Granulometric Composition Of Soil Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF LANDLESS MANURE ON POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL USE IN AGROLANDSCAPES

The article considers the influence of various factors (topography, groundwater level, soil granulometric composition, fertilizer application doses) on soil, surface and groundwater contamination when using litterless manure.      

Effect of NaCl road salt on the ionic composition of soils and Aesculus hippocastanum L. foliage and leaf damage intensity

We investigated the accumulation of sodium chloride in roadside soils and common horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L. under urban conditions to evaluate changes in soil and leaf ionic content and their relationship with foliar damage, considering the visual assessment of trees of the same health status. A total of 15 field sites were assessed in late June 2016. The analysis included soil granulometric composition, pH, electrical conductivity, and the content of Cl−, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions in soil and foliage samples. The results showed increased salinity and alkalization of roadside soils together with the decreased magnesium content. Foliage samples manifested significantly higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl−. A wide range of Cl− content was noted in leaves (2.0–11.8% d.w.) regardless of their damage index. On the contrary, leaf damage was strongly correlated with increasing Na+ concentrations and decreasing K+ and Mg2+. A severe imbalance of nutrients, and therefore poor urban tree vitality, can be attributed to the excessive accumulation of de-icing salt. However, further research would be needed to clarify the discrepancy between the extent of leaf damage and chloride content.

Применение методов площадной интерполяции при определении зон потенциального плодородия почв сельскохозяйственных земель

The article presents one of the possible options for improving the methodology for identifying zones of potential soil fertility. The necessity of using areal interpolation as the only method of geostatistical analysis that takes into account the area of input objects is proved. To check the data for a Gaussian normal distribution, it is necessary to use several verification methods, since when evaluating only statistical parameters, significant (in the case of phosphorus, abnormal) deviations were found, however, when evaluating histograms and quartile-quartile plots, it is necessary to bring the data to a normal distribution was relevant only for humus and phosphorus. The main advantages and disadvantages of the areal interpolation method are shown. With a significant deviation from the normal distribution, in the absence of built-in functions for automated reduction of data to the Gaussian distribution, one of the few ways can be the logarithm of the data. After zoning, it is necessary to perform a reverse translation to the original values for a representative visualization of the results. As a result of the selection of theoretical semivariograms-deconvolutions, the degrees of spatial dependence and optimal distances for the studied properties are determined. It is clear that the lag of acidity and potassium content is 1000 m and 1050 m, respectively. For phosphorus, it is 1300 m. For the humus content, the lag is much lower—440 m. The maximum autocorrelation distance is typical for potassium and humus—2330 and 1528 m; the minimum for phosphorus is 637. The reliability of the cartograms of agrochemical properties is confirmed by the calculated root-mean-square errors. The deviations of pH values are in the range of up to 0.15 units. The highest mean square error of interpolation is observed in weakly acidic soils. The error in the interpolated values of humus from the initial data is inherent in anthropogenically transformed soils. The root-mean-square error of phosphorus values can be estimated as insignificant. The largest errors in K2O—in isolated cases, they reach 120 mg/ha in the central and eastern parts of the region. The resulting map of potential soil fertility was used to determine the relationship with the granulometric composition of soils. A low level is observed on sandy and sandy loam soils, a high level—on loams. Also, the productivity is affected by the relief of the territory—in the dissected areas, productivity is lower than on the plains.

Разработка алгоритма классификации данных спутникового зондирования на основе машинного обучения на примере гранулометрического состава почв агроландшафтов Западной Сибири

Разработка алгоритма классификации данных спутникового зондирования на основе машинного обучения на примере гранулометрического состава почв агроландшафтов Западной Сибири

Distribution of silty fraction and slurry by profile of arable soils of the central forest-steppe

