Grapefruit Research Articles

Larvicidal Effects of Citrus Peels Extracts against Culex Pipiens Mosquitoes

Background: Mosquitoes transmit severe diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, dengue fever, and yellow fever. These diseases result in significant morbidity and mortality in humans around the world. This study aimed to provide information on the larvicidal potential of different Citrus species peels against Culex mosquito larvae.Methods: Ethanol extracts of the peels of four Citrus species, such as Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), Citrus reticulata (tangerine), Citrus latifolia (lime), and Citrus paradisi (grape) fruits were tested for larvicidal properties against Culex pipiens at different concentration (3 mg, 5 mg, 7 mg and 8 mg in 100 mL) on 25 larva per concentration. Percentage mortality was recorded for each of the concentrations used. Results: Only Culex latifolia induced the death of all the mosquito larvae (100%) at 5 mg/mL concentration of the extract, meanwhile Culex reticulata resulted in the lowest mortality rate (80%). However, a hundred percent (100%) mortality of the larvae, was observed at 8 mg/mL of all the types of extracts evaluated.Conclusion: The result indicates that the peels of these Citrus species, especially Culex latifolia, hold potential for control of Culex pipiens mosquito larvae.

Comparative Efficacy of Aqueous Extracts of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and Grape (Citrus paradisi) Peel in the Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

A laboratory study was conducted in the Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, to evaluate the single and mixed insecticidal action of aqueous extracts of grape (Citrus paradisi) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel in the control of cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design. There were four treatments with three replicates per treatment. The treatments were applied at the following rates, 0.5ml, 1.0ml, and 1.5ml per 100g of cowpea seeds. The following parameters were used to assess the efficacy of the treatments; adult mortality, oviposition, number of larvae, number of pupae and F1 progeny emergence. The findings of this experiment showed that 1.0 ml of aqueous peel extract of grape + lime had significantly higher female mortality compared to control at 3rd and 5th DAT. Aqueous peel extract of lime caused a significantly lower (70.67 + 4,3) oviposition rate compared to control (141.33+ 7.4) at 2 DAT with 1.5 ml being the most effective rate of application at 4 DAT. Aqueous peel extracts of lime was most effective in significantly reducing larval emergence (1.33 + 0.3) compared to control (8.33 + 0.5). The trend was similar for pupal emergence. Aqueous peel extracts of grape was most effective in reducing male F1 progeny emergence while lime was most effective in reducing female F1 progeny of C maculatus. Aqueous peel extract of lime could be included in control measures used by local farmers in storage of their grains for two months.

Protection Effect of Admixed Melaleuca alternifolia and Citrus paradisi Macf. Oil Extracts on High Carbon and 3310 Low Grade Alloy Steels in HCl Solution

Protection Effect of Admixed Melaleuca alternifolia and Citrus paradisi Macf. Oil Extracts on High Carbon and 3310 Low Grade Alloy Steels in HCl Solution

Studies Regarding the Antimicrobial Behavior of Clotrimazole and Limonene.

The paper presents the results of the studies performed to establish the effect of the mixtures between limonene and clotrimazole against microbial pathogens involved in dermatological diseases, such as Candida albicans, Staphyloccocus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Preliminary data obtained from the studies performed in microplates revealed a possible synergism between the mixture of clotrimazole and limonene for Staphylococcus aureus. Studies performed "in silico" with programs such as CLC Drug Discovery Workbench and MOLEGRO Virtual Docker, gave favorable scores for docking each compound on a specific binding site for each microorganism. The tests performed for validation, with the clotrimazole (0.1%) and different sources of limonene (1.9% citrus essential oils), showed a synergistic effect on Staphylococcus aureus in the case of the mixtures between clotrimazole and the essential oils of Citrus reticulata or Citrus paradisi. The studies performed on Staphylococcus aureus MRSA showed a synergistic effect between clotrimazole and the essential oils obtained from Citrus bergamia, Citrus aurantium, or Citrus paradisi. In the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, essential oils and clotrimazole used alone did not exhibit antimicrobial activities, but the mixtures between clotrimazole and the essential oils of Citrus bergamia or Citrus sinensis exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial effect.

