Graphene Nanomaterials Research Articles

Graphene Oxide/Urease Nanobiosensor Applied for Cadmium Detection in River Water

The work reported an ultrasensitive cantilever nanobiosensor based on graphene oxide and urease for cadmium detection in river water. Since an efficient adsorption between sensitive layer and the analyte was achieved, the biosensor showed high sensitivity (0.0147 nm/ppt) and low detection limit (18 ppt). Nanobiosensors were applied to analyze real water samples (river) collected in periods with and without rainfall. River water samples collected are a complex matrix, presented different physical and chemical characteristics for turbidity, conductivity and sodium concentration, which is related to the amount of rain in the period. While the values of pH, color, potassium, and magnesium concentration found in the samples collected did not show any significant difference. The response of the nanobiosensor was satisfactory and the effect of the matrix can be minimized with the cadmium fortification in the samples. Different interfering species as sodium, potassium, and magnesium were tested finding a negligible effect. The nanobiosensor based on graphene nanomaterial and urease enzyme has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of cadmium in river water samples.

Investigation on mechanical properties of graphene-polyurethane nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites are increasingly used in applications because of their improved mechanical properties compared to traditional polymers. Graphene has attracted considerable attraction as a reinforcing material in polymers in recent years due its extraordinary effect on enhancing mechanical properties of polyurethane. This paper presents the development and characterisation of mechanical properties of graphene based polyurethane nanocomposites. The yield of the graphene nano material was carried out by using the technique called liquid exfoliation as the use of N-Methyl-2-Pyrollidone (NMP) and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. Granules polyurethane was converted into blend polyurethane by heating at 100°C and then graphene nano particles were fused with pure polyurethane matrix with different percentage weight of graphene (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 wt.%). Microstructural and Mechanical characterisation of graphene/polyurethane nano-composite matrix were carried out involving Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Rays Diffraction (XRD) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and results were compared with pure polyurethane. The results have shown drastic improvements in mechanical properties with modulus of elasticity increasing by 320% and elongation at breaking point increased by 134% with just 0.7 wt. % of graphene concentration as compared to those of pure polyurethane sample.

Evolution of structural and electrical properties in coal-derived graphene oxide nanomaterials during high-temperature annealing

Graphene oxide nanomaterials have been synthesized from Powder River Basin coal using an alternative nitric acid method. The absorption at ultraviolet-visible light energies and thermal decomposition properties of GO derived from raw and charred coal are comparable to graphene oxide fabricated using the improved Hummers' method. Similar observations are extended for coal residues, making coal a promising candidate for an environmentally friendly synthesis approach. The electrical conductivity of powder coal char reduced graphene oxide via this new method, is increased to 4800 S m−1 at 2500 °C, comparable to the improved Hummers' method. For coal-derived graphene nanomaterials, an additional Raman feature D″ related to the amorphous phase in carbonaceous materials is found. The consideration of this feature along with the ratio of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms to structural defects, second-order Raman modes, and complementary X-ray diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy is used to characterize the properties of thermally reduced graphene oxide nanomaterials.

Preface of The 2nd International Conference on Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials (GNN 2020)

Welcome to the proceeding of The 2nd International Conference on Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials (GNN 2020). GNN2020 was originally scheduled to be held in Xi’an (China) during July 7-10, 2020, however, due to the problematic COVID-19 and travel restrictions in many countries, it has to be managed by a combined mode of online video presentation and webinar for questions and answers in real-time from November 1-4, 2020.GNN conference was launched in 2019 in Bangkok (Thailand), it aims to share scholarships regarding issues of graphene, nanomaterials science; to discuss the practical challenges and recommending better solutions for material research; and to offer an excellent opportunity to meet academics, researchers, practitioners, professionals, and experts from around the world. This year, the conference has attracted more than 50 participants from 13 countries.The plenary session of GNN2020 consisted of Keynote Speeches, Oral Presentations, and Poster presentation. The two keynote speeches (45 minutes each, including Q&A) were delivered by Prof. Roger M. Leblanc from Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, USA; and Prof. Nongyue He from School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, China. Twenty-nine oral presentations (15-25 each, including Q&A) were delivered by Prof. Muhammad Arshad, Assoc. Prof. Mohammad Hatami, Prof. Zulfiqar Khan, Prof. Paola Vivo, Dr. Per A. Lothman, Prof. Gunther Andersson, Prof. Harith Bin Ahmad Ahmad, etc.; and one poster presentation was delivered by Mr. Gang Yan.List of Conference General Chair and Technical Program Committee are available in this pdf.

