal resistance while it was increased the thermal efficiency of the thermosiphon. The maximum efficiency value was reached as 57.1 % when the nanofluid used. At the same condition, the efficiency was 49.5 % when the working fluid was DW+EG mixture.

Synthesis and characterization of green-functionalized graphene nanofluids as an enhanced working fluid in heat transfer applications

Energy crisis is one of the major concerns that requires significant attention around the world. An access to reliable, sustainable, and affordable energy will not be attractive if the safety of human and environmental is neglected. Hence, the advancement of energy harvesting method is expected not to be just efficient, but also clean, safe, and environmental-friendly. In this research work, synthesis, and characterization of a green-based functionalized graphene nanofluids is presented. Clove extract was prepared and functionalized on the graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) using apple cider vinegar, followed by dispersion in distilled water to produce clove with apple cider vinegar functionalized graphene (clove+ACV GNP) nanofluids at 0.1 wt.% concentration. Characterization of the clove+ACV GNP nanofluids was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the successfulness of the synthesis and functionalization, while the thermal conductivity was determined using KD2 Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer. The covalent bonds shown in the FTIR spectrum, and the morphological structure from the SEM images have indicated that the synthesis and functionalization of clove+ACV GNP have been successfully carried out. As for the thermal conductivity, 0.1 wt.% of clove+ACV GNP nanofluids have shown up to 24.4% enhancement when compared with distilled water, 3.9% enhancement when compared to clove-functionalized GNP at the same concentration, and up to 6.8% when compared with conventional GNP nanofluids. These findings have given a preliminary insight that this safe, non-toxic- clove+ACV functionalized graphene nanofluids is a promising alternative to the conventional, toxic- nanofluids as an enhanced and effective working fluid in heat transfer applications.

Phase change characterization of eco-friendly isopropyl palmitate-based graphene nanoplatelet nanofluid for thermal energy applications

• Design of stable isopropyl palmitate-based nanoenhanced phase change materials. • Analysis of solid–liquid transition and enthalpy-temperature curves. • Reductions in sub-cooling higher than 2 K, increases in the latent heat up to 5.9%. • The IPP polymorphism was not significantly altered due to the GnPs dispersions. • Reductions up to 12% in the isobaric heat capacities compared to the base material. Thermal energy storage (TES) facilitates the integration of renewable energy by decoupling production and consumption, mitigating intermittence issues. However, current TES systems use fossil fuel-based products as storage media, so the development of sustainable and efficient materials should be investigated. This work aims to the design and characterization of new eco-friendly nanoenhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) based on dispersions of graphene nanoplatelets of two different lateral sizes (7.2 and 40 μm) in isopropyl palmitate for cold storage applications. The stability of the NePCMs was analysed by dynamic light scattering, selecting Span® 80 as surfactant to improve the stabilization of both nanomaterials within the base material. The influence of the nanoadditive concentration on the temperature transitions and on the solid–liquid phase change were comprehensively studied by differential scanning calorimetry, finding out that the dispersed nanoadditives do not alter the polymorphism of the isopropyl palmitate. Additionally, reductions in the sub-cooling effect higher than 2 K for both nanoplatelets were found, with increases in the latent heat up to 5.9 and 3.9% for the shorter and the longer nanoplatelets, respectively. Isobaric heat capacities were also determined by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry, reporting maximum reductions of 12% compared to the base material.

Review on aqueous graphene nanoplatelet Nanofluids: Preparation, Stability, thermophysical Properties, and applications in heat exchangers and solar thermal collectors

Nanofluids of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have superior thermal performance characteristics and good stability, are relatively affordable, and can easily be prepared by the two-step method. This review performs an in-depth analysis of the preparation, stability, and thermophysical properties of GNP nanofluids, and their applications in heat exchangers, solar thermal collectors, and heat pipes. This study analyses in detail the performance improvements achieved with pristine, covalent functionalised, and non-covalent functionalised GNP nanofluids compared to water. Covalent functionalisation was found to be superior to non-covalent functionalisation in terms of stability and heat transfer coefficients. Functionalisation by electrophilic addition and free-radical grafting were found to be more environmentally friendly compared to acid treatment. In terms of convective heat transfer coefficient, pristine GNP outperformed functionalised GNP, but both types showed large improvements compared to water. It was found that stability and heat transfer performance improved as particle size was decreased, while thermal conduction and convection coefficients increased with nanofluid concentration and temperature. Thermal conductivity improvements of over 30% were found for both pristine and covalently functionalised GNP nanofluids at 0.1 wt% concentration. A maximum convection heat transfer coefficient increase of 200% was achieved using 0.1 wt% pristine GNP nanofluid. By comparison, a maximum improvement of 119% was achieved using covalently functionalised GNP. The convective heat transfer enhancement seemed to increase with decreasing tube diameter. In flat plate solar collector applications, efficiency improvements over 20% were obtained for covalently functionalised GNP nanofluids at 0.1 wt%, while an efficiency improvement of over 65% was obtained using pristine GNP in an evacuated tube solar collector. Applications in cooling, heat pipes, and direct absorption solar collectors were also reviewed. From this study, it could be inferred that GNP nanofluids are a viable alternative working fluid. Further research is needed to optimise their performance.

