Vitaceae Research Articles

Zeuzera leuconotum (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae): A new threat to Vitis vinifera (L.)

Grape (Vitis sp.) belonging to Family Vitaceae is a commercially important fruit crop of India. It is a temperate crop which has got adapted to sub-tropical climate of peninsular India. Viticulture is a billion dollar agricultural sector in India, where new unidentified insect pest species can disrupt management practices. We report herein on a new pest associated with vineyards, the carpenter moth Zeuzera leuconotum (Butler). It appears to be a newly recognized wood-boring pest of V vinifera (L.) in regions of northern parts of Karnataka, India, where its initial occurrence has not been reported in India. The regions of occurrence of this new wood borer, larva and symptoms of damage are illustrated. Z.leuconotum distribution and symptopms of damage on different hosts, other cossids of genus Zeuzera and other genera found on V.vinifera are updated including published records and new data. Notes on possible routes of entry of this new wood borer into vine orchards and possible monitoring and management options on grapes are also discussed. Tools for the Integrated Pest Management of Z.leuconotum should include the quick and reliable identification of the insect and its nature of damage, thorough understanding of its bioecology, the application of monitoring methods and eco-friendly management strategies.

Separation of principal component dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis grossedentata by high-speed counter-current chromatography and its interaction with corn starch.

Ampelopsis grossedentata (AG) is an industrial crop in the grape family, which has been used as a dual-purpose plant for medicine and tea with high medicinal values. However, little is reported on the separation technology of active components from AG and processing technology of AG products. High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to separate the principal component dihydromyricetin (DMY) from AG. DMY is added to starch-based products to improve food quality. The interaction between corn starch (CS) and DMY was investigated to predict and control the structure and function of starch-based foods. Results show that DMY with 97.13% purity was successfully obtained by HSCCC using a solvent system composed of light petroleum-ethyl acetate-methanol-water-trichloroacetic acid (1:3:1:3:0.01, v/v/v/v/v). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) exhibits that the interactions between CS and DMY included hydrogen bond and noncovalent bond. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that DMY could increase the relative crystallinity of CS. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results (LF-NMR) imply that DMY decreased the spin relaxation time (T2 ) and inhibited the mobility of free water. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results suggest that DMY changed the surface morphology of CS through hydrogen bond interaction. Moreover, the results of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that DMY could enlarge the pores and change the microstructure of CS-DMY complexes. The findings promote the development of industrial CS-based products and utilization of corn crop.

In the shadow of resveratrol: biological activities of epsilon-viniferin.

Stilbenes are secondary metabolites belonging to the polyphenol family. Those compounds are derived from the glycosylation, prenylation, methoxylation, hydroxylation, or also oligomerization of the well-known trans-resveratrol. One of them, trans-epsilon-viniferin (ε-viniferin), is a trans-resveratrol dimer that arouses the interest of researchers in the field of human health. The biosynthesis of this molecule in various plant species, particularly high in the Vitaceae family, explains its presence in some red wines, which represent the main source of ε-viniferin in the human diet. Although bioavailability studies have shown poor absorption and high metabolism of this stilbene, multiple studies demonstrated its biological properties. The ε-viniferin exhibits strong activities against inflammatory and oxidative stress. Moreover, various studies have reported great activity of this compound not only in a wide range of disorders and diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and its associated disorders, but also in vascular diseases and neurodegeneration, for which the pathophysiology is closely related to the state of oxidation and inflammation. This review provides a state of art of the main activities of ε-viniferin demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, highlighting that this resveratrol dimer could be a promising candidate for future functional foods or supplement foods used for the management of many chronic diseases of concern in terms of public health.