The work is devoted to the study of granulometric composition of soils of 120-year and 240-year agricultural development of meadow-steppe landscape on the example of Belgorod region. In the lateral distribution of the silt fraction contained in the arable horizon, a significant increase in its proportion in the lower parts of the soil catenas of the 120-year arable, for the 240-year arable the lateral variations of the silt fraction are less noticeable. The averaged values of silt content over slope profiles of 240-year arable land showed local maximum of silt confined to subsoil horizon. An inverse relationship was found for slopes on 120-year-old arable land, namely the fact that the percentage of silt fraction increases at depth does not lead to an increase of the same fraction in the subsoil layer. Numerous blindfolds were found in the soil sections studied by caten, especially many of them were detected at a depth of up to one meter. Average area occupied by mole crusts on the walls of averaged transects is 80-90% on the 120-year arable and 70-80% on the 240-year arable. On soils of background catenas, 30-40% of the walls of soil transects are occupied by mole-rats. Blistergrasses are more often found in soils of catens of northern exposition - both 120-year and 240-year arable land.

AGRO-PRODUCTİON ASSESSMENT OF LAND COVER İN BEYLAGAN REGİON ON THE EXAMPLE OF BİRİNCİ SHAHSEVAN VİLLAGE

It was determined by the research that the object of research was excavated plots of land with a total area of 1776.99 ha, and their morphological features were described by genetic layers. yes; Clean pasture-147.58ha; Reed pasture-6.83 ha; Shrub pasture - 4.25 ha; Other lands-942.10 ha; The area set aside was 7.2 hectares. Based on the results of field research and laboratory analysis, a soil map was compiled on topographic bases and an explanatory report was written. Professor R.H.Mammadov's scale was used to determine the granulometric composition of soils here. Natural-economic features of the area, including geographical position, relief, agro-climatic elements were studied, soil cover; vegetation. The role of vegetation in the process of soil formation and formation of soil cover, increase of soil fertility with the formation of organic matter depends on the density of vegetation, maintenance of normal soil moisture, reduction of water washing effect, prevention of formation and development of soils and erosion elm, garatikan shrubs, licorice, birch, thyme, chicory, etc. are widely spread in the area from shrubs, suitability of the area for use for grain crops; Soil-forming rocks, etc., as well as the great role of the chemical composition of the parent rock in the process of soil formation have been widely studied.

Anthropogenic deep-transformed soils (urbosems) of Odessa city

The classification of soils of urban areas (on the example of Odesa) was presented, according to which two classes of soils were distinguished within the city: natural and anthropogenic. The proposed ecological-profile-genetic classification of soils of urban areas combines profile-genetic and factor-ecological approaches. Anthropogenic soils are divided into two groups of soil types: anthropogenically transformed and anthropogenically created. Anthropogenically transformed soils include two types: anthropogenically surface-transformed (urban- and agrosoils) and anthropogenically deeply-transformed (urbozems). The group of types of anthropogenically created soils includes the type of technological surface-soillike formations and sealed soils (constructozems). The article presents the results of the study of anthropogenically deeply-transformed soils of Odesa (urbozems). General scientific (systematic, analysis, synthesis, generalization, statistics) and traditional (soil-genetic, profile-morphological, laboratory-analytical and cartographic) research methods were used to study the genetic characteristics of soils of Odesa and their classification. To study the structure, composition and properties of soils in the city 35 full-profile sections and 17 diggings in 25 key areas were laid. The main morphological characteristics and physicochemical properties were given, the indicators of nutrient content, humus, pHH2O, granulometric composition of soils were analyzed. The composition of salts and absorbed bases in soils was determined. Granulometric composition of urbanozems is clay loamy with a tendency to lighten due to anthropogenically increase of the sand factions and skeletal material content. A typical feature of the urbozems of Odesa is a pretty high variability of nitrogen content in terms of nitrification ability, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The content of organic matter in the urban horizon of urban soils ranges from 0.86 to 5.40%. Recreazems and hillozems are characterized by medium loam granulometric composition, alkaline reaction of soil solution, low levels of nutrients and humus. The practical significance of the results provides for the expansion and addition of theoretical and methodological bases of the research of soils in different functional and economic zones of human settlements.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil in the Sahelian Region: Case Study in Nioro du Rip, Senegal