Naringinase Biosynthesis by Aspergillus niger on an Optimized Medium Containing Red Grapefruit Albedo.

This study aimed to develop a method of naringinase biosynthesis by Aspergillus niger KMS on an optimized culture medium. The concentration of the six medium components in shake flasks was optimized by the Box and Wilson factor gradient method. Naringinase's substrate, naringin, powdered albedo, flavedo, and red grapefruit segment membranes were used to stimulate naringinase biosynthesis. Rhamnose was chosen as the carbon source, while the nitrogen source was yeast extract and sodium nitrate. Naringinase biosynthesis was most favorable in the culture medium with the following composition (g 100 mL): 3.332-NaNO3; 3.427-yeast extract; 0.184-KH2PO4; 0.855-red grapefruit albedo; 0.168-naringin; 2.789-rhamnose. The obtained Aspergillus niger KMS culture fluid was concentrated, thereby precipitating the protein. As a result, a naringinase preparation with high activity, equal to 816 µmol × min-1 × g-1, was obtained.

Identification of Key Process Parameters on the Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Rio Red Grapefruit Waste to Value-Added Products

Several process parameters, such as temperature, pressure, heating rate, contact mode, catalyst-to-biomass ratio, and reaction time, affect the catalyst performance and subsequent yield of products obtained via catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass feedstocks. The combined effect of these process parameters on the CFP of Rio Red grapefruit processing waste (GPW) has not been previously explored. In this work, the Plackett–Burman experimental design approach has been applied to the CFP of GPW to screen and identify the critical process parameters that affect the yield of aromatic, furanic, phenolic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group of products over small, medium, and large-pore zeolites. The aromatic groups of compounds, namely, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and various xylene isomers, were the predominant products for all catalysts that were investigated. Both temperature and reaction time were statistically significant for all the zeolites with maximum aromatic yields obtained at 900 °C and a reaction time of 10 s. An in situ mode of contact between the GPW, catalyst, and evolving vapors maximized the furanic yields. A heating rate of 0.1 °C/ms resulted in a maximum in the phenolic yields. Elevated pressures of 450 psi maximized the yield of aromatics over small-pore zeolites. The results provide the basic data needed to support development of an initial reactor design for the conversion of GPW to value-added products based on catalytic fast pyrolysis.

Citrus disease detection using convolution neural network generated features and Softmax classifier on hyperspectral image data.

Identification and segregation of citrus fruit with diseases and peel blemishes are required to preserve market value. Previously developed machine vision approaches could only distinguish cankerous from non-cankerous citrus, while this research focused on detecting eight different peel conditions on citrus fruit using hyperspectral (HSI) imagery and an AI-based classification algorithm. The objectives of this paper were: (i) selecting the five most discriminating bands among 92 using PCA, (ii) training and testing a custom convolution neural network (CNN) model for classification with the selected bands, and (iii) comparing the CNN's performance using 5 PCA bands compared to five randomly selected bands. A hyperspectral imaging system from earlier work was used to acquire reflectance images in the spectral region from 450 to 930 nm (92 spectral bands). Ruby Red grapefruits with normal, cankerous, and 5 other common peel diseases including greasy spot, insect damage, melanose, scab, and wind scar were tested. A novel CNN based on the VGG-16 architecture was developed for feature extraction, and SoftMax for classification. The PCA-based bands were found to be 666.15, 697.54, 702.77, 849.24 and 917.25 nm, which resulted in an average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 99.84%, 99.84% and 99.98% respectively. However, 10 trials of five randomly selected bands resulted in only a slightly lower performance, with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 98.87%, 98.43% and 99.88%, respectively. These results demonstrate that an AI-based algorithm can successfully classify eight different peel conditions. The findings reported herein can be used as a precursor to develop a machine vision-based, real-time peel condition classification system for citrus processing.

