Grapefruit Seed Extract Research Articles

Effect of some Pre-Harvest Treatments on Quality of ʺCrimson Seedlessʺ Grapes During Cold Storage and Shelf Life

This work was carried out during two successive seasons (2017 and 2018) to examine the response of ʺCrimson Seedlessʺ grapes to some pre-harvest treatments i.e. jasmonic acid (JA) at (4 and 8) mM/L and grapefruit seed extract (GSE) at (0.5 and 1) mM/L on some berries quality parameters under cold storage and shelf-life conditions. Vines were sprayed in two application times at (25th and 30th August) during 2017 and 2018, respectively. The non-ionic surfactant Tween-20 at 0.05% (v/v) was added to all treatments to reduce the surface tension and increase the contact angle of sprayed droplets. Results showed that both jasmonic acid and grapefruit seed extract treatments at different concentrations were significantly effective in reducing weight loss, berry decay, berry shatter, and total loss in cluster weight percentages during the cold storage period and shelf life as compared to the control. Also, the previous treatments significantly increased berry firmness, soluble solid content (SSC%), SSC/acid ratio, and total anthocyanin contents, where it was caused a significant decrease in total acidity percentage during the cold storage period and shelf life in comparison with control. Furthermore, the lowest values of weight loss, berry shatter, berry decay and total loss in cluster weight were founded by JA at 8 mM and GSE at 1 mM at the end of shelf life in comparison with other treatments. It could be concluded that JA at 8 mM and GSE at 1 mM as preharvest treatments are applicable for improving the storability of ʺCrimson Seedlessʺ grapes and maintaining their quality during cold storage and shelf life.

Effect of plasticizer and antimicrobial agents on functional properties of bionanocomposite films based on corn starch-chitosan for food packaging applications

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence plasticizer (glycerol (GLY)/sorbitol (SOR)) and antimicrobial (potassium sorbate (KS)/grapefruit seed extract (GFSE)) agents on crystallinity, water barrier, mechanical, thermal and anti-fungal properties of prepared with corn starch (CS)-chitosan (CH) nanoclay (Na-MMT) bionanocomposite films. Results showed that CS/CH/nanoclay/SOR/GFSE films exhibit a higher crystallinity than any other bionanocomposite films. Molecular miscibility among corn starch, chitosan (COOH, NH) and nanoclay (AlOH, SiOSi) was exhibited in XRD. Films plasticized with SOR showed the highest tensile strength, lowest film solubility, lowest water vapor permeability and thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that the main interactions among the components in a bionanocomposite film are due to hydrogen bonding. Bionanocomposite films containing GFSE showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger. Synthetic plastic films exhibited fungal growth on 6th day whereas CS/CH/nanoclay/SOR/GFSE films did not show the same up to 20 days when bread samples were packed at 25 °C and 59% RH. CS/CH/nanoclay/SOR/GFSE film could potentially be useful for active packaging in extend the shelf life; maintain its quality and safety of food products thus substituting synthetic plastic packaging materials.

Cellulose based nanocomposite hydrogel films consisting of sodium carboxymethylcellulose–grapefruit seed extract nanoparticles for potential wound healing applications

The impact of grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) as an antibacterial agent on citric acid (CA) crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) hydrogel films has been studied by incorporating different quantities of GFSE. The prepared films were examined for their physical, thermal, mechanical and antibacterial properties. It was observed that crystallinity and initial decomposition temperature of hydrogel films decreased with GFSE concentration. Furthermore, the swelling degree and tensile strength of hydrogel films were found to be 257.29 ± 5.08%–162.06 ± 1.78% and 11.61 ± 0.27–2.21 ± 0.94 MPa for increasing GFSE concentration varying from 0.25% - 1.5% (v/v). The presence of nanoparticles in the films was observed by FESEM and FETEM analysis. It was confirmed that the formation of nanoparticles (micelles) is due to the addition of NaCMC and GFSE, probably glycerides, which is one of the main components in GFSE. The hydrogel films have demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity and elongation at break (%). Moreover, zeta potential of nanoparticles was recorded to be −55.26 mV ascertaining their stability in water that contributed to a higher antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria. All these outcomes prove the nanocomposite films to be a potential substitute for hydrogels loaded with synthetic drugs in wound healing and other biological applications.