Functionality of nanomaterials and its technological aspects - Used in preventing, diagnosing and treating COVID-19.

COVID-19 (Coronavirus) has severely affected the life of human beings since December 2019. Many difficulties are faced by human beings to prevent the spread of the corona virus. However, this unexpected evolution of COVID-19 has also thrown many challenges to scientists and researchers so as to develop technologies that can be used to combat COVID-19. In the effort to combat COVID-19, many research universities and academic laboratories are also contributing by developing many technologies like Facing masks, hand sanitizers, hand washing machines, etc., to control and prevent the spread of COVID-19 disease. The use of Nano-materials is proving to be very effective in prevention, detection and diagnosis of COVID-19. In this paper many such technologies that are used to combat COVID-19 are also discussed. Some of the technologies like the germ trap technology used in face masks and hoods are also discussed. The use of nano-coatings, nano materials like graphene and carbon nano materials is playing a key role in preventing the spread of the virus. Antimicrobial nano-materials like silver nanoparticles are also effectively contributing to preventing the spread of the virus. Nano bio-sensors and gold nanoparticles are used in RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) testing devices which are used for detection of coronavirus. The use of many nano chemicals and compounds has helped in making vaccines and anti-viral drugs that are today showing a way to safeguard human beings against the attack of this deadly virus.

Biotransformations and cytotoxicity of eleven graphene and inorganic two-dimensional nanomaterials using simulated digestions coupled with a triculture in vitro model of the human gastrointestinal epithelium.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have already made their way into myriad applications and products across multiple industries. However, the potential health risks of exposure to ENMs remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for the emerging class of ENMs know as 2-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs), with a thickness of one or a few layers of atoms arranged in a planar structure. The present study assesses the biotransformations and in vitro cytotoxicity in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 2DNMs, namely graphene, graphene oxide (GO), partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), and tungsten disulphide (WS2). The evaluated pristine materials were either readily dispersed in water or dispersed with the use of a surfactant (Na-cholate or PF108). Materials dispersed in a fasting food model (FFM, water) were subjected to simulated 3-phase (oral, gastric, and small intestinal) digestion to replicate the biotransformations that would occur in the GIT after ingestion. A triculture model of small intestinal epithelium was used to assess the effects of the digested products (digestas) on epithelial layer integrity, cytotoxicity, viability, oxidative stress, and initiation of apoptosis. Physicochemical characterization of the 2DNMs in FFM dispersions and in small intestinal digestas revealed significant agglomeration by all materials during digestion, most prominently by graphene, which was likely caused by interactions with digestive proteins. Also, MoS2 had dissolved by ~75% by the end of simulated digestion. Other than a low but statistically significant increase in cytotoxicity observed with all inorganic materials and graphene dispersed in PF108, no adverse effects were observed in the exposed tricultures. Our results suggest that occasional ingestion of small quantities of 2DNMs may not be highly cytotoxic in a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium. Still, their inflammatory or genotoxic potential after short- or long-term ingestion remains unclear and needs to be studied in future in vitro and in vivo studies. These would include studies of effects on co-ingested nutrient digestion and absorption, which have been documented for numerous ingested ENMs, as well as effects on the gut microbiome, which can have important health implications.

Moderating cellular inflammation using 2-dimensional titanium carbide MXene and graphene variants.