A flavone from the ethyl acetate extract of Leea rubra leaves with DNA damage protection and antineoplastic activity

Among the major constituents of Leea rubra (Family Vitaceae) leaves, phenolic and flavonoind compounds are most important for therapeutic purposes and the plant parts have been used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases for long. Thus, in order to scientifically confirm the traditional uses of the L. rubra leaves, the present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of the isolated flavones against AAPH induced oxidative damage to pUC19 DNA by gel electrophoresis and antineoplastic activity was evaluated on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice by evaluating percentage inhibition of cell growth, morphological changes of EAC cells and hematological parameters of the mice. The isolation was carried out by column chromatography and structure was revealed by 1H-NMR and 13C NMR. The result shows that, the isolated compound was identified as myricetin 4'-methoxy-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside based on previously reported data. The isolated flavone effectively inhibited AAPH-induced oxidative damage to DNA; because it could inhibit the formation of circular and linear forms of the DNA. In anti-proliferative assay, 76% growth inhibition of EAC cells was observed as compare to the control mice (p<0.05) at a dose 100 mg/kg body weight. Thus the isolated flavone showed great importance as a possible therapeutic agent in preventing oxidative damage to DNA and the chronic diseases caused by such DNA damage, and can also become important in cancer chemotherapy.

SKIN EXTRACT OF GRAPE (Vitis vinifera L) AS DYES IN LIPSTICK FORMULATION

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to the family Vitaceae. The color of the fruit varies. There are red, green and purple. The color of this wine contains anthocyanin dyes that can be used as natural dyes to replace synthetic dyes, the colors they contain are pretty intensive, so the researchers aimed to make lipstick formulations using natural dyes from grape skins. The lipstick formulation consisted of Cera alba, lanolin, vaseline alba, cetyl alcohol, oleum ricini, carnauba wax, propylene glycol, titanium dioxide, oleum rosae, butylhydroxytoluene, tween 80, and nipagin, as well as the addition of grape skin extract with a concentration of 15 %, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. Tests on the preparations made include inspection of homogeneity, melting point, lipstick strength, stability test against changes in shape, color, and odor during 30 days of storage at room temperature, smear test, pH examination, and irritation test preference test (Hedonic test). From the research results, grape skin extract can be formulated into lipstick preparations with pink to dark red colors. Lipstick preparations with grape skin extract as a dye are pretty stable, homogeneous, melting point 59°C, have good lipstick strength, pH ranges from 3.7 to 3.9 (close to the pH of the lip skin) are easy to apply with an even color, and do not irritate. Irritation the preparation preferred by 30 panelists was preparation with a concentration of 25%.

HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS PLANT EXTRACT TREATED FISH OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS PETER

Cissus quadrangularis L.belongs to the family vitaceae and is an indigenous medicinal plant of India. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Cissus quadrangularis on histological changes of normal and cissus quadrangularis plant extract treated fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus tissues samples (gill, liver and muscle ) of Oreochromis mossambicus, at 7 , 14 and 21days.The sh exposed with Cissus quadrangularis when compared with control sh. The present study concludes that Cissus quadrangularis is an benecial to the growth and development of shes

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF THE AERIAL PARTS OF CYPHOSTEMMA SETOSUM (ROXB.)

The objective of the investigation presented here is to explore the pharmacognostical nature, phytochemical characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Cyphostemma setosum (Roxb.). Vitis setosa (Roxb.) synonymous to C. setosum (Roxb.), is a herbaceous plant known for its folkloric treatment of ailments and belongs to the family Vitaceae. The aerial parts of the plant were collected and the pharmacognostic studies including anatomy of the aerial parts of the pant and powder microscopy, were performed. Microscopical examination of the transverse section of the leaf identified the presence of multicellular trichomes and tetracyclic stoma in the epidermal layers of the leaf. The shade dried crude plant drug powder was tested for ash values, extractive values and loss on drying. The crude drug was extracted with 80 % ethanol and fractionated with solvents of increasing polarity. The preliminary phytochemical chemical tests were done on various extracts of the powdered dried aerial parts of C. setosum (Roxb.). The phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, gums and quinones. These observations will be useful in evaluation of pharmacognostical and phytochemical standards to ensure the purity and quality of this plant. The chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract of the leaves of V. setosa (Roxb.) were tested for antioxidant activity using in vitro models like nitric oxide radical scavenging study and 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. The results revealed that the fractions tested exhibit concentration dependent antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate fraction predominant antioxidant activity than the other two fractions exhibited, while the chloroform fraction exhibited showed a minimal or less antioxidant activity when compared with standard.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Cayratia trifolia