Development of a biodegradable polycaprolactone film incorporated with an antimicrobial agent via an extrusion process

In the present study, polycaprolactone (PCL) composite films incorporated with various concentrations of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) as an antimicrobial agent were prepared using a twin-screw extruder. Physical characteristics as well as antimicrobial properties of the PCL/GSE composite films were analyzed. The results showed that the surface color of the films gradually changed with increasing GSE concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated no significant structural changes such as chemical bond formation between PCL and GSE. Thermal properties were slightly affected due to GSE incorporation. Crystallinity of the composite films decreased as the amount of GSE increased. In vitro analysis indicated that the antimicrobial activity of the PCL/GSE composite films increased as the GSE concentration increased, with a 5% concentration showing the strongest inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes, with 5.8-log reduction in bacterial count. Application testing of the films was carried out for cheese packaging, and biodegradation of the samples was assessed via soil burial testing. Our findings confirmed the potential use of PCL/GSE composite films as biodegradable food packaging material with antimicrobial activity.

Preparation of multifunctional carboxymethyl cellulose-based films incorporated with chitin nanocrystal and grapefruit seed extract

Chitin nanocrystals (ChNC) were isolated from shrimp shells powder using acid hydrolysis and ammonium persulfate methods. Multifunctional carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite films were prepared by adding ChNC and grapefruit seed extract (GSE), and their effects on the optical, mechanical, water vapor barrier, and antibacterial properties of CMC film were investigated. The isolated ChNC had a needle-like structure with a length of 340–370 nm and a diameter of 18–20 nm depending on the isolation method. The CMC films prepared with ChNC and GSE were transparent with high UV barrier properties. The addition of GSE reduced the strength (TS) and stiffness (EM) of CMC films by 10.4% and 30.3%, respectively, while the flexibility (EB) increased by 17.7%. However, when the ChNC was added, the TS and EM of CMC film increased by 19.7% and 58.7%, respectively, and the EB remained the same. The addition of ChNC reduced the water vapor permeability (WVP) of the CMC film by 27%. CMC films containing GSE also showed strong antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria, E. coli and L. monocytogenes.

Antibacterial Effect of a Mixed Natural Preservative against Listeria monocytogenes on Lettuce and Raw Pork Loin

A mixed natural preservative, including grapefruit seed extract (GSE), cinnamaldehyde (CA), and nisin, was investigated for the reduction of Listeria monocytogenes growth on lettuce and raw pork loin. The MIC of each natural preservative was investigated for L. monocytogenes strains tested. Following central composite design, lettuce and pork loin were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains of L. monocytogenes (ATCC 15313, H7962, and NADC 2045 [Scott A]) and treated with the mixed natural preservative that included GSE (0.64 to 7.36 ppm), CA (1.6 to 18.4 ppm), and nisin (0.48 to 5.5 ppm). The MIC of GSE was 31.25 ppm in tested L. monocytogenes strains, and of CA was 500 and 1,000 ppm in L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313 and the other L. monocytogenes strains, respectively. The MIC of nisin was 250 ppm. The R2 value of this model was more than 0.9, and the lack of fit was not significant. The mixed natural preservative showed a synergistic antimicrobial effect and reduced the growth of L. monocytogenes by 4 to 5 log CFU/g on lettuce. In addition, the reduction of L. monocytogenes on pork loin was 3 log CFU/g. The mixed natural preservative, which consisted of GSE (6 to 8 ppm), CA (15 to 20 ppm), and nisin (5 to 6 ppm), increased the antibacterial effect against L. monocytogenes. These results suggest that the use of the mixed natural preservative could reduce the economic cost of food preparation, and response surface methodology is considered effective when measuring synergy among antimicrobials.