Recovery of Naringin-Rich Flavonoid Extracts from Agroresidues with Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Effects in Mice

Citrus paradisi species belong to the Rutaceae family, and it is commonly known as grapefruit. Grapefruit consumption involves a large amount of waste that goes to landfills and produces significant pollution affecting the human health. To examine this phenomenon, we designed an efficient chemical method that recovers naringin-rich flavonoid extracts from the fresh waste of grapefruits, by using the solvent impregnation resin method (SIR) with XAD-4 amberlite and either methanol or water as elution systems. Additionally, we focused on evaluating these extracts' anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in behavioral predictive paradigms in mice. According to direct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by NMR, and Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DIESI-MS), methanol extracts obtained after resin treatment were free of coumarin compounds and evinced had a high content of naringin. Poncirin, phenylalanine, chrysin 5,7-dimethyl ether, 5,7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavanone, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, tetrahydrocurcumin, corchoionoside C, 6'-coumaroyl-1'-O-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside were also detected. Naringin-rich methanol extract caused a clear anxiolytic-like effect in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Hole-Board (HBT) Tests, increasing oral doses of this extract did not produce a sedative effect. A single oral dose caused an antidepressant-like effect in the Tail Suspension Test (TST), while repeated administrations of the methanol extract elicited a robust antidepressant effect in the Forced Swimming Test (FST) in mice. Our evidence highlights the importance of bioprospecting studies of organic waste with therapeutic potentials, such as anxiety and depression disorders.

Optimized Isolation and Characterization of the Major Polysaccharide from Grape Pomace

Grape pomace is the major component in grape fruits and is mostly wasted after wine and juice making processes. To recycle the residual biomass in grape pomace, extraction conditions of polysaccharides from grape pomace (GPP) were investigated. Three parameters affecting the crude GPP extraction, material to solvent ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature were determined through single parameter optimization and then further optimized by orthogonal test. Results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were material to solvent ratio of 1:25, extraction temperature of 75 °C, and extraction time of 40 min, with extraction time as the most significant factor among them. Crude GPP was purified by gel column chromatography and chemically characterized. UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated that the GPP fraction did not contain any proteins or nucleic acids. FT-IR analysis implied that GPP consisted of α- and β-pyranose with carboxyl groups. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that GPP was composed of arabinose, glucose, galactose, and mannose with a molar ratio of 18.4:14.1:10.8:3.0. These results provide a theoretic basis for the production and utilization of GPP.

Determination of Mold Diversity of Some Fruits Sold in Eastern Turkey

Fungi that contaminate the fruits at stages such as ripening, harvesting, storage, transportation may cause deterioration and economic losses, and even some strains can produce mycotoxins known to be harmful to health. In this respect, it was examined that the mold diversity of some fruits sold in eastern Turkey. A total of 113 different fruits, both non-moldy and moldy, were collected and 395 strains were isolated and identified using classical methods from different parts of the fruits (surfaces, core cavities and rotten parts). It was found the 11 different genera of fungi including Penicillium spp. (34.43%), Cladosporium spp. (22.53%), Rhizopus spp. (21.01%), Alternaria spp. (8.10%), Botrytis spp. (7.34%), Aspergillus spp. (2.27%), Byssochlamys spp. (1.52%), Acremonium spp. (0.76%), Fusarium spp. (0.76%), Colletotrichum spp. (0.76%), and Geotrichum spp. (0.51%) in the analysed strawberry, grape, apple, cherry, pear, plum, pomegranate, apricot, peach, orange, tangerine, and quince fruits. It is noteworthy that the fungi known to produce mycotoxins such as Penicillium expansum and Penicillium italicum are among the fungi isolated within the scope of the study.

Estimation of stomatal conductance by infra-red thermometry in citrus trees cultivated under regulated deficit irrigation and reclaimed water

The aim of this study was to evaluate the robustness of infra-red thermometry to estimate stomatal conductance (gs) in grapefruit trees. For this purpose, the ability of several thermal indices to determine gs was tested for different: (i) irrigation strategies: full irrigation (FI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), (ii) water sources: transfer water (TW) -optimal for agricultural uses- and saline reclaimed water (RW) and (iii) phenological stages: flowering-sprouting (FS) and fruit growth (FG). During two growing seasons, measurements of gs and canopy temperature (Tc) were taken in 14-year-old ´Star Ruby´ grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf.,). Air temperature (Ta) was also recorded and then the derived thermal indices: Tc-Ta, and CWSI (crop water stress index) were calculated. Subsequently, thermal-gs correlations were established at different averaged thermal data intervals, and VPD (vapour pressure deficit) and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) conditions. The results indicated that both, water quality and deficit irrigation, affected negatively gs and Tc during FG. In addition, the highest r2 values in thermal indices-gs correlations were found when i) the thermal data was averaged 60 min before the gs measurement, ii) gs was measured over a wide range of VPD (between 0 and 3.5 kPa), and iii) PAR was 1200 µmol m−2 s−1. The ability of the thermal indices to estimate gs improved under RDI and RW conditions, when compared to the control treatment (TW-FI). Moreover, the thermal indices that more accurately estimated gs were Tc-Ta and CWSI in FS (P < 0.001), and the absolute values of Tc in FG (P < 0.001). Overall, thermal indices obtained by infra-red sensors could be a useful tool to estimate gs in grapefruit trees. However, irrigation treatment, water quality, tree phenological stage and environmental conditions (VPD and PAR) must be considered when interpreting thermal indices-gs correlations.

Sensory Attributes and Antioxidant Potential of Value-added Products of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)

Background: Grapefruits are one of the nutritious and most commonly consumed fruits in United States, next to oranges. Conversely, limited consumption has been reported in India due to its sour taste and bitter flavour. So, the present investigation was undertaken to produce value-added products (chiller, squash, spread and peel candy) from different varieties (Red blush, Ruby Red, marsh Seedless) with an objective to enhance its sensory acceptability. Methods: The four cultivars of grapefruits were procured from citrus farm of PAU, Ludhiana. Half of the fresh fruits were washed thoroughly in distilled water, peeled, sectioned into small pieces and dried in hot air oven at ±55°C. The dried fruit was then ground into fine powder and stored in the air-tight containers (27°C) for nutritional analysis whereas the other half was processed manually to formulate the value-added products in the Food Lab of the same for its sensorial evaluation. Result: Out of four varieties; Red blush became most acceptable for chiller and spread, whereas Ruby Red and Marsh Seedless for squash and peel candy. Prior to product formulation, nutritional parameters of varieties were analysed. They reported high amount of potassium and crude fibre i.e.111-117mg and 1.27-1.40 g/100 g. Among formulated products, ascorbic acid and antioxidant potential was highest in chiller i.e. 28.89 mg/100 g and 75.82%. Quercetin Equivalent was 77.33 (highest) in peel candy.

Vacuolar Phosphate Transporter1 (VPT1) may transport sugar in response to soluble sugar status of grape fruits.

Vacuolar Phosphate Transporter1 (VPT1)-mediated phosphate uptake in the vacuoles is essential to plant development and fruit ripening. Interestingly, here we find that the VPT1 may transport sugar in response to soluble sugar status of fruits. The VvVPT1 protein isolated from grape (Vitis vinifera) berries was tonoplast-localized and contains SPX (Syg1/Pho81/XPR1) and MFS (major facilitator superfamily) domains. Its mRNA expression was significantly increased during fruit ripening and induced by sucrose. Functional analyses based on transient transgenic systems in grape berry showed that VvVPT1 positively regulated berry ripening and significantly affected hexose contents, fruit firmness, and ripening-related gene expression. The VPT1 proteins (Grape VvVPT1, strawberry FaVPT1, and Arabidopsis AtVPT1) all showed low affinity for phosphate verified in yeast system, while they appear different in sugar transport capacity, consistent with fruit sugar status. Thus, our findings reveal a role for VPT1 in fruit ripening, associated to its SPX and MFS domains in direct transport of soluble sugar available into the vacuole, and open potential avenues for genetic improvement in fleshy fruit.