Introduction: Cayratia trifolia is a plant belonging to the family Vitaceae and genus Cayratia. Anti-inflammatory activity is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Antioxidants are defined as substances that delay or inhibit oxidative damage to a target molecule and its principal function is its ability to trap free radicals. The alcoholic leaf extract of Cayratia trifolia has anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant properties against inflammations and swelling and DPPH free radicals respectively and can be evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The principal aim of the study is to employ in-vitro assays to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cayratia trifolia.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Plant extract of Cayratia trifolia was purchased and tested for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In case of evaluating the antioxidant activity, the methanolic extract of the plant was utilised. The examination of the anti-inflammatory properties of Cayratia trifolia involves acetyl salicylic acid as a positive control and aspirin and aspirin was employed as a standard anti-inflammatory drug.&#x0D; Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of Cayratia trifolia extract was examined and it was observed that the plant extract showed an increased percentage of inhibition of trypsin with increasing concentration. Similarly, the antioxidant activity was compared to Vitamin C and the percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radicals increased with the increase in concentration of the extract.&#x0D; Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the plant extract of Cayratia trifolia was observed to possess both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

A Breif Overview on Vitis vinifera

Vitis vinifera L. are a well-known grape species from western Asia and southern Europe that belong to the Vitis genus of the Vitaceae family. The grapevine's seeds and leaves are employed in herbal therapy, while the fruits are used as a food supplement. Wine production, which takes 50-75 percent of grapes, is the most significant application of grapes, followed by fresh fruits, dried fruits, and juice. Several varieties and species of vitis vinifera available in India, pharmacological and therapeutic research, phytochemistry of the Vitis vinifera (grape) and its active components are presented in this overview.

Living with a giant, flowering parasite: metabolic differences between Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep. (Vitaceae) shoots uninfected and infected with Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) and potential applications for propagation

Main conclusionMetabolites in Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma were compared which may have applications in Rafflesia propagation. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, here reported for the first time in Vitaceae, were abundant in non-infected shoots and may be a form of defense. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxylipins, which mediate immune response, were elevated.Endemic to the forests of Southeast Asia, Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) is a genus of holoparasitic plants producing the largest flowers in the world, yet completely dependent on its host, the tropical grape vine, Tetrastigma. Rafflesia species are threatened with extinction, making them an iconic symbol of plant conservation. Thus far, propagation has proved challenging, greatly decreasing efficacy of conservation efforts. This study compared the metabolites in the shoots of Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma loheri to examine how Rafflesia infection affects host metabolomics and elucidate the Rafflesia infection process. Results from LC–MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis showed benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were naturally more abundant in non-infected shoots and are here reported for the first time in the genus Tetrastigma, and in the grape family, Vitaceae. These metabolites have been implicated in plant defense mechanisms and may prevent a Rafflesia infection. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, and a flavonoid, previously shown involved in plant immune response, were significantly elevated. This study provides a preliminary assessment of metabolites that differ between Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma hosts and may have applications in Rafflesia propagation to meet conservation goals.

Antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activities of the juice of Vitis ficifolia var. Ganebu, a woody vine in the grape family, known as Ryukyu-ganebu in Japan

BackgroundMutation, inflammation, and oxidative damage including lipid-peroxidation are factors involved in the development of cancer. We investigated the antimutagenic, in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects of the juice of Vitis ficifolia var. ganebu (known as Ryukyu-ganebu in Japan) harvested in Kuchinoshima island (hereafter, the juice is referred to as ganebu-K) in comparison with the juice of Vitis coignetiae (crimson glory vine, known as yamabudo in Japan; hereafter, the juice is referred to as yamabudo) which we found antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory effects.ResultsGanebu-K inhibited the mutagenic activity of several carcinogens, MeIQx, IQ, Trp-P-2(NHOH), and MNNG, model compounds of tumor initiation. Using S. typhimurium YG7108, a strain lacking O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferases, ganebu-K showed no significant inhibition of the mutagenicity of MNNG. Thus, DNA repair of O6-methylguanine produced by MNNG might be an antimutagenic target of the components in ganebu-K. Topical application of ganebu-K to the dorsal sides of mice resulted in potent suppression of acute edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Ganebu-K, but not yamabudo, exhibited significant inhibition of the induction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced by TPA. Components contained in ganebu-K, but not in yamabudo, might be responsible for the inhibition of the induction of PGE2. Ganebu-K inhibited in vivo lipid peroxidation and decreased the level of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase induced by CCL4 treatment.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the active components in ganebu-K juice are not the same as those in yamabudo, and the components in ganebu-K are attractive candidates as chemopreventive agents.

Pollen analysis of representatives of the tribes Ampelopsideae, Cayratieae and Parthenocisseae and evolutionary history of Vitaceae genera

The family Vitaceae has a wide distribution, occurring in temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates. Vine members of the family thrive in different types of vegetation. Currently, the family includes five recognized tribes: Ampelopsideae, Cisseae, Cayratieae, Parthenocisseae, and Viteae. This study describes the pollen morphology of representatives of Ampelopsideae, Cayratieae, and Parthenocisseae. The other tribes are not described because they have been the subject of previous studies. The aim was to assess the relationships among the five tribes using multivariate analysis and to reconstruct the evolution of pollen characters using existing phylogenetic hypotheses. Specimens representing the three tribes were obtained from herbaria, treated by the acetolysis method, measured, photographed, and described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that pollen grains are medium (25–50 µm) in size, isopolar, tricolporate, and subprolate to prolate. Ornamentation varies between species. Multivariate analysis was based on quantitative characters, of which pollen diameters, apocolpium side, and polar area index were the most significant. Tracing of pollen characters showed that size, shape, and ornamentation are an evolutionary trend within the family. This investigation expands the palynological knowledge on representatives of Vitaceae tribes, contributing to future palynotaxonomic and evolutionary studies.

Introgressions of Vitis rotundifolia Michx. to obtain grapevine genotypes with complex resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Vitis rotundifolia Michx. is one of the species of the family Vitaceae, with resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study reports new scientif ic knowledge about the inheritance of resistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew and frost by V. vinifera varieties from V. rotundifolia. Recombinant lines of three hybrid populations from the crossing of the maternal genotype ♀M. 31-77-10 with V. rotundifolia hybrids were used as the object of the study. As a result of laboratory screening, more than 40 % of recombinants of the ♀M. 31-77-10 × × [DRX-M5-734 + DRX-M5-753 + DRX-M5-790] population showed a high degree of frost resistance (–24 °C), while 6 % of transgressive recombinants were characterized by a very high degree of resistance (–27 °С). The maternal genotype ♀M. 31-77-10 does not carry alleles of resistance to powdery mildew at the Run1 locus and in the f ield suffers from powdery mildew much more than the paternal genotypes. The prevalence of powdery mildew on vegetative organs in the three recombinant populations over the years varies on average between 3.2–17.1, 0.3–17.7 and 0.6–5.2 %, respectively. As a result, almost all recombinant genotypes that received a resistant allele from the paternal genome are highly resistant to powdery mildew.

Antioxidant potential in the leaves of grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in different soil compositions

Grape plant ( Vitis vinifera L.) is a species of the family Vitaceae. It is an economically important fruit plant abundantly grown all over the world. Vitaceae comprised of 900 species distributed across tropical, sub-tropical and partially temperate sorts of climatic zones. In the current study we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of grape leaves extract from different Pakistani varieties. We have analyzed the crude methanolic extract from the leaves of Pakistani grape varieties (i.e. NARC Black, Sundar Khani, Shogran-1, Shogran-2, Haita, Sheghali, Perlette, and Sultania-C) cultivated in various soil compositions. Total phenolic contents (TPC) of the extract were determind by using Folin-ciocalteu reagent method. Total flavonoid contents (TFC) were determind by the Aluminum Chloride Calorimetric method. Antioxidant activities of the extracts of different concentration were evaluated using Phosphomolybdenum method, Reducing power and DPPH (2, 2-disphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assays. Assays performed for grape varieties showed great antioxidant potential. All varieties significantly depicted with variation in polyphenolic contents and antioxidant potential with changes in the soil conditions. The highest TPC and TFC were quantified in Shogran-1 97.58 ± 0.09 (GAE, g −1 ) and Sultania-C 97.47 ± 0.12 (µg QE/g DE) varieties respectively which were grown in (T6) and (T5), while lower were recorded in Sundar khani 5.16 ± 0.23 in (T6). Likewise, Shogran-1 128.26 ± 0.23 (µg AAE/g extract) variety grown in (T6) depicted highest total antioxidant capacity, NARC black 182.06 ± 0.24 (µg AAE/g extract) variety grown in (T6) resulted in maximum reducing power while DPPH free radical scavenging potential were determinded in Sultania-C 80.91 ± 0.10 (T4) equivalent µg/g. In the terms of bioassays, the promising results were showed by compost + sand + clay (T4), compost + clay + dung (T5) and sand + clay + dung (T6). Therefore, we conclude that variation in soil composition has a significant contribution in the quantity of phytochemicals and antioxidants expression. Our study further suggest that use of organic fertilizer (Compost) and loamy sort of soil enhance functioning of most of the varieties in terms of important phytochemicals.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Root Extract of Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. Rich.) Wild &amp; R.B.Drumm