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluids in the Presence of Polyethylene Glycol-Derived Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluids in the Presence of Polyethylene Glycol-Derived Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane

Amelioration of pool boiling thermal performance utilizing graphene-silver hybrid nanofluids

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have natural hydrophobicity and are not easy to disperse in deionized (DI) water. In this study, Ag modified functionalized GNP (f-GNP) was used to prepare novel hybrid nanoparticles. Through phase and structural analysis, it is found that the material has high purity, and is dispersed in DI water to produce the nanofluids that are stable. The boiling heat transfer properties of GNP nanofluids, GNP/Ag mixed nanofluids and GNP-Ag hybrid nanofluids of three weight concentrations (wt% = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003) were investigated. Among the nine samples, the GNP-Ag hybrid nanofluids with weight concentration of 0.001% has the best heat transfer property, with a critical heat flux (CHF) of 170.74 W/cm2, which is 52.31% more than the one of DI water. After the boiling experiment, the heating surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the deposition structure of nanoparticles. It is found that the self-assembled structure of the hybrid nanoparticle deposition is more complex. Under the combined action of the oxygen-containing functional groups of the nanoparticles, the lateral heat transfer of the working medium is strengthened, and the separation of the vapor bubbles is promoted. In the wettability analysis, the contact angle of the nanofluids were measured, and it was found that the hybrid nanofluids was hydrophilic, which improved the liquid supply mechanism on the heating surface and was beneficial to increase the CHF. The bubble formation characteristics of nanofluids were observed by high-speed camera, and it was found that the bubble formation period of hybrid nanofluids was short and the bubble separation diameter was small. Results from tests and experiments indicate that covalent modified hybrid nanofluids have good heat transfer performances.

Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics in 60° Chevron plate heat exchanger using Al2O3, GNP and MWCNT nanofluids

PurposeThe study aims to use nanofluids as coolants for improving heat transfer peculiarities of plate heat exchangers (PHE). The experimental and numerical investigations are thoroughly performed using distilled water-based Al2O3, graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nanofluids.Design/methodology/approachThe numerical simulation based on Single Phase Model (SPM) was performed on a realistic 3 D model of PHE having similar dimensions as of the actual plate. The standard k-epsilon turbulent model was used to solve the problem. The concentration and flow rate of nanofluids were ranging from 0.1 to 1 Vol.% and 1 to 5 lpm, respectively, at 30°C. Whereas, hot side fluid is distilled water at 2 lpm and 80°C. The heat transfer characteristics such as bulk cold outlet temperature, heat transfer rate (HTR), heat transfer coefficient (HTC), Nusselt number (Nu), pressure drop, pumping power, effectiveness and exergy loss were experimentally evaluated using nanofluids in a PHE.FindingsThe experimental results were then compared with the numerical model. The experimental results revealed maximum enhancement in an average heat transfer rate of 9.86, 14.86 and 17.27% using Al2O3, GnP and MWCNT nanofluids, respectively, at 1 Vol.%. The present computational fluid dynamics model accurately predicts HTR, and the results deviate <1.1% with experiments for all the cases. The temperature and flow distribution show promising results using nanofluids.Originality/valueThe study helps to visualise heat transfer and flow distribution in PHE using different nanofluids under different operating conditions.

Surfactant effects on Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluid

Surfactant effects on Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluid

Investigation of heat transfer enhancement in an annular conduit with angled fins using functionalized GNP colloidal suspension

Heat exchangers are important equipment with various industrial applications such as power plants, HVAC industry and chemical industries. Various fluids that are used as working fluid in the heat exchangers such as water, oil, and ethylene glycol. Researchers have conducted various studies and investigations to improve the heat exchanger be it from material or heat transfer point of view. There have been attempts to create mixtures with solid particles suspended. This invention had some drawbacks since the pressure drop was compromised, on top of the occurrence of sedimentation or even erosion, which incurs higher maintenance costs. A new class of colloidal suspension fluid that met the demands and characteristics of a heat exchanger was then created. This novel colloidal suspension mixture was then and now addressed as “nanofluid”. In this study, the usage of functionalized graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanofluids will be studied for its thermal conductivity within an annular conduit with angled fins, which encourage swirling flows. The simulation results for the chosen GNP nanofluid concentrations have shown an enhancement in thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient compared to the corresponding base fluid thermal properties. The data from this research is useful in industrial applications which involve heat exchangers with finned tubes.

Frictional Pressure Drop and Cost Savings for Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluids in Turbulent Flow Environments.