Effect of Inter-Row Peanut Growing in the Vineyard on the Quality of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' Grape Fruits and Wines in Northwest China.

In order to solve the problem of premature grape ripening due to global warming, inter-row peanut growing in viticulture was applied. In this two-year (2018-2019) study, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was used to cover the ground between rows in the vineyards located in the semi-arid Northwest China, Xinjiang. The results showed that reflected solar radiation and temperature around the fruit zone with the peanuts growing were decreased. Compared with clean tillage, the grapes with covering peanuts had lower total soluble solids (TSS) and higher titratable acidity (TA) in the berries. Lower alcohol content and higher total acid (TA) was also found in their corresponding wines. Inter-row peanut growing treatment significantly decreased the contents of flavonols in the grapes and their wines in the two consecutive years, but no significant effect on flavanols was observed in the resulting wines. Norisoprenoids and esters in the grapes and the wines were increased with the peanut growing treatment, respectively. Additionally, compared to clean tillage, the peanut covering significantly improved the sensory value of the wines, especially the aroma complexity of the wines. This study helps us to better understand the feasibility of applying inter-row peanut growing in the viticulture of ground management in the semi-arid climate of Northwest China.

Global analysis of alternative splicing events based on long- and short-read RNA sequencing during grape berry development

• This study highlights that alternative splicing in grape fruit development is a major event. • Differentially spliced genes potentially associated with early ripening traits were identified. • Gene annotation in the grape reference genome will benefit from this information.

Effect of chitosan and thymol on physicochemical and qualitative properties of table grape fruits during the postharvest period

Effect of chitosan and thymol on physicochemical and qualitative properties of table grape fruits during the postharvest period

Antimicrobial peptide CB-M exhibits direct antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and induces disease resistance to gray mold in cherry tomato fruit

Gray mold is a common postharvest disease caused by Botrytis cinerea that causes fruit decay and reduces fruit storage quality. In this study, the antifungal activity of antimicrobial peptide CB-M against B. cinerea and its mechanism of action, as well as the ability of CB-M to induce disease resistance in cherry tomato fruit, were investigated. CB-M had a strong inhibitory effect on spore survival and mycelial growth of B. cinerea, and these effects were enhanced with increased CB-M concentration. Moreover, significant leakages of cellular constituents and fluorescence microscopy assay confirmed that CB-M treatment could destroy the cell membrane integrity of B. cinerea. Scanning electron microscopy observations further demonstrated obvious distortion and shriveling of B. cinerea hyphae. Gel retardation and SDS-PAGE assay showed that CB-M could likely bind to cellular DNA and degrade/inhibit protein synthesis in B. cinerea. Furthermore, preincubation with CB-M before pathogen inoculation significantly decreased lesion diameter and incidence of gray mold caused by B. cinerea in tomato, cherry tomato, and grape fruit throughout whole storage time. Cherry tomato was used to explore the ability of CB-M to induce gray mold resistance, and the results showed that CB-M preincubation enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, accelerated the accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, flavonoids, and total phenolics, and increased the activities of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase during storage. These results indicated that CB-M is a good substitute for fungicides and has excellent prospects for controlling postharvest gray mold in horticultural crops.