Plant secondary metabolites have provided important bioactive principles for developing new lead compounds. Within their confinement, they exhibit unique chemical diversity, which influences their diverse biological properties. The Vitaceae family is known for its potent antioxidant and antibacterial phytoconstituents, among other biological properties. Cyphostemma adenocaule is one of the family members explored for its ethnomedicinal properties. This study undertook the evaluation of the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of the root extract of Cyphostemma adenocaule. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates &amp; glycoside, saponins, and tannins. The methanol root extract had the highest activity in the DPPH assay, providing IC50 (50% inhibition) of 10.87µg/ml, followed by n-Hexane (IC50 74.10µg/ml) and chloroform (IC50 74.31µg/ml) extract. In the antibacterial assay, the chloroform extract was active against E. coli (24.00±0.15) and had moderate activity against Staph. aureus (12.5±0.18). The n-Hexane extract was completely inactive against the test organisms while the methanol extract showed poor activity against the test organisms. The present study adds to the existing literature on Cyphostemma adenocaule with scientific evidence into its biological properties.

A palynological perspective on the tribe Viteae of the grape family (Vitaceae)

The tribe Viteae comprises about 200 species and is represented by the genera Vitis and Ampelocissus. Vitis is the most studied genus within the grape family (Vitaceae) because of the global economic importance of its fruits and derived products. This study examined the palynology of Ampelocissus and Vitis species belonging to the tribe Viteae to identify pollen characters that may contribute to the taxonomic and morphological characterisation of Ampelocissus. Pollen specimens were obtained from herbaria, treated by the acetolysis method, measured, photographed, and described using light and scanning electron microscopy. In the analysed species, pollen grains were isopolar or heteropolar, medium-sized, tricolporate, oblate spheroidal to subprolate. Ornamentation patterns differed among species, with examples of bireticulate, microreticulate, perforate, reticulate, and rugulate sexine. These characters were used for the development of a pollen key to the genera. Principal component analysis revealed that quantitative pollen characters were the most important for group discrimination. This study contributes to the palynological knowledge of some undescribed species and provides novel palynotaxonomic information on the family Vitaceae.

The expansion and diversity of theCYP75gene family in Vitaceae

The CYP75 gene family plays an important role in flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. Little is known about the evolution of the gene family within the grape family. Here, we extracted the CYP75 genes from transcriptome data of 15 grape species and 36 representative genomes from other plants to explore the evolutionary history of the CYP75 gene family in Vitaceae. The structure of the CYP75 protein sequences is highly conserved with the variation mainly occurring in the N terminal and the middle region. The evolutionary analyses suggested classifying the CYP75 gene family into three groups in Vitaceae, namely Vitaceae A1, Vitaceae A2 and Vitaceae B. The Vitaceae A1 and A2 belong to the CYP75A subfamily and the Vitaceae B belongs to the CYP75B subfamily. Within the Vitaceae A1, most Vitaceae taxa present only one copy of the CYP75A protein sequence except for Vitis vinifera with a high number of sequences, which might have originated through recent gene duplications after its split from the other species. Vitaceae A2 contain only CYP75A sequences from Vitaceae sister to one from Camellia sinensis, probably representing a relict lineage. The CYP75B proteins were found to be dominated in Vitaceae and other angiosperms. Our results provide important insights into understanding the evolutionary history of the CYP75 gene family in Vitaceae and other angiosperms.