The effective control of microbial and metabolically derived biological toxins which negatively impact physical health remains a key challenge for the 21st century. 2-Dimensional graphene and MXene nanomaterials are relatively new additions to the field of biomedical materials with superior external surface areas suited to adsorptive remediation of biological toxins. However, relatively little is known about their physiological interactions with biological systems and, to date, no comparative biological studies have been done. This study compares titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) in multilayered and delaminated forms with graphene variants to assess the impact of variable physical properties on cellular inflammatory response to endotoxin stimulus. No significant impact on cell metabolism or induction of inflammatory pathways leading to cell death was observed. No significant increase in markers of blood cell activation and haemolysis occurred. Whilst graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), graphene oxide (GO) and Ti3C2Tx showed insignificant antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli, silver nanoparticle-modified GO (GO-Ag) induced bacterial cell death and at a lower dose than silver nanoparticles. All nanomaterials significantly reduced bacterial endotoxin induced THP-1 monocyte IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine production by >99%, >99% and >80% respectively, compared to control groups. This study suggests the utility of these nanomaterials as adsorbents in blood contacting medical device applications for removal of inflammatory cytokines linked to poor outcome in patients with life-threatening infection.

A comprehensive review on selected graphene synthesis methods: from electrochemical exfoliation through rapid thermal annealing towards biomass pyrolysis

A comprehensive overview of selected synthetic methods for graphene and graphene based nanomaterials production with the emphasis on the reaction conditions, the quality of obtained graphene nanomaterials and a variety of potential applications.

Оценка биологической безопасности графеновых наноструктур in vivo: обзор литературы

Graphene is a flat monoatomic layer of carbon arranged in a two-dimensional crystalline struc¬ture. The active study of graphene is growing exponentially, attracting scientists from various fields of science. Graphene-based nanomaterials have unique physical and chemical properties suitable for diverse applications in electronics, telecommunications, ener-gy, healthcare and ecology. There is also an increasing interest in the biomedical application of graphene nanomaterials. However, a significant obstacle to the wider practical use of graphene and materials based on it remains the lack of an unambiguous answer to the question of their potential danger. The paper presents a review of the literature on the study of the biological safety of graphene-based nano-materials in vivo using mice and rats as test objects, as a generally accepted human model. The scientific community has identified the need for a more detailed study of the tox¬icity of graphene and materials based on it, with the mandatory identification of the relationship between their characteristics and biological effi¬ciency. In studies on the whole organism, the biological effect depends not only on the chemi¬cal nature of nanomaterials, but also on the dose, route of administration, the time and mode of exposure, as well as on the animals used for testing. In addition, given the possible toxic effect of graphene-based nanoparticles, it is nec¬essary to investigate and critically assess the potential long-term risks. A detailed comprehen¬sive assessment of the biological safety of graphene nanostructures will contribute to the advancement of knowledge necessary for the de¬velopment of safe graphene-based technologies and products suitable for medical applications, and to minimize risks to human health.

Pristine graphene covalent functionalization with aromatic aziridines and their application in the sensing of volatile amines - an ab initio investigation.

Food quality is of paramount importance for public health safety. For instance, fish freshness can be assessed by sensing the volatile short chain alkylamines produced by spoiled fish. Functionalized graphene is a good candidate for the design of gas sensors for such compounds and therefore of interest as the basic material in food quality sensor devices. To shed theoretical insight in this direction, in the present work we investigate via first-principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations: (i) graphene functionalization via aziridine appendages and (ii) the adsorption of short chain alkylamines (methylamine MA, dimethylamine DMA, and trimethylamine TMA) on the chemically functionalized graphene sheets. Optimal geometries, adsorption energies, and projected density of states (PDOS) are computed using a DFT method. We show that nitrene reactive intermediates, formed by thermal or photo splitting of arylazides – p-carboxyphenyl azide (1a), p-carboxyperfluorophenyl azide (1b), and p-nitrophenyl azide (1c) – react with graphene to yield functionalized derivatives, with reaction energies >−1.0 eV and barriers of the order of 2.0 eV, and open a ∼0.3 to 0.5 eV band gap which is in principle apt for applications in sensing and electronic devices. The interaction between the amines and functionalized graphene, as demonstrated from the calculations of charge density differences showing regions of charge gain and others of charge depletion between the involved groups, occurs through hydrogen bonding with interaction energies ranging from −0.04 eV to −0.76 eV, and induce charge differences in the system, which in the case of p-carboxyperfluorophenyl azide (1b) are sizeable enough to be experimentally observable in sensing.