Better tolerance to Huanglongbing is conferred by tetraploid Swingle citrumelo rootstock and is influenced by the ploidy of the scion.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease that is responsible for the death of millions of trees worldwide. The bacterial causal agent belongs to Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which is transmitted by psyllids. The bacterium lead most of the time to a reaction of the tree associated with callose synthesis at the phloem sieve plate. Thus, the obstruction of pores providing connections between adjacent sieve elements will limit the symplastic transport of the sugars and starches synthesized through photosynthesis. In the present article, we investigated the impact of the use of tetraploid Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macfrad × Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf) rootstock on HLB tolerance, compared to its respective diploid. HLB-infected diploid and tetraploid rootstocks were investigated when grafted with Mexican and Persian limes. Secondary roots were anatomically studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe callose deposition at the phloem sieve plate and to evaluate the impact of the bacterium's presence at the cellular level. Voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) in roots was applied to determine the oxidative stress status of root samples. In the field, Mexican and Persian lime leaves of trees grafted onto tetraploid rootstock presented less symptoms of HLB. Anatomical analysis showed much stronger secondary root degradation in diploid rootstock, compared to tetraploid rootstock. Analysis of the root sieve plate in control root samples showed that pores were approximately 1.8-fold larger in tetraploid Swingle citrumelo than in its respective diploid. SEM analyses of root samples did not reveal any callose deposition into pores of diploid and tetraploid genotypes. VIMP showed limited oxidative stress in tetraploid samples, compared to diploid ones. These results were even strongly enhanced when rootstocks were grafted with Persian limes, compared to Mexican limes, which was corroborated by stronger polyphenol contents. TEM analysis showed that the bacteria was present in both ploidy root samples with no major impacts detected on cell walls or cell structures. These results reveal that tetraploid Swingle citrumelo rootstock confers better tolerance to HLB than diploid. Additionally, an even stronger tolerance is achieved when the triploid Persian lime scion is associated.

Risk reduction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: biological mechanisms of lycopene

Background and aims: The conservational effects of dietary interventions as advantageous instruments in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have gotten more attention in recent years. Numerous nutritional epidemiological studies have highlighted the ability of diets to decrease costly care and treatments as well as adverse side effects from standard treatments. Lycopene is a non-pro-vitamin A carotenoid that is present in tomatoes, processed tomato products, and different fruits like watermelon, autumn olive, gac, pink grapefruit, pink guava, papaya, sea buckthorn, and wolfberry. As one of the most powerful antioxidants among dietary tetraterpenoids, lycopene can also assist in lowering the risk of early death and extending life in patients with heart disease. By reducing the destructive effects of free radicals along with total and “bad” LDL cholesterol levels while increasing “good” HDL cholesterol, lycopene holds the power to reduce the risk factors of heart disease. Several studies have investigated a reduction of oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) cholesterol levels following lycopene consumption which supports these claims and suggests the conceivable function of lycopene in the blockage of oxidative stress-associated CVD. A negative correlation between serum lycopene concentration and mortality of people with metabolic syndrome was found. Over 10 years, researchers observed a 39% decreased chance of premature death in individuals with the metabolic disease who had the highest blood concentrations of lycopene. Lycopene’s protective impacts are especially beneficial in those with low blood antioxidant levels or high levels of oxidative stress. This includes older adults, smokers, and diabetic individuals or other vascular disorders. Lycopene intake has been thought to reduce the risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus.Lycopene acts as an antihypertensive agent by impeding the angiotensin-converting enzyme and improving the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium. The purpose of this review is to summarize the possible mechanisms of lycopene in the prevention of CVD. Keywords: Lycopene, Risk factors of heart disease, Antioxidants, Carotenoids, Cardio-metabolic, Insulin resistance

Fruit quality of Vitis vinifera: How plant metabolites are affected by genetic, environmental, and agronomic factors

Vitis vinifera is a deciduous woody vine of the genus Vitis. Its fruit is sweet, nutritious, and well-liked by consumers. Consumer demand for grape quality is growing as people's living standards improve. Therefore, boosting grape fruit quality has become a major research direction in response to market growth and is an essential aim of modern agricultural grape production. The fruit quality of grapes is the total of several great attributes that suit people's demands, and the quality characteristics that people focus on are appearance (color) and intrinsic qualities (sugar, acidity, and flavor). This study reviews the research on important grape qualities at home and abroad in the past 10 years. The focus is on the grape quality indicators of color, flavor, and secondary metabolic components. This study discusses the regulatory mechanism of grape anthocyanins (structural genes, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs), sugar regulation mechanism (enzymes related to sucrose metabolism, three types of transporters), organic acid regulation mechanism (malic, citric, and tartaric acid metabolism), and abiotic stress (light, temperature, water, nutrients, and hormones), and their effects on grape quality. Studying the important quality composition and regulation mechanism of grapes is important for the development and utilization of high-quality grape variety resources.