The locality of Nioro du Rip is facing intense erosion, loss of agricultural land, soil pollution and soil degradation. Today, there is limited information about the soil physical and chemical properties in the locality. In this work, we describe the main essential factors or mechanism that control the evolution of the soil in the study area.
 The physical and chemical properties of soils encountered along a NE-SW transect in are analyzed in this paper. The statistical analysis results revealed low structural stability of soils in general, due to their low organic matter content and exchangeable bases and their predominantly silty texture. A net trend towards acidification, which is more pronounced in the lower-bottom and terrace soils, provides information on the conditions that are increasingly unfavorable to agricultural development.
 The multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) identified the preponderance of two factors among the four primarily involved in soil geochemical composition. These include a mineralization process (expressed through the first principal component (PC1), which causes soils to be rich in elements (Ca2+, K+,C, N, MO) controlling their structure and fertility level; The PC2 axis expresses the spatial differentiation phenomenon of the soil granulometric composition: soils forming cluster poles according to their textural affinity in the projection of the plane formed by these two components , with on one side the sandy-dominated soils of the shallows and terraces and on the other the clay-dominated soils of the plateau and the slope. A clear reversal of textural polarity in the studied topo sequence that must be blamed on the strong water erosion in this area.

Facing the 3rd national land survey (cultivated land quality): soil survey application for soil texture detection based on the high-definition field soil images by using perceptual hashing algorithm (pHash)

Land and soil surveys are of significance to investigate the conditions of land or soil in certain regions. The determination of soil texture type relies on the fundamental laboratory measurement of soil physical granulometric composition. Traditional approaches cannot be used finely in the field. In this paper, the relationship between soil texture and high-resolution field soil images was established. The android application was developed based on the pHash to determine soil texture type in the field investigation. The whole experiment is divided into three sections—preparation of field and standardized soil samples, development of the android application, and the verification of the android application. A total of 37 arable soil samples from different geographical locations with various typical soil texture types were taken during the national land survey in China. Necessary pretreatment with soil samples was done before laboratory analysis. The standardized soil image database was established by uploading standardized soil images. The JAVA language is applied to realize the pHash of the application by IntelliJ IDEA. Physical particle clay and sand content are the chosen indicators to describe the soil granulometric composition quantificationally for the verification part—these two contents of each sample were measured by both the pipette method and the android application more than three times separately—then contrast the testing results to indicate the performance of the android application. Fitting performances of the pipette method and android application reached 89.23% in all group results. The statistical analysis of the difference between the two approaches is not significant (p > 0.05). It is believed that increasing the training number can improve this android application in subsequent studies. Our research changes the idea of determining the soil texture from direct measurements to intermediate comparison, which makes soil texture in-field detection feasible. This android application extends the measure tools by learning the thought of computerized algorithms. The measurement results of the application show accuracy and repeatability during the determination of soil granulometric composition, compared with the ones of the pipette method. Android application based on the perceptual hashing algorithm can be friendly used during land and soil surveys, as well as other field studies.

On agro-industrial assessment of territorial lands of Tartar region (on the example of Borsunlu village)

Annotation: Due to the climatic features of Azerbaijan, its soil is subject to severe erosion. Thus, eroded (washed, loosened, loosened, etc.) soils are often found in the country. This is explained by the fact that, as is clear from the morphological description of the section in the study area, the color of the soil here is brown in the upper layer, light brown in the middle layer, and straw in the last layer. The structure is heavy clayey in the upper layer, medium clayey in the middle layer and in the last layer. Roots and rhizomes, insect tracts, rust spots are found in new derivatives and fruits. These soils are boiled under the influence of 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl). Hygroscopic moisture is less moisture throughout the profile. The transitions in the genetic layers are clear and gradual.It should be noted that in general, erosion processes lead to erosion and destruction of the topsoil. According to the results of laboratory analysis of soil samples on different soil types from different experimental areas, the actual soil fertility determined for the suitability of different types of agricultural crops, a number of types of agricultural culture. grapes and clover-cheese.This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the degree of erosion of the land cover formed in the territory of the Tartar region of the Republic of Azerbaijan using aerospace images and studied.Key words: Soil-forming rocks, soil granulometric composition, physicochemical properties, soil mineralogical composition, soil profile, genetic layers, parent rock, erosion process.