A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF GRAPE LEAF DISEASE DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION USING MACHINE LEARNING BASED MODELS

Plant diseases are becoming a major danger to agricultural productivity as the world's population expands, causing farmers to incur serious consequences. Plant disease can be detected early, which can assist ensure food security and save financial losses. Grape (Vitis Vinifera), a member of the Vitaceae family, is one of India's most important commercial fruit crops. It's a wide-ranging temperate crop that's adapted to the subtropical environment of India's peninsula. Grapefruits and their leaves are more likely to contract illnesses in a grape vineyard. For experts and agronomists, manual observation is impracticable and time-consuming. We conduct a literature study on alternate disease identification and classification methodologies in order to predict disease progression at an early stage. A review of automated classifying and sorting grape leaf disease, including machine learning and deep learning approaches, is also discussed.

Antidiabetic bioactive compounds from Tetrastigma angustifolia (Roxb.) Deb and Oxalis debilis Kunth.: Validation of ethnomedicinal claim by in vitro and in silico studies

Tetrastigma angustifolia (Roxb.) Deb is an evergreen shrub belonging to the family Vitaceae. This plant species has been used for thousand years in Ayurvedic medicine. Ethnomedicinal study also documents the use of T. angustifolia leaves in the management of diabetes. On the other hand, Oxalis debilis Kunth. is a tristylous plant commonly known as pink woodsorrel belong to the family Oxalidaceae. This plant has been used traditionally for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. Ethnobotanical study also reports the use of leaf decoction of O. debilis in the treatment of diabetes. In our earlier work, the antidiabetic activity of hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts of T. angustifolia and O. debilis have been reported. In spite of ethnomedicinal implications and several scientific studies in the recent past, phytochemical investigations in support of the antidiabetic potential of these plant species are yet to be explored. Therefore, the present study was aimed at the isolation of bioactive phytoconstituents as antidiabetic principle(s) from T. angustifolia and O. debilis leaves. In this paper, two bioactive compounds, namely apigenin derivative (AGD) and stigmasterol (STM) were isolated from the methanolic leaf extracts of T. angustifolia and O. debilis, respectively by column chromatographic technique. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic/ spectrometric techniques including FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR and Mass. The isolated flavonoids were identified as 8-hydroxyapigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, a derivative of apigenin (AGD) and stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol i.e., stigmasterol (STM). The antidiabetic potential of AGD and STM was evaluated by in vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assays. To validate the antidiabetic efficacy, molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed using AutoDock Vina and GROMACS software. In vitro assays revealed the antidiabetic potential of AGD and STM with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. From docking and MD simulation studies, promising binding affinity of AGD and STM for human lysosomal α-glucosidase (5NN8) and human pancreatic α-amylase enzymes (1B2Y) with favorable binding modes, stable protein-ligand complexes and well defined protein-ligand interactions were observed. Based on in vitro and in silico studies, our study reports the antidiabetic potential of the isolated apigenin derivative, AGD (a new flavonoid molecule) and stigmasterol, STM (an existing plant sterol) with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. However, the flavonoid molecule, AGD possesses better antidiabetic profile than the steroid molecule, STM particularly against human α-amylase enzyme. Our present investigation successfully validates the traditional as well as ethnomedicinal claims of T. angustifolia and O. debilis as antidiabetic medicines.

A Preliminary Study on In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cissus quadrangularis Linn.

Cissus quadrangularis L. is a member of succulent climber of family Vitaceae and it is also called as bone setter because of its bone healing property. The present study focused to assess the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the plant stem extracts in different solvents namely petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Among all these extracts; ethyl extract showed highest phenolic and flavonoid content (19.35±0.29mg GA/g, 8.68±0.06 RE/g dry wt. respectively). In DPPH free radical scavenging assay all mentioned extracts exhibited free radical scavenging activity but the highest free radical scavenging activity was showed by ethyl acetate extract in increasing dose dependent manner. On the basis of highest phenolic, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity ethyl acetate extract was selected for anti- inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of Cissus quadrangularis Lin. was investigated in carageenan induced inflammation in Wistar albino rats. Two different doses 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg were administered to the animals. The results showed that both doses had significant reduction in inflammatory condition but dose 500mg/kg showed maximum inflammatory reduction on comparing with control and standard treated groups.