Covalent-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (CF-GNPs) inside a circular heated-pipe and the subsequent pressure decrease loss within a fully developed turbulent flow were discussed in this research. Four samples of nanofluids were prepared and investigated in the ranges of 0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.075 wt.%, and 0.1 wt.%. Different tools such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), ultraviolet-visible-spectrophotometer (UV-visible), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), zeta potential, and nanoparticle sizing were used for the data preparation. The thermophysical properties of the working fluids were experimentally determined using the testing conditions established via computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations that had been designed to solve governing equations involving distilled water (DW) and nanofluidic flows. The average error between the numerical solution and the Blasius formula was ~4.85%. Relative to the DW, the pressure dropped by 27.80% for 0.025 wt.%, 35.69% for 0.05 wt.%, 41.61% for 0.075 wt.%, and 47.04% for 0.1 wt.%. Meanwhile, the pumping power increased by 3.8% for 0.025 wt.%, 5.3% for 0.05 wt.%, 6.6% for 0.075%, and 7.8% for 0.1 wt.%. The research findings on the cost analysis demonstrated that the daily electric costs were USD 214, 350, 416, 482, and 558 for DW of 0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.075 wt.%, and 0.1 wt.%, respectively.

Experimental study of boiling heat transfer for a novel type of GNP-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids blended with different nanoparticles

This work is based on a new research direction to ameliorate the hydrophobicity of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) by functionalizing it without affecting its good thermal properties and to prepare novel hybrid nanofluids for enhancing heat transfer. In this work, a novel type of GNP-Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles is prepared, and the crystal structure test proves that it has high purity, contains a variety of hydrophilic functional groups, and has a strong binding force between elements. The blending of metal or non-metal nanoparticles in the GNP-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids is beneficial to improve the deposition effect of the nanofluids and reduces the heat transfer resistance of the heating surface. Therefore, the boiling heat transfer characteristics of GNP nanofluids, GNP-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids, GNP-Fe3O4 + Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids, and GNP-Fe3O4 + SiO2 hybrid nanofluids with different mass concentrations (0.0005 wt%, 0.001 wt%, 0.002 wt%, and 0.003 wt%) were studied experimentally. The heat transfer effects of different nanofluids at the same concentration were also compared. The experimental results show that the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids are significantly enhanced compared with the deionized water (DI water). Among them, GNP-Fe3O4 + Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids and GNP-Fe3O4 + SiO2 hybrid nanofluids have the best heat transfer effect, when the mass concentration is 0.003 wt% critical heat flux (CHF) is 180.23 W/cm2 and 185.29 W/cm2, which are 60.61% and 65.12% higher than DI water. Also, the maximum heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is 9.73 W/cm2K and 10.23 W/cm2K, which are 82.74% and 92.13% higher than DI water. Both of them have similar heat transfer intensity at the same mass concentration. Through the observation of the macroscopic morphology and microstructure of the deposition surface, the wettability test and the study of the bubble generation characteristics, the boiling heat transfer mechanism of the new hybrid nanofluid is qualitatively analyzed. The results show that the wettability and deposition characteristics of GNP-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluids are significantly improved after blended with other nanoparticles, the microscopic deposition structure is more complex and porous, the macroscopic deposition amount is significantly reduced, and the heat transfer resistance is reduced; the characteristics of bubble formation show that the fluid is violently disturbed and the heat transfer intensity is greatly improved. At the same time, the functional groups introduced by acid mixing treatment and metal modification in the preparation of the new hybrid nanoparticles also plays a great role in promoting the heat transfer of the fluid.

Using Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluid in a Closed-Loop Evacuated Tube Solar Collector—Energy and Exergy Analysis

Recently, nanofluid application as a heat transfer fluid for a closed-loop solar heat collector is receiving great attention among the scientific community due to better performance. The performance of solar systems can be assessed effectively with the exergy method. The present study deals with the thermodynamic performance of the second law analysis using graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids. Second law analysis is the main tool for explaining the exergy output of thermodynamic and energy systems. The performance of the closed-loop system in terms of energy and exergy was determined by analyzing the outcome of field tests in tropical weather conditions. Moreover, three parameters of entropy generation, pumping power and Bejan number were also determined. The flowrates of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 L/min and GNP mass percentage of 0.025, 0.5, 0.075 and 0.1 wt% were used for these tests. The results showed that in a flow rate of 1.5 L/min and a concentration of 0.1 wt%, exergy and thermal efficiencies were increased to about 85.5 and 90.7%, respectively. It also found that entropy generation reduced when increasing the nanofluid concentration. The Bejan number surges up when increasing the concentration, while this number decreases with the enhancement of the volumetric flow rate. The pumping power of the nanofluid-operated system for a 0.1 wt% particle concentration at 0.5 L/min indicated 5.8% more than when pure water was used as the heat transfer fluid. Finally, this investigation reveals the perfect conditions that operate closest to the reversible limit and helps the system make the best improvement.

Effect of Various Surfactants on the Viscosity, Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluid

Effect of Various Surfactants on the Viscosity, Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanofluid