Grape Production Research Articles

The impact of vineyard landscaping and grapevine training systems on labour costs: a case study from the Douro Demarcated Region

ABSTRACT The vineyards and wine industry are key pillars of the economy in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR). However, the region’s diverse topography poses challenges, leading to high grape production costs. Additionally, ongoing difficulties in attracting labor threaten the sector's sustainability. Based on a multiple linear regression and survey data from 110 DDR farms, this study analyzed the impact of labor costs on farms with varying vineyard landscaping and grapevine training systems. Results indicate a clear relationship between certain landscaping and training practices and permanent labor costs. Traditional walled terraces, vertical planting, and cordon training systems incur the highest permanent labor expenses, while temporary labor costs remain minimal. Adopting less labor-intensive systems is a strategic priority for DDR winegrowers, with significant effects across the wine value chain. To enhance the sector’s sustainability, future policies should prioritize systems that are well-adapted to local conditions and economically viable.

ANALYSIS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE COSTS OF TABLE GRAPE PLANTATIONS ACCORDING TO THE PERGOLA SUPPORT SYSTEM

Evaluating the costs of establishment and maintenance of table grape plantations, grown through the Pergola management system, is a significant opportunity for winegrowers in the Republic of Moldova. This system, relatively new in the country, remains unadopted for many of the table grape producers. The present research highlights the methodological and technical aspects related to the costs associated with the cultivation of table grapes through the Pergola management system, which must be adapted to the specific climatic conditions of Moldova and to the current market requirements. The main objective of the research is to analyze the structure of costs that influence the yield of plantations in the long term, including the initial establishment expenses and the subsequent maintenance expenses. The author points out that although the maintenance costs of Pergola table grape plantations are high, the growing demand for quality grapes adds significant economic value to this vineyard management system. The research details the composition of the establishment and maintenance costs of table grape plantations, namely fertilization costs, irrigation costs, mechanized service costs. Concrete examples show what the structure of these costs is, thus demonstrating the importance of a correct assessment of costs in the process of establishing and maintaining table grape plantations.

Ecohydrological Dynamics and Temporal Water Origin in a European Mediterranean Vineyard

ABSTRACTViticulture is an essential sector in agriculture as wine production plays a vital role in the socio‐economic life of many countries, especially in the Mediterranean area. Grapevines are a valuable, long‐lived species able to grow in hot and dry regions. We currently do not know whether rain‐fed grapevines entirely rely on deep soil water or make substantial use of shallow water from summer precipitation events. Without knowing this, we poorly understand what fraction of summer precipitation inputs contributes to grapevine transpiration. This has implications for how we quantify grapevine‐relevant precipitation budgets and for predicting the impacts of climate change on grape and wine production. We investigated grapevine water use in a vineyard in the Chianti region, central Italy. During the growing season of 2021, we monitored precipitation and soil moisture at 30‐ and 60‐cm depth. We collected over 250 samples for stable isotope analysis from rainfall, soil, and plants. Since traditional plant water sampling is problematic for grapevines, we collected samples from shoots, leaves, and condensed leaf transpiration after sealed plastic bags were wrapped around a shoot. We use these alternative plant samples to reconstruct the isotopic signal in the xylem water and infer the plant's seasonal water origin throughout the growing season. The analysis of the seasonal origin of water revealed that, throughout the growing season, soil water and plant water received disproportional contributions by rain that had fallen in the winter, even when compensating for the Mediterranean climate of the area. Only in late summer did the grapevines use substantial amounts of summer rainfall, whose contribution occasionally became dominant. These results provide a better understanding of ecohydrological interactions and uptake dynamics in valuable socio‐economic agroecosystems such as vineyards.

COPPEREPLACE 1. Copper applications in organic viticulture are a real challenge today. Part 1 - Scientific Activities

In grape and wine production, one of the main relevant and recurrent diseases is downy mildew caused by the fungus (Plamospara viticola). It is frequently present in wine production worldwide, with a significant high annual incidence in some regions. Since the discovery of Bordeaux mixture (copper sulphate and lime) in the 1880’s, many formulations based on copper (Cu) have been developed and used in viticulture production. https://coppereplace.com/.

Processes of assembly of endophytic prokaryotic and rhizosphere fungal communities in table grape are preponderantly deterministic

Understanding the assemblage of microbial communities is important for the health maintenance and post-harvest quality of fruit crops. However, systematic studies on the core microbiomes of table grapes and microbial community assembly of soil-plant continuum are still rare. To address this, samples were collected and analyzed from key microbiome compartments (bulk soil, rhizosphere of new roots and old roots, endosphere of new and old roots, and endosphere of leaves and fruits) of five table grape cultivars (Balado Black, Jingya, Fujimino, Victoria and Kyoho) at the swelling stage and harvest stage in the field plots. Prokaryotic and fungal communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA high-throughput sequencing, respectively. The compartment was the major factor attributable to the variations in both prokaryotic (52.5 %) and fungal communities (23.2 %), respectively. The richness and phylogenetic diversity of both prokaryotic and fungal communities decreased significantly along the compartment continuum from soil to fruit endosphere, but did not differ between the five cultivars across all samples. Occupancy-abundance distribution was used to define 97 core bacteria, 29 core fungi for rhizosphere soil and five core bacteria, 172 core fungi for endosphere. Functional annotations of the rhizosphere core bacteria were mostly associated with ureolysis and chemoheterotrophy, while endophytic core bacteria were mostly fermentative and symbiotic. Rhizosphere core fungi were saprophytic and the endophytic fungi were putatively pathogens. From rhizosphere soil to aboveground organs, the relative importance of deterministic processes for prokaryotic community assembly gradually increased but the contribution of stochastic processes increased for fungal community assembly. These findings highlight niche-specific microbial communities and shared core microbiomes in different grapevine cultivars. The deterministic processes contribute more to the assembly of prokaryotic communities in the aboveground than in the belowground while the assembly of fungal communities exhibits opposite trends. Management practices aiming at niche-specific microbiome should be developed for sustainable grape production.

Assessing grapevine water status through fusion of hyperspectral imaging and 3D point clouds

Mild to moderate and timely water deficit is desirable in grape production to optimize fruit quality for winemaking. It is crucial to develop robust and rapid approaches to assess grapevine water stress for scheduling deficit irrigation. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has the potential to detect changes in leaf water status, but the robustness and accuracy are restricted in field applications. The varied leaf orientations can significantly affect how light interacts with the plant, ultimately influencing the reflectance properties. This study focused on developing an approach for detecting grapevine water status using HSI and 3D data. Leaf orientation parameters derived from 3D point clouds were integrated with spectral signatures to address the spectral variance caused by variations in leaf orientation. A water status assessment model was developed based on multiblock partial least squares (MBPLS) to estimate midday leaf water potential (ΨL) using spectral signatures and leaf orientation parameters. HSI and 3D point clouds of selected leaves were captured simultaneously in a vineyard during the 2021 growing season, and ΨL was measured as the ground truth to assess the model performance. Mean spectral reflectance was derived from the hyperspectral images, while leaf orientation parameters were extracted from 3D point cloud data. The dataset was split randomly into 70% training/calibration and 30% test datasets. The test result shows that the model estimated the ΨL with R2 = 0.89, RMSE=0.12 MPa and MAE=0.09 MPa. The leaf orientation parameters derived from 3D point clouds had a contribution of 6.25% in estimating ΨL. Moreover, it acted as an enhancing component that explained the spectral variance caused by variations in leaf orientation and improved the interpretation of the underlying relationship between spectral reflectance and vine water status.

Transcriptome analysis reveals activation of detoxification and defense mechanisms in smoke-exposed Merlot grape (Vitis vinifera) berries

A significant consequence of climate change is the rising incidence of wildfires. When wildfires occur close to wine grape (Vitis vinifera) production areas, smoke-derived volatile phenolic compounds can be taken up by the grape berries, negatively affecting the flavor and aroma profile of the resulting wine and compromising the production value of entire vineyards. Evidence for the permeation of smoke-associated compounds into grape berries has been provided through metabolomics; however, the basis for grapevines’ response to smoke at the gene expression level has not been investigated in detail. To address this knowledge gap, we employed time-course RNA sequencing to observe gene expression-level changes in grape berries in response to smoke exposure. Significant increases in gene expression (and enrichment of gene ontologies) associated with detoxification of reactive compounds, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and cell wall fortification were observed in response to smoke. These findings suggest that the accumulation of volatile phenols from smoke exposure activates mechanisms that render smoke-derived compounds less reactive while simultaneously fortifying intracellular defense mechanisms. The results of this work lend a better understanding of the molecular basis for grapevines’ response to smoke and provide insight into the origins of smoke-taint-associated flavor and aroma attributes in wine produced from smoke-exposed grapes.

Classical biological control of the western grape leaf skeletonizer in California, a review 1941–2022

ABSTRACT Western grape leaf skeletonizer was first reported in southern California in 1941 and soon became a serious pest of commercially produced grapes in that region. Their gregarious larvae can easily defoliate vineyards and they remained a major problem for production of grapes until this pest was reunited with its host-specific natural enemies. Efforts to import into southern California effective natural enemies during the 1950s from southern Arizona succeeded in reducing populations of this moth to economically tolerable levels. We report for the first time on releases of natural enemies into central and northern California for control of western grape leaf skeletonizer. Over 600,000 parasitoids new to this region were released during late 1970s–1980s by the state’s Biological Control Program. Foreign exploration by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) into Mexico in 1978 resulted in additional parasitoids new to California: a new biotype of Ametadoria harrisinae and a new species of Chetogena sp. (Tachinidae). The high numbers of tachinids released throughout California is credited with aiding in the spread of a highly virulent strain of granulosis virus which in turn caused high levels of mortality to western grape leaf skeletonizer larvae. Reports of WGLS outbreaks in vineyards over the last 15 years are rare, in contrast to previous years.

An integrated strategy for pathogen surveillance unveiled Xylella fastidiosa ST1 outbreak in hidden agricultural compartments in the Apulia region (Southern Italy)

AbstractAnnual surveillance programs for the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa are implemented in Europe as part of the preventive phytosanitary strategies enforced to face the emergence of the detrimental infections reported in olives in southern Italy. The programs include inspections and sampling of host plants by prioritizing those showing suspicious symptoms or those known to be highly susceptible to different strains and subspecies of the bacterium. In the framework of these programs numerous outbreaks have been unraveled, with several strains and subspecies found to infect a relatively large host range in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. Here we report the results of an integrated surveillance approach implemented in the Apulia Region (southern Italy), where a conventional survey program on host plants is complemented by monitoring and testing for X. fastidiosa the insect vectors. In the framework of this program, bacterium-positive spittlebugs were intercepted in the Xylella-free area of the region, close to one of the most relevant Italian table grape production district. Such findings prompted further investigation to identify the bacterial reservoir in the host plants. Almond and grapevine were found to be the most frequently infected hosts, with infections caused by isolates of X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa ST1. Investigations are ongoing to assess the extent and history of the outbreak, to assess and estimate the potential impacts, and define the best options for its containment.

Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes by Paecilomyces TP08 Using Grape Stalk and Wheat Bran as Substrates in Solid State Culture

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the use of grape stems and wheat bran as substrates in solid state fermentation, for the production of cellulolytic enzymes using the fungus Paecilomyces TP08 sp. Theoretical Framework: In grape production, driven by increased consumption and exports, by-products represent 30% of the total volume of grapes processed for wine, requiring efficient management to ensure sustainability. Method: The methodology adopted for this research involves solid-state cultivation, with a substrate made up of 50% grape stems and 50% wheat bran, with samples taken every 24 hours. Each sample taken went through a filtration process, followed by enzyme activity analysis using the DNS method. Results and Discussion: The results obtained showed that the cultivation with the association of wheat bran and grape stalks presented good total cellulase activity during the process, value of 0.846 U/g in 144h, followed by the activity of 0.663U/g observed in 24h. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of industrial biotechnology. These implications could cover the food, textile and pharmaceutical industries. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by associating grape stalks with wheat bran for the production of fungal enzymes. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the use of an innovative substrate (grape stalks) associated with a conventional substrate (wheat bran) for induction of the microorganism little used in the literature for enzyme production.

Strategies to Increase the Phosphorus Content in the Soil Profile of Vineyards Grown in Subtropical Climates.

Phosphate fertilizers are applied to the soil surface, especially in vineyards in production in subtropical regions. Nowadays, phosphorus (P) is not incorporated into the soil to avoid mechanical damage to the root system in orchards. However, over the years, successive surface P applications can increase the P content only in the topsoil, maintaining low P levels in the subsurface, which can reduce its use by grapevines. For this reason, there is a need to propose strategies to increase the P content in the soil profile of established orchards. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of management strategies to (i) increase the P content in the soil profile; (ii) enhance the grape production; and (iii) maintain the grape must composition. An experiment on the 'Pinot Noir' grape in full production was carried out over three crop seasons. The treatments were without P application (C), P on the soil surface without incorporation (SP), P incorporated at 20 cm (IP20), P incorporated at 40 cm (IP40), and twice the P dose incorporated at 40 cm (2IP40). The P concentration in leaves at flowering and veraison, P content in the soil, grape production and its components, and chemical parameters of the grape must (total soluble solids, total polyphenols, total titratable acidity, total anthocyanins, and pH) were evaluated. The P concentration in leaves did not differ among the P application modes. The application of P associated with soil mobilization, especially at 20 cm depth, increased grape production. The P application modes did not affect the values of the chemical parameters of the grape must except for the total anthocyanins, which had the highest values when the vines were subjected to 2IP40. Finally, the P application and incorporation into the soil profile was an efficient strategy for increasing the grape production in full production vineyards.

Leaf Area Influences Photosynthetic Activity, Yield, Quality and Juice Recovery in Manjari Medika Grape

The study was conducted at ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune during October 2023 to March 2024 to assess the leaf area requirement of Manjari Medika grape variety. The variation in leaf above the bunch on a fruit bearing shoot was created such as 10, 12, 14, 16 and >16 leaves. Manjari Medika grapevines grafted on Dogridge rootstock, spaced at 9×5 ft trained to extended Y- trellis was selected for the study. Maximum bunch weight (375.30 g), 50-berry weight (106.49 g), TSS (20.40°B), yield vine-1 (29.20 kg) and juice recovery (70.25%) as well as highest photosynthetic activity such as assimilation rate (14.50 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and transpiration rate (2.64 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and total chlorophyll content (45.25 mg ml-1) was observed in 12 leaves shoot-1 above the bunch while, minimum bunch weight (320.10 g), 50-berry weight (92.55 g), TSS (18.60°B), yield vine-1 (25.60 kg) and juice recovery (65.30%) were observed in 16 leaves above the bunch. However, the leaf area shoot-1 (2760.80 cm2), leaf area vine-1 (69020.00 cm2) and leaf area bunch-1 (878.12 cm2) were found sufficient for quality grape and juice production, which was achieved by maintaining 12 leaves (878.12 cm2) per shoot above the bunch which ensured high-quality grape and juice production in Manjari Medika grape.

Yield Performance and Quality Assessment of Brazilian Hybrid Grapes Influenced by Rootstocks and Training Systems

The choice of training system impacts the architecture and physiological characteristics of grapevines, affecting grape production and quality. Continuous studies are necessary to optimize viticulture production in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rootstocks and different training systems on the production and quality of ‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’ grapevines for juice and wine. The experiment was conducted over two productive cycles (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) in an experimental vineyard at the Advanced Center for Fruit Research as part of the Agronomic Institute (IAC), in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil (23°06′ S, 46°55′ W, and 745 m altitude). For each cultivar, a randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with two rootstocks (‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and 106-8 ‘Mgt’) and two training systems (low and high trellises), with five blocks of three plants per experimental plot. In both cycles, the gas exchange and grapevine production, the chemical characteristics of the grape juice (must), and the chemical compounds in the berry skins were evaluated. The rootstocks and training systems influenced the variables evaluated in both cultivars, with the high trellis system providing the best results. This approach increased the photosynthetic rate, improved water-use efficiency, elevated grapevine production, and enhanced fruit quality. Therefore, its use is recommended for training grapevines. Regarding rootstocks, the best scion–rootstock affinity was found between hybrid grapevines and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’.

Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of ABA- and GA3-Treated Malbec Berries Reveals Insights into H2O2 Scavenging and Anthocyanin Dynamics.

Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) are regulators of fruit color and sugar levels, and the application of these hormones is a common practice in commercial vineyards dedicated to the production of table grapes. However, the effects of exogenous ABA and GA3 on wine cultivars remain unclear. We investigated the impact of ABA and GA3 application on Malbec grapevine berries across three developmental stages. We found similar patterns of berry total anthocyanin accumulation induced by both treatments, closely associated with berry H2O2 levels. Quantitative proteomics from berry skins revealed that ABA and GA3 positively modulated antioxidant defense proteins, mitigating H2O2. Consequently, proteins involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were downregulated, leading to decreased anthocyanin content at the almost ripe stage, particularly petunidin-3-G and peonidin-3-G. Additionally, we noted increased levels of the non-anthocyanins E-viniferin and quercetin in the treated berries, which may enhance H2O2 scavenging at the almost ripe stage. Using a linear mixed-effects model, we found statistical significance for fixed effects including the berry H2O2 and sugar contents, demonstrating their roles in anthocyanin accumulation. In conclusion, our findings suggest a common molecular mechanism by which ABA and GA3 influence berry H2O2 content, ultimately impacting anthocyanin dynamics during ripening.

Research on a Trellis Grape Stem Recognition Method Based on YOLOv8n-GP

Grapes are an important cash crop that contributes to the rapid development of the agricultural economy. The harvesting of ripe fruits is one of the crucial steps in the grape production process. However, at present, the picking methods are mainly manual, resulting in wasted time and high costs. Therefore, it is particularly important to implement intelligent grape picking, in which the accurate detection of grape stems is a key step to achieve intelligent harvesting. In this study, a trellis grape stem detection model, YOLOv8n-GP, was proposed by combining the SENetV2 attention module and CARAFE upsampling operator with YOLOv8n-pose. Specifically, this study first embedded the SENetV2 attention module at the bottom of the backbone network to enhance the model’s ability to extract key feature information. Then, we utilized the CARAFE upsampling operator to replace the upsampling modules in the neck network, expanding the sensory field of the model without increasing its parameters. Finally, to validate the detection performance of YOLOv8n-GP, we examined the effectiveness of the various keypoint detection models constructed with YOLOv8n-pose, YOLOv5-pose, YOLOv7-pose, and YOLOv7-Tiny-pose. Experimental results show that the precision, recall, mAP, and mAP-kp of YOLOv8n-GP reached 91.6%, 91.3%, 97.1%, and 95.4%, which improved by 3.7%, 3.6%, 4.6%, and 4.0%, respectively, compared to YOLOv8n-pose. Furthermore, YOLOv8n-GP exhibits superior detection performance compared with the other keypoint detection models in terms of each evaluation indicator. The experimental results demonstrate that YOLOv8n-GP can detect trellis grape stems efficiently and accurately, providing technical support for advancing intelligent grape harvesting.

Impact of genetically modified bacteria and natural rocks on root-knot nematode bio-control, improving productivity and chemical properties of grapes

Impact of genetically modified bacteria and natural rocks on root-knot nematode bio-control, improving productivity and chemical properties of grapes

Modeling climatic, terrain and soil factors using AHP in GIS for grapevines suitability assessment

AbstractThe study carried out in Matera, Italy, used multi‐criteria decision‐making techniques and geographic information systems to identify optimal area management for sustainable grape production. Terrain parameters such as temperature, pH, humidity, soil texture, slope, altitude, nutrients and precipitation were considered. ArcGIS maps were created, and the northwest part of the field was identified as a favorable area. Fuzzy maps were generated, and measurements were taken in each area to determine optimal land management. The results revealed that 51% of the area was very highly suitable for agricultural activities, and 49% was considered high suitable. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the AHP results demonstrated a high level of accuracy, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC). The produced maps indicated a similar trend of increasing zone management priorities for physico‐chemicals as depth fluctuate. Additionally, results showed that remote sensing indices were the most important variables to predict physico‐chemicals zone management. The study also highlighted that the majority of the area supported plant growth due to favorable temperature and humidity conditions, with only a small portion in the northwest showing less favorable results. By identifying management zones, the study aimed to protect crops, better use of irrigation water and improve yields. This study highlights the potential of integrating satellite remote sensing, GIS technology and AHP as a valuable tool for agricultural land use planners and policy makers in identifying optimal locations for managing grape production.