Antibacterial LDPE/GSE/Mel/ZnONP composite film-coated wrapping paper for convenience food packaging application

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) based nanocomposite film incorporated with grapefruit seed extract (GSE), melanin nanoparticle (Mel), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) was prepared by the extrusion-blowing method. The UV–vis spectra of LDPE/GSE/Mel/ ZnONP film exhibited the characteristic absorption peak of ZnONP at 370 nm. The UV-barrier, thickness, elongation at break, and thermal stability of LDPE film increased after the incorporation of GSE, Mel, and ZnONP, but transparency, tensile strength, and water contact angle decreased. The LDPE/GSE/Mel/ZnONP films exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The LDPE/GSE/Mel/ZnONP composite film was coated on a wrapping paper using a thermocomression method. The SEM micrographs of the surface of the coated paper exhibited that the coated films filled the pores and voids of the porous fibers of the paper to make it’s surface smooth. The water absorptiveness and oil absorptiveness of the paper decreased profoundly after coating with LDPE and LDPE/GSE/Mel/ZnONP films. The LDPE/GSE/Mel/ZnONP composite film-coated wrapping paper was effective to prevent the growth of coliform bacteria of sandwich and ‘gimbab’ (rolled rice with dried seaweed).

Development of grapefruit seed extract-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone)/chitosan films for antimicrobial food packaging

Abstract In this study, the packaging films were prepared by blending poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with chitosan and grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) using extrusion compounding followed by compression molding. Different GFSE/chitosan ratios (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mL/g) affected the surface morphology, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the films. Although the addition of GFSE decreased the films’ resistance to breakage and stretching, the films retained adequate tensile strength and desirable flexibility for packaging. More notably, PCL/chitosan/GFSE films were effective against both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and could inhibit the bacterial growth for up to 120 h when GFSE content increased to 0.5 mL/g and 1.0 mL/g, respectively. Packaging application test using salmon showed that PCL/chitosan/GFSE films were effective to inhibit the growth of E. coli in salmon during storage. Furthermore, no mold growth was observed on the bread packaged with films containing ≥1.0 mL/g GFSE after 7 days.

Carrageenan-based functional hydrogel film reinforced with sulfur nanoparticles and grapefruit seed extract for wound healing application

κ-Carrageenan-based (Carr) functional wound healing hydrogel films were prepared by incorporating chitosan capped sulfur nanoparticles (SNP) and grapefruit seed extract (GSE). In vivo wound healing effect of the hydrogel films was tested using artificially wounded male Sprague-Dawley rats. The hydrogel film (Carr/GSE/SNP) showed higher mechanical strength, swelling ratio and ultraviolet barrier properties than the carrageenan film, but the water vapor permeability and water solubility were decreased. The hydrogel film showed antibacterial activity strong enough to destroy Staphylococcus epidermis and Escherichia coli within 3 h of incubation and showed high biocompatibility against mouse fibroblast (L929 cell lines). The hydrogel film (Carr/GSE/SNP3%) showed excellent wound healing effect (1.3% wound area after 2 weeks) compared to the control group (31% wound area after 2 weeks) through in vivo wound healing test. Histological examination showed the complete appearance of the healed epidermis. The Carr/GSE/SNP hydrogel films are most likely to be used for the treatment of full-thickness wounds.

Anti-Biofilm Activity of Grapefruit Seed Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a safe and effective preservative that is used widely in the food industry. However, there are few studies addressing the anti-biofilm effect of GSE. In this study, the anti-biofilm effect of GSE was investigated against biofilm-forming strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The GSE minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus and E. coli were 25 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml, respectively. To investigate biofilm inhibition and degradation effect, crystal violet assay and stainless steel were used. Biofilm formation rates of four strains (S. aureus 7, S. aureus 8, E. coli ATCC 25922, and E. coli O157:H4 FRIK 125) were 55.8%, 70.2%, 55.4%, and 20.6% at 1/2 × MIC of GSE, respectively. The degradation effect of GSE on biofilms attached to stainless steel coupons was observed (≥ 1 log CFU/coupon) after exposure to concentrations above the MIC for all strains and 1/2 × MIC for S. aureus 7. In addition, the specific mechanisms of this anti-biofilm effect were investigated by evaluating hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production rate, and motility. Significant changes in EPS production rate and motility were observed in both S. aureus and E. coli in the presence of GSE, while changes in hydrophobicity were observed only in E. coli. No relationship was seen between auto-aggregation and biofilm formation. Therefore, our results suggest that GSE might be used as an anti-biofilm agent that is effective against S. aureus and E. coli.

Grapefruit seed extract effectively inhibits the Candida albicans biofilms development on polymethyl methacrylate denture-base resin.

This study aimed to investigate the cleansing effects of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on biofilms of Candida albicans (C. albicans) formed on denture-base resin and the influence of GSE on the mechanical and surface characteristics of the resin. GSE solution diluted with distilled water to 0.1% (0.1% GSE) and 1% (1% GSE) and solutions with Polident® denture cleansing tablet dissolved in distilled water (Polident) or in 0.1% GSE solution (0.1% G+P) were prepared as cleansing solutions. Discs of acrylic resin were prepared, and the biofilm of C. albicans was formed on the discs. The discs with the biofilm were treated with each solution for 5 min at 25°C. After the treatment, the biofilm on the discs was analyzed using a colony forming unit (CFU) assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to assess the persistent cleansing effect, the discs treated with each solution for 5 min were aerobically incubated in Yeast Nitrogen Base medium for another 24 h. After incubation, the persistent effect was assessed by CFU assay. Some specimens of acrylic resin were immersed in each solution for 7 days, and changes in surface roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VH), flexural strength (FS), and flexural modulus (FM) were evaluated. As a result, the treatment with 1% GSE for 5 min almost completely eliminated the biofilm formed on the resin; whereas, the treatment with 0.1% GSE, Polident, and 0.1% G+P for 5 min showed a statistically significant inhibitory effect on biofilms. In addition, 0.1% GSE and 0.1% G+P exerted a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilms. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that Polident mainly induced the death of yeast, while the cleansing solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced the death of hyphae as well as yeast. SEM also revealed that Polident caused wrinkles, shrinkage, and some deep craters predominantly on the cell surfaces of yeast, while the solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced wrinkles, shrinkage, and some damage on cell surfaces of not only yeasts but also hyphae. No significant changes in Ra, VH, FS, or FM were observed after immersion in any of the solutions. Taken together, GSE solution is capable of cleansing C. albicans biofilms on denture-base resin and has a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilm development, without any deteriorations of resin surface.

Development of Hydrogels to Improve the Safety of Yukhoe (Korean Beef Tartare) by Reducing Psychrotrophic Listeria monocytogenes Cell Counts on Raw Beef Surface.

This study developed an antimicrobial hydrogel to control Listeria monocytogenes in Yukhoe (Korean beef tartare). Four hydrogels (hydrogel 1: 5% alginate+1% chitosan+0.2% CaCl2, hydrogel 2: 1% κ-carrageenan+1% chitosan, hydrogel 3: 2% κ-carrageenan+1% CaCl2, and hydrogel 4: 2% κ-carrageenan+3% CaCl2) were prepared. The hydrogels then absorbed 0.1% grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and 0.1% citrus extract (CE) for 30, 60, 120, and 240 min to be antimicrobial hydrogels. To select the most effective antimicrobial hydrogel, their swelling ratio (SR) and antilisterial activities were determined. The selected hydrogel (2×2 cm) was then placed on surface of beef (round; 3×3 cm), where L. monocytogenes (ca. 106 CFU/g) were inoculated, and the cell counts were enumerated on PALCAM agar. Among the hydrogels, the SR of hydrogel 1 increased with absorbing time, but other hydrogels showed no significant changes. Antimicrobial hydrogel 1 showed higher (p<0.05) antilisterial activity than other antimicrobial hydrogels, especially for the one absorbed the antimicrobial for 120 min. Thus, the antimicrobial hydrogel 1 absorbed antimicrobials for 120 min was applied on raw beef at 4℃, and reduced (p<0.05) more than 90% of L. monocytogenes on raw beef. These results indicate that antimicrobial hydrogel 1 formulated with 0.1% GSE or 0.1% CE is appropriate to improve the safety of Yukhoe by reducing psychrotrophic L. monocytogenes cell counts on raw beef.

Preparation of antibacterial poly(lactide)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite films incorporated with grapefruit seed extract

Antimicrobial poly(lactide) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend films incorporated with grapefruit seed extract (GSE) were prepared using a solvent casting method. Effect of GSE on the morphological, water vapor barrier, thermostability, color, optical, and antimicrobial properties of PLA/PBAT composite films was investigated. The composite films showed a yellowish tint after incorporation of GSE and exhibited a high UV-light barrier property. Incorporation of GSE increased the flexibility and tensile strength of the composite films. Films incorporated with 7 wt% of GSE exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, but they showed only bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli. The PLA/PBAT-GSE composite film with UV-light barrier and antibacterial properties has a high potential for an active food packaging application.

Development of a functional biodegradable composite with antibacterial properties

ABSTRACTCreating antimicrobial property in biomaterials has always been generating interest in food packaging and biomedical applications to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polymer which has been investigated extensively due to its ease of processability. In this study, natural antibacterial substances alginic acid (ALG) particles and grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) were added into PCL matrix using mechanical blending processes to obtain a novel antibacterial and biodegradable composite material, which can be used for various applications like food packaging, tissue engineering and drug delivery. The blend was then compressed into film via compression moulding. The film surfaces were smooth and homogeneous. Results showed changes in crystallinity after the addition of GFSE. Fabricated composite blend was effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The improved antimicrobial activity of the blend indicated the potential for combating infections.

Effects of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) coating on the water resistant, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of Kraft paper

A Kraft paper was coated with PBAT [poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)] with Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) using different types of coating bars (No. 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60). The microstructure of the surface of the coated paper showed that the PBAT filled the pores of the porous fibers of the paper to make its surface smooth. The basis weight and thickness of the paper increased after coating. The properties of the coated paper, such as water resistance, water vapor barrier, surface hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties, increased significantly compared with the base paper. The tensile strength of coated paper increased by 40–80 % depending on the coating thickness. The paper coated with PBAT/GSE exhibited potent antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes), while the paper coated with PBAT/ZnONP showed strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (L. monocytogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria.

The effects of grapefruit seed extract on the thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in sous-vide processed döner kebabs

The heat resistance (57.5–65 °C) of Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum packaged, cook-in-bag, döner kebabs that included 0.5 or 1% grapefruit seed extract (GSE) was determined. The packages were processed to an internal temperature of 57.5, 60, 62.5 or 65 °C in 1 h, held for a predetermined period of time, and then, ice chilled. The surviving cell population was determined by plating diluted samples onto tryptic soy agar overlaid with 10 ml of modified Oxford agar. Survivor curves were fitted to an equation based on the Weibull distribution using the USDA Integrated Pathogen Modeling Program 2013 software tool. The Weibull model consistently offered more accurate fit to all survivor curves based on the smaller root mean square error (<0.46). The times to 4-log reduction were 140, 62.38, 14.45 and 6.84 min at 57.5, 60, 62.5, and 65 °C, respectively. Supplementing döner kebab with 0.5–1% GSE rendered the pathogen more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat. The results provide the food industry with an option to supplement 0.5–1% GSE in sous vide processed döner kebab, that ensures adequate degree of protection against L. monocytogenes and at the same time, provide energy conservation and quality products.