Ecological aspects of agricultural cultures for growing

The studies were conducted on the experimental field of the department of agriculture of the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East on black earth typical of large-dusted-medium-loam on forest species
 Arable soil layer (0–20 cm) has the following agrochemical parameters: Thurin humus 4.1–4.7 %, pH salt 6,0, water pH 7,9, content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen according to Cornfield ‒ 11.2, mobile compounds P2O5 and K2O according to Chirikov respectively 11.8 and 10.0 mg per 100 g of soil. Granulometric composition of soil according to Kachinsky large-dust-medium-loam: in the layer of 0‒20 sm of physical clay (particles 0.05–0.01) 49.1–52.1 %, silt (particles less than 0,001 mm) 23.4–25.5 %. The main elements of cultivation technology are generally accepted in the area of the Northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Agrotechnical measures were strictly adhered to in a timely manner. The experiment was accompanied by a set of related observations and analytical studies.
 In the presented work describes the evaluation of ecological cultivation on the level of maturity of domestic corn hybrids from a condition of deficit-free balance of major nutrients. It is established that for such an assessment it is important first of all to determine the level of intensity of each hybrid according to the level of use of such a resource as mineral nutrition. In General, this indicator represents the ratio of the actual and normative level of yield. At the same time for the normative yield adopted calculated by one or another method of its value. Comparison of the actual norms of mineral fertilizers with the number of elements taken out with the harvest was carried out by a special technique, which at the same time allowed to determine the equivalent level of productivity, that is, its value, which corresponds to the deficit-free rate of fertilizers.
 It should be noted that the existing recommendations on the use of mineral fertilizers take into account the qualitative removal of the main elements of food from the crop, but this is not always consistent with the reaction of the crop to the established norms.
 In this case, the greater the value FAR the hybrid is characterized, the more efficiently the batteries are used, the more the deficit is formed.
 The results of studies have shown that the later the level of aging is a hybrid the greater the crop is formed, the greater the equivalent rate of mineral fertilizers should be. Depending on the level of ripeness, the actual deficiency of essential nutrients ranges from 52 to 89 kg/ha. Making practical decisions based on the results of research in each case is determined by the adopted or existing parity between the environmental and economic criteria for growing crops.

Physical Attributes of Soil in Different Forest Cover in South of Tocantins

Eucalyptus planting represents 72.7% of the total area of planted trees in Brazil, and is constantly growing in the Cerrado biome. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the physical qualities of soil under Eucalyptus sp. and a fragment of cerrado sensu stricto. The study was conducted at the experimental farm of the Federal University of Tocantins, campus Gurupi, TO, on the coordinates 11º 46’ 25’’ latitude S and 49º 02’ 54’’ longitude W, in soil classified as Plinthosol petric. The collections were performed in the layer with a depth of 0–20 cm, with eleven repetitions for each area. The attributes evaluated were: soil texture, density (DS), particle density (PD) and total porosity (TP). The soil granulometric composition in the two studied areas was predominant of the sandy fraction. The values of DS, PD and TP did not show significant differences by Tukey test (5%), which assumes that the change of cover from cerrado sensu stricto to forest planted with Eucalyptus sp. does not favor physical problems for the soil under study.