The Influence of Climatic Conditions Associated with Altitude on the Volatile Composition of Cabernet Sauvignon Wines from Argentina, Spain and Portugal

In addition to winemaking techniques, wine’s quality and typicity are linked to the place where the grapes are grown. Climate, soil and the cultivar are major drivers of the terroir’s expression. Moreover, climate change is affecting the distribution of grapevine varieties in different wine-growing regions because changes in climatic conditions over the past years is affecting grape production. This study investigated the influence of some terroir parameters on the volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Eight wines from vineyards sited in Argentina, Spain and Portugal with altitudes between 2400 and 77 m above sea level (a.s.l.) with different soils and climatic conditions were selected. The results suggested that the vineyard’s place significantly modified the volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines because all chemical groups of volatiles quantified were affected. Volatile acids, C6 compounds, aldehydes, esters and terpenes showed the highest concentrations at 2400 m a.s.l., where the highest thermal amplitude was observed. In Portugal, where the vineyard studies were sited at lower altitudes (77 m a.s.l.) and under warm climatic conditions, high concentrations of alcohols and lactones were observed. Alcohols also showed high concentrations in wines from vineyards sited at 413 and 155 m a.s.l. (Spain). Principal component analysis showed the positive correlation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines located at higher altitudes with terpenes. On the contrary, wines from grapes grown at lower altitude conditions exhibited a correlation with alcohols and lactones.

Leaf Area Influences Photosynthetic Activities, Raisin Yield and Quality in Manjari Kishmish Grape Variety

The ideal leaf area is essential for optimizing photosynthesis and resource distribution, which improves both yield and quality. Leaf retention is a cultural practice that involves maintaining definite number of leaves above the bunch to optimize photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted at the ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes with different treatments of number of leaves above the bunch (10, 12, 14, 16 and >16 leaves). The parameters measured included leaf area, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, bunch weight, berry quality and raisin recovery. The results revealed that retaining 14 leaves above bunch with leaf area of 1066.33 cm2 resulted in maximum bunch weight (365.00 g), 50-berry weight (123.31 g), yield/vine (23.72 kg) and raisin recovery (26.54 %) while, minimum bunch weight (300.00 g), 50-berry weight (103.48 g), yield/vine (19.20 kg) and raisin recovery (24.35 %) were observed in more than16 leaves above the bunch. However, the leaf area/shoot (2888.00 cm2), leaf area/vine (69312.00 cm2), leaf area/bunch (1066.33 cm2) and leaf area/g berry weight (2.92 cm2/g) were found sufficient for high quality grape and raisin production in a vine spaced at 9 X 5 feet distance which was achieved through 14 leaves above the bunch in Manjari Kishmish grape. It is therefore recommended to maintain approximately 14 leaves above the bunch in Manjari Kishmish that will help to maximize photosynthetic efficiency, enhance leaf area distribution and support higher yield, raisin and better berry quality.

Structure and Trends in Climate Parameters of Wine-Growing Regions in Slovenia

This study examined the structure and trends of climate parameters important for grape production from 1952 to 2022 in the wine-growing regions of Podravje, Posavje, and Primorska in Slovenia. Average and extreme temperature and precipitation data from six meteorological stations in three wine-growing regions were divided into annual and growing seasons. The results show that in the period 1991–2022, there was a warming in the growing season in all regions by 1.4–1.7 °C, except the southern part of Primorska (Koper station) 0.6 °C, compared to the reference period 1961–1990. The heat accumulation indices (GDDs and HI) increased significantly, which is mainly due to the increase in the maximum temperature in the growing season temperature (GST max) and the number of days with Tmax > 30 °C (NDT30). The NDT30 increased the most, by a factor of more than four. In the reference period (1961–1990), however, the trend in the number of hot days was even slightly negative. The mean seasonal temperature rose to around 17 °C in regions with a continental climate and to around 19 °C in the Mediterranean region, which could be reflected in the earlier ripening of the grapes. The trends show a decrease in total annual precipitation (AP) after 1991, but this was significant only at one inland location (Maribor), while the total precipitation during the growing season (GSP) decreased significantly at three locations (Maribor, Bilje, and Koper).