Antimicrobial wrapping paper coated with a ternary blend of carbohydrates (alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan) and grapefruit seed extract

A functional biopolymer-coated paper was prepared by coating a ternary blend of the alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and carrageenan with grapefruit seed extract (GSE) for the substitute use of synthetic polymer-coated paper. The microstructure of the surface and cross-section of the coated paper analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) indicated that the biopolymer was compatible with the base paper and filled the pores of the porous fiber to make a smooth-surfaced coating paper. The properties of the biopolymer-coated paper, such as water and oil resistance, water vapor barrier, surface hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties, increased significantly compared with not only the base paper but also commercially used PE-coated paper. The blended biopolymer coating material exhibited strong antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, which were destroyed completely within 3 and 9 h, respectively. The packaging test for a minced fish cake packed with the biopolymer-coated paper showed the complete destruction of surface inoculated bacteria in 6–9 days. The biopolymer-coated paper showed a high potential for disposable food packaging applications to increase the shelf-life of packaged food.

Bitterness Reduction of Cold Pressed Grapefruit Seed Oil by Adsorbent Treatment

The goal of this study is to remove bitterness of cold pressed grapefruit seed oil by adsorbent treatments. The oil is treated with amberlites XAD7, IR120, and IRA400 resins, and natural zeolite, sepiolite, and montmorillonite at 3% (w/w) level. Oil physicochemical properties, oil flavonoid, phenolic acid and phytosterol compositions, oil sensory descriptive analysis, oil consumer preferences as well as properties of the adsorbents are determined. The largest surface area, pore radius, pore volume, and oleic acid adsorption capacity are observed for natural sepiolite, zeolite and XAD7 amberlite. Adsorbent treatment usually reduced oil viscosity, free acidity, and soap content. In removal of flavonoids, natural sepiolite, zeolite and XAD7 resin are the most successful. Reductions from 3.0 to 60.0% are quantified. Phytosterol composition is not changed significantly by adsorbent treatment. Quantitative sensory descriptive data shows that natural sepiolite at first, followed by natural zeolite and amberlite XAD7 reduced bitterness and throatcatching scores almost by half, but consumer preference test results shows that these reductions were not enough for consumers to accept the taste/flavor of the treated oils. Hence, bitterness removal from grapefruit seed oil still remains as a research challenge.Practical Applications: To utilize cold pressed grapefruit seed oil for direct human consumption, the inherent bitterness needs to be removed. This study shows that almost half levels of sensorially perceived bitterness could be removed by natural sepiolite, zeolite, and amberlite XAD7 adsorbents. Although consumers find the treated oils still bitter, the treated oils could be used in formulated food preparations or in blend with other vegetable oils.Cold pressed grapefruit seed oils are treated with various adsorbents to remove bitterness, and then evaluated by analytical techniques and sensory evaluations.

Coating Satsuma mandarin using grapefruit seed extract-incorporated carnauba wax for its preservation.

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE)-incorporated carnauba wax (CW) coating was developed to preserve Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.). GSE (1.00%, w/w)-incorporated CW (GSE-CW) coating emulsions and GSE (0.50%)-oregano oil (OO, 0.50%)-incorporated CW (GSE-OO-CW) coating emulsions reduced Penicillium italicum disease incidence (%) on mandarin surfaces by 23.6±3.6 and 25.0±5.0%, respectively, relative to that on uncoated mandarin samples (100%). GSE (1.00%)-CW coating emulsions exhibited a higher colloidal stability than GSE (0.50%)-OO (0.50%)-CW coating emulsions. During storage at 25°C, GSE (1.00%)-CW coating was superior to CW coating in reducing P. italicum disease incidence. CW coating significantly reduced weight loss, respiration rate, and firmness loss during storage at 4 and 25°C (P<0.05). The ascorbic acid concentration and peel color were not affected by GSE-CW coating (P>0.05). These results suggest that GSE-CW coating can extend the post-harvest shelf life of mandarins by inhibiting the growth of P. italicum.

Industrial Applications of Selected JFS Articles

Industrial Applications of Selected <i>JFS</i> Articles