A dual enhanced anti-bacterial strategy based on high chlorin e6-loaded polyethyleneimine functionalized graphene.

Bacterial infection has always been a long-term problem of human history and has nowadays became a severe threat to human health with the appearance of drug-resistant bacteria due to the abuse of antibiotics. In this study, a high chlorin e6 (Ce6) photosensitizer-loaded polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene (PEI-G) nanocomposite (PEI-G@Ce6) was prepared. The loading capacity of Ce6 on PEI-G@Ce6 was approximately up to 32.91 wt%, which was higher than that of other nanomaterials. The as-prepared PEI-G@Ce6 not only improves the photostability of free photosensitizer Ce6 molecules but also maintains the ability of singlet oxygen generation. Based on the dual enhancement of the physical antibacterial effects of PEI-G and the photodynamic therapy (PDT) antibacterial effects of loaded photosensitizer Ce6, PEI-G@Ce6 exhibited enhanced antibacterial efficiency towards Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the present strategy provided an effective platform to improve antibacterial efficiency for the better treatment of wound infections.

A Brief Review of How to Construct an Enzyme-Based H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Sensor Involved in Nanomaterials

This article briefly reviews how to construct an enzyme based hydrogen peroxide sensor involving nanomaterials, which has the advantages of high efficiency, good sensitivity and selectivity, fast response time and an extended range of linearity with lower detection limit. Glucose biosensor is constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase enzyme on the polycarbonate membrane and the protective cover is then filled with a physiological phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The novel blocking hydrophobic membrane which is only permeable to hydrogen peroxide is used to eliminate electrochemical interferences. This constructed enzyme based H2O2 biosensor is miniaturized by the involvement of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, platinum nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles and it can achieve the effective microscopic detection of glucose. The introduction of nanomaterials including some pure metals (Ag, Au, Pd, Ni, Pt, and Cu), metal oxide (ZnO and TiO2), bimetallic (Au/Ag and Au/Pt) and carbon (nanotubes and graphene) nanomaterials in the construction of the enzyme based H2O2 biosensor improves its sensitivity and performance by enhancing the enzymatic activity, and allows the introduction of many new signal transduction technologies in biosensors. This review article summarizes the working principles of glucose oxidase based hydrogen peroxide sensor, importance of involving nanomaterials in biosensor manufacturing, basic characteristics and components of a biosensor, generations glucose biosensors, procedure of making hydrogen peroxide based biosensor, synthesis of nanomaterials involved in hydrogen peroxide biosensor, and finally some examples of nanomaterials which intervene in hydrogen peroxide biosensor.

Experimental investigation of nanomaterial doped in black paint coating on absorber for energy conversion applications

In the present study, the absorber plate of the triangular solar air heater system is coated with graphene nanomaterial doped in black paint. This is done to analyze the performance based on various mass flow rate of air and solar intensity. The different percentages of graphene nanomaterial (0.1%, 0.2%, & 0.3%) are doped in black paint which increases the absorption of heat. The Reynolds number is varied for the fixed selective coating on absorber plate and mass flow rate. Also the heat transfer of air and absorption rate on the absorber plate is increased . The thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency and improvement potential are also enhanced. In addition, the effects of entropy generation are examined with respect to solar radiation and ambient temperature. The results are presented for constant mass flow rate ranging from 0.0036 to 0.0181 kg/s. The experimental result gives the average thermal efficiency enhancement of 4.91% for BP-II. Entropy generation varies 0.1571 to 0.7189 W/K. Entropy generation is maximum for BP-I and minimum for BP-II. It concludes that the entropy generation increases with increase in mass flow rate. Exergy efficiency for BP-II is found to be 4.27% higher as compared to BP-I.