The influence of methods of potato weed control and meteorological conditions on shaping the tuber yield structure

The test results were based on a field experiment conducted in 2007–2009 in a pilot plant IHAR – PIB in Jadwisin on lessive soil granulometric composition of loamy sand. Experiment was covered with the method of drawn subblocks in the dependent arrangement, split-plot, in three repeating. Order factor were cultivars of potato, ‘Irga’ and ‘Fianna’, factor II row weed control methods were: (1) object control – without chemical protection; (2) extensive mechanical treatments (every 2 weeks) after planting until short rows; (3) Sencor 70 WG – 1 kg∙ha–1 pre-emergence potato; (4) Sencor 70 WG – 1 kg∙ha–1 + Titus 25 WG – 40 g∙ha–1 + Trend 90 EC – 0.1% pre-emergence potato; (5) Sencor 70 WG – 0.5 kg∙ha–1 after emergence potatoes; (6) Sencor 70 WG – 0.3 kg∙ha–1 + Titus 25 WG – 30 g∙ha–1 + Trend 90 EC – 0.1% after emergence potatoes; (7) Sencor 70 WG – 0.3 kg∙ha–1 + Fusilade Forte 150 EC – 2 dm3∙ ha–1 after emergence potatoes; (8) Sencor 70 WG – 0.3 kg∙ha–1 + Apyros 75 WG 26.5 g∙ha–1 + Atpolan 80 SC – 1∙dm3 ha–1 after emergence of the potato. Spray the plants with herbicides was consumed 300 dm3∙ha–1 water. Harvest tubers were performed on technical maturity of the potato. During the harvest, tubers samples were taken from each plot to assess the yield structure. The ‘Fianna’ cultivar was characterized by a more favourable yield structure, characterized by a higher share of large tubers, in their total weight. Thermal and humid conditions had a significant effect on the potato yield structure. The most beneficial structure of the mass of tubers was provided by mechanical and chemical care with the application of Sencor before the emergence of potato, because it gave the largest share of bulbs in the yield, i.e. 50–60 and >60 mm in diameter, compared to the control object.

Investigation and Assessment of Soil Fertility in Agroforest Landscapes

The article presents the research materials of agrochemical properties of soil land use in the agricultural production co-operative ”Kolos”, Oktyabrsky district of the Volgograd region. The studied agroforestry landscape is located on the left bank of the Tsimlyansk reservoir, in the watershed of the Myshkov River. The territory of the farm is typical for the light chestnut sub -- zone of soils in the South of the Volgograd region. The results of the research are data on agrochemical properties of soils, their analysis and relative assessment, as well as proposals for improving fertility. The analysis of soil samples was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for the comprehensive monitoring of soil fertility of agricultural land. The soil sample was taken from an area of 40 hectares and is a mixed sample composed of 20 individual samples taken from the depth of the arable layer (0 -- 0.30 m). The total area of the surveyed arable land is 13.3 thousand hectares. Under laboratory conditions, chemical analyses were carried out and such parameters of soil fertility as humus content, content of macronutrients (NPK), content of water-bearing salts, soil granulometric composition, pH index were determined. Laboratory data are summarized in the table. The analysis of experimental data revealed the ranges of the studied parameters and identified four groups of relative soil fertility: fields with high, medium, low and very low fertility. The grouping of fields based on the account of soil fertility will allow using more differentiated and effective application of the system of measures aimed at increasing the yield and preserving soil fertility.

Ёмкость катионного обмена в пойменных почвах р. Амур: влияние органического вещества на содержание обменных катионов

The aim of the study. To determine cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the saturation with basic cations of different types of the Amur River floodplain soils and reveal the relationship between CEC and soil organic matter (SOM) content. Location and time of the study. upper and mid-stream of the Amur River in the period from 2011 to 2015. Methodology. In this study CEC was estimated as the sum of Ca2+, Mg2+, H+, Al3+. Exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum were determined using 1N KCl. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium were measured by the complexometric method using NH4Cl. The SOM carbon content was determined by dichromate digestion. Correlation was performed by the Pearson method. Main results. The highest CEC (the average ranging from 16 to 21 cmolc kg-1) was found in Gleyic Histic Fluvisols and residual alluvial soils (Brunic Arenosols and Pluvic Haeozems). Umbric Fluvisols had the lowest CEC ranging from 11 to 13 cmolc kg-1. The base saturation decreased in the range: residual-alluvial soils (Brunic Arenosols and Pluvic Haeozems) (85-95%) - Umbric Fluvisols (70-90%) - Umbric Fluvisols (HypoGleyic) (52-90%) - Gleyic Histic Fluvisols (33-95%). The light-textured young soils had high (>0.75) correlation between SOM and CEC, whereas developed heavy-textured soils showed moderate correlation (0,40-0,70). Conclusion. Alluvial soils of the Amur River floodplain are characterized by moderate CEC values, mostly with high degree of saturation. The relationship between CEC and SOM is determined by soil granulometric composition and bedrock weathering.