Role of nanomaterials and surfactants for the preparation of graphene nanofluid: A review

The exceptional Thermo-physical properties of various graphene nanomaterials need an aqueous or organic form for dispersion to prepare the graphene nanofluids. And, to decide which graphene nanomaterials and surfactants can be utilized for a particular field of application, hence, dispersion plays an important role in mixing the different graphene nanomaterials and surfactants, which gives the proper concentration and stability of graphene nanofluids. This study presents a summary of the classification of different graphene nanomaterials based on carbon–oxygen structure, the number of layers, composition, synthesis methods, and thermal properties, etc. And, also the classification of surfactants has been carried out on the basis of ionic and non-ionic nature for the perfect dispersion and stability of the graphene nanofluid. Hence, from the literature study, it was observed that additional experimentation and research are needed to determine the optimum concentration of various surfactants in nanofluid and its effect on stability, thermal-physical properties. Also, needed More theoretical model preparation to justify the results obtained during experimentation to explain how exactly the parameters affect the properties of the fluid.

Biochemical toxicity, lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage induced by graphene oxide in earthworms.

With the growing production and use of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the risk of their releases to the environment has drawn much attention. However, their potential effect on soil invertebrates has not yet been systematically assessed. Herein, the toxic effects of graphene oxide (GO) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were thoroughly investigated. Exposure to different doses of GO (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30gkg-1) was conducted for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that enzymatic activity was stimulated at the early stages of exposure (7 days and 14 days) and inhibited after 14 days for catalase (CAT) and after 21 days for peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), especially at high GO doses. The content of MDA showed an increasing trend over the whole exposure period and was significantly elevated by GO from 21 days except at the dose of 5g kg-1on day 21. Lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage presented dose- and time-dependent relationships. Graphene oxide remarkably decreased lysosomal membrane stability except at the dose of 5gkg-1 on day 7. The tail DNA%, tail length and olive tail moment increased with increasing GO dose throughout the exposure duration, reaching maximum values at the end of exposure (28 days). These findings suggest that GO induces oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Eisenia fetida, resulting in lipid peroxidation, decreased lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage. Therefore, attention should be paid to the potential pollution and risk associated with graphene oxide application. The results can provide valuable information for environmental safety assessment of graphene nanomaterials in soil.

Anti-pathogenic activity of graphene nanomaterials: A review

Graphene and its derivatives are promising candidates for a variety of biological applications, among which, their anti-pathogenic properties are highly attractive due to the outstanding physicochemical characteristics of these novel nanomaterials. The antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal performances of graphene are increasingly becoming more important due to the pathogen's resistance to existing drugs. Despite this, the factors influencing the antibacterial activity of graphene nanomaterials, and consequently, the mechanisms involved are still controversial. This review aims to systematically summarize the literature, discussing various factors that affect the antibacterial performance of graphene materials, including the shape, size, functional group and the electrical conductivity of graphene flakes, as well as the concentration, contact time and the pH value of the graphene suspensions used in related microbial tests. We discuss the possible surface and edge interactions between bacterial cells and graphene nanomaterials, which cause antibacterial effects such as membrane/oxidative/photothermal stresses, charge transfer, entrapment and self-killing phenomena. This article reviews the anti-pathogenic activity of graphene nanomaterials, comprising their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and biofilm-forming performance, with an emphasis on the antibacterial mechanisms involved.

Wide application feasibility report on graphene

In 2005, Dennard scaling, which had hitherto delivered the performance enhancement of integrated circuit (IC) chips, completely collapsed. Hence, the need for new materials and material research emerged. Two-dimensional (2D) graphene emerged as a device material, and two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (BN) has emerged as the ideal substrate material. For the ongoing digital revolution to be sustained, petabit/second and exabit/second transmission links are needed. Graphene technology has matured to the level where functional graphene ICs on the wafer scale can be implemented, such as frequency multipliers, high-frequency graphene analog amplifiers and quaternary digital modulation circuits. These functional graphene ICs can be fabricated at the wafer scale because of the development of the imperfection-immune paradigm called very-large-scale-integration-compatible metallic carbon (C) nanotube removal technique. To harness the exotic properties of graphene nanomaterials in real-life applications at the macro scale, three-dimensional graphene-based monoliths have been developed, which could become the basis of future batteries and solar cells. Terahertz graphene chips will herald peta- and exabit rate optical fiber communication, which is the answer to the large data workload of the Internet. Graphene is emerging as an important thermoelectric material that is capable of converting temperature difference into electric current.

Designer spin order in diradical nanographenes

The magnetic properties of carbon materials are at present the focus of intense research effort in physics, chemistry and materials science due to their potential applications in spintronics and quantum computing. Although the presence of spins in open-shell nanographenes has recently been confirmed, the ability to control magnetic coupling sign has remained elusive but highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate an effective approach of engineering magnetic ground states in atomically precise open-shell bipartite/nonbipartite nanographenes using combined scanning probe techniques and mean-field Hubbard model calculations. The magnetic coupling sign between two spins was controlled via breaking bipartite lattice symmetry of nanographenes. In addition, the exchange-interaction strength between two spins has been widely tuned by finely tailoring their spin density overlap, realizing a large exchange-interaction strength of 42 meV. Our demonstrated method provides ample opportunities for designer above-room-temperature magnetic phases and functionalities in graphene nanomaterials.

Graphene for hydrogen energy storage ‐ A comparative study on GO and rGO employed in a modified reversible PEM fuel cell

SummaryWe present an experimental investigation on graphene for electrochemical hydrogen storage when employed in a modified reversible polymer electrolyte membrane (MRPEM) fuel cell. Synthesis of graphene nanomaterial is performed to obtain graphene oxide (GO) using the modified Hummers method. Oxides in GO are reduced to get reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using Cedrus deodara (CD) tree's leaf extract. Physical characterisation of the prepared GO and CD‐rGO is done to ascertain their properties, viz, internal pore surface area, average pore diameter, etc. Solid electrodes are fabricated from the prepared powdered samples of GO and CD‐rGO, and later tested in an MRPEM fuel cell. Electrochemical hydrogen storage capacity of GO and CD‐rGO is found to be 1.21 and 2.7 wt%, respectively. It is successfully demonstrated that hydrogen ions could be stored in a porous graphene electrode and recovered back. The obtained results are analysed to draw a relation between physical characteristics of graphene and electrochemical hydrogen adsorption. It is found that higher internal pore surface area attracts more hydrogen storage in ionic form. This research work is a maiden attempt to show, experimentally, the physical/chemical adsorption of hydrogen in graphene when employed in a reversible PEM fuel cell. This surely could contribute towards the development of a safe and efficient alternate powering source with many potential applications.

Comparative proteomic analysis reveals cytotoxicity induced by graphene oxide exposure in A549 cells.

Several studies in recent years have demonstrated the broad application prospects of graphene and its derivatives in many fields such as composite material industry, energy storage, antimicrobial materials, and biomedicine. Large-scale production and wide application also bring greater potential exposure risks, and there has been an increasing concern about the potential health hazards of graphene nanomaterials. In the present study, we exploited nonlabeled proteomics and bioinformatics analysis to examine the proteomic response to graphene oxide (GO) and unveil a systematic view of molecular targets and possible mechanisms underlying cytotoxicity of GO in A549 cells. Overall, 89 proteins were found to be differentially expressed at different exposure levels. These differentially expressed proteins were involved in several biological processes and signal transduction pathways such as messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing, negative regulation of plasminogen activation, extracellular matrix organization, positive regulation of cell migration, complement and coagulation cascades, p53 signaling pathway, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. It is suggested that GO may exert toxic effects on cells by regulating gene transcription, immune response, cell growth, and apoptosis. Ingenuity pathway analysis showed that SMARCA4, TGF-β1, and TP53 were located at the center of the protein interaction network and considered as key node proteins regulating GO toxicity. In general, these findings will augment our knowledge of the involved mechanisms and aid in developing develop useful biomarkers for GO-induced pulmonary toxicity.