Desempenho do modelo Hydrus - 1D utilizando diferentes formas de caracterização hidrodinâmica

A utilização da modelagem matemática para a simulação dos eventos hidrológicos é de fundamental importância no planejamento do uso e conservação do solo, para agricultura e pecuária, na meteorologia e na gestão dos recursos hídricos, sendo uma ferramenta conveniente para a avaliação de impactos no meio ambiente devido as atividades humanas.O uso agropecuário de alguns tipos de solo (como é o caso do Neossolo Flúvico) depende de suas condições de drenagem e se são necessárias correções desse fator ou não. Condições estas, que podem ser caracterizadas com o uso de modelos computacionais, como o Hydrus – 1D.Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de quatro formas de caracterização hidrodinâmica do solo oferecidas pelo software Hydrus – 1D por meio das curvas de retenção de água do solo e da condutividade hidráulica. Os valores dos parâmetros hidráulicos do solo, bem como da condutividade hidráulica, foram determinados em ensaio e para analisar o desempenho dos modelos foram utilizados parâmetros estatísticos. O modelo que apresentou melhor desempenho nas simulações foi o que utilizou as informações da composição granulométrica do solo como dado de entrada e o modelo com o pior desempenho foi o que utilizou as informações da composição granulométrica e da densidade do material estudado, diferentemente do esperado, fato atribuído a alta sensibilidade relativa, no modelo Hydrus-1D, no cálculo dos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos “n” e “0s"> ”.

Landscape-ecological investigations mapping of V. V. Dokuchayiv KHNAU arboretum’s territory

Formulation of the problem. This article briefly describes the main problems that arise during landscape and ecological investigation of territories. On the example of V.V.Dokuchayiv KHNAU’s arboretum the comparative and ecological method of estimating the soil conditions for the forest-based effect, i.e. species composition and productivity of indigenous forest vegetation groups is considered. The forest represents a system of vegetation and habitat. From the ecological point of view it is a reflection of the environment, as its forestry effect. The objective is also to justify measures aimed at solving urgent landscape and environmental problems, namely, transformation and pollution of the natural environment, the development of morphodynamic processes. Soils, as the element of the landscape, are an important block of ecosystems whose destruction has a multidimensional value for the stability of the natural environment. Aggregate soil transformation has traditionally been evaluated as progressive. However, scientific analysis suggests that extensive farming, inappropriate chemical fertilization and fetishization of pesticides have led to a significant decline in fertility, and in some cases, its loss due to the development of erosion of natural soil cover on large areas. Such processes stimulate soil microflora to decompose organic contaminants and promote the absorption of harmful substances by the plant. The landscape-ecological approach is currently used in solving many scientific problems: both theoretical and practical. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this work was to study the landscape and ecological structure of the forest massif, to identify the relationship between the components of landscapes on the example of the V.V. Dokuchayiv KHNAU’s arboretum by mapping the territory. Methods. The authors’ own achievements as well as the research results of domestic and foreign investigators made the methodical basis for the article. Results. The content of heavy metals on the territory of the arboretum is investigated, a ranking of factors influencing the distribution of concentrations of pollutants has been carried out and the type of ecological situation is determined by means of mapping methods. Modern and ecological methods of disturbed territories’ restoration with the help of phytotherapeutic technologies, which are much cheaper and safer, are offered. When implementing phytoremediation methods, there is less secondary pollution, physical and granulometric composition of soils does not deteriorate, biological activity does not decrease, and productivity is kept constant. This technology is most convenient for cleaning of moderately polluted soils. Scientific novelty and practical significance. One of the main mechanisms for regulating the ecologization of land resources is the identification, evaluation and implementation of the maximum possible reserves for increasing the efficiency of this process. This is reduction of unproductive losses in the mode of use and conservation of resources and the possibility of using the basic solution as a scientific and technological progress. Digital terrain models are designed for interactive visualization and have an effect of presence on the ground. Such models are used to substantiate measures to optimize land use in order to restore and stabilize the ecological situation, assess the natural recreational potential of the territory, monitor the components of the environment, predict transformation and degradation processes and environmental phenomena development.

Измерение осмотического давления почвенного раствора криоскопическим методом и его метрологическая характеристика

Cryoscopic technique to measure soil solution osmotic pressure is based on the thermodynamic relationship between chemical potential (pressure) and decresasing of the soil solution freezing temperature. The pressure is determined on the basis of the freezing temperature difference beyween distilled water and soil solution. To characterize metrologically soil solution osmotic pressure (OP) measurements by cryoscopic method a laboratory experiment was carried out with several different soil samples, collected from the A horizon of the typicalheavy-clay chernozm (Kursk region, Russia, and light-cloured clay and sandy chestnut soils (Volgograd region, Russia). Sodium chloride solution was added to soil aliquots at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 eq/L, while Na2SO4 solution was added at 0.50 0.85 eq/L. Distilled water was added to the control variants. Depending on the granulometric composition of soils, soil water content was adjusted to 28, 23 and15%. The samples prepared in such a way were placed in 40-ml Dewar vacuum flasks with 10-4-10-5 mm Hg of vaccuum. The cryoscope measured temperature according to the Beckman thermometer scale. The temperature of the cooling mixture of crushed ice and NaCl (1:5 v/v) in Dewar flasks was maintained in the range of -21º -17º C. The freezing of soil solutions and distilled water went with overcooling. The temperature jump was indicated by clear Hg meniscus stop at the beginning of crystallization. Statistical analysis of the data obtained produced correlations and corresponding scales of the relative standard deviation(V, %) and relative permissible deviation(Drel, %) of the measured OP values. The V was shown to range from 2 to 50%, while the Drel varied from 5 to 100% between 1 and 15 atm. The threshold between the quantitative and semiquantitative esimates when V=30% was found to lie between 1.3-1.7 atm. Based on the correlation between Drel values and the measured OP, a scale for estimating OP is suggested: when Drel is 100% the corresponding OP value is 0.9-1.2 atm, at 80% Drel 1.2-1.7, at 60% Drel 1.7-2.2, at 40% Drel 2.2-3.2, at 30% Drel 3.2-4.2, at 20% Drel 4.2-9.2, at 10% Drel 9.2-10.2 atm, whereas at 9% Drel the OP can be estimated as ranging 10.2-11.2 atm, while at 8% Drel as 11.2-12.5, at 7% Drel as 12.5-14.2 and at 5% Drel as 14.2-14.5 atm. The scale can be used to estimate the reproducibility of experimental measures of soil solution osmotic pressure.

Changes in Particle Size Composition under Seepage Conditions of Reclaimed Soil in Xinjiang, China

The distribution of reclaimed soil particle size under seepage conditions after the management period will directly determine the success or failure of reclamation work. The geotechnical experimental method was used in this paper to study the changes in the granulometric composition of soil. The results show that the granulometric composition of the reclaimed soil varied obviously at different depths. The granulometric composition of the soil at a depth of 10 cm was not much different from undisturbed reclaimed soil (URS). At a depth of 30 cm, as the sharp decrease of the content of fine particles resulted in coarser reclaimed soil, the soil became more uniform, with an increase in porosity and water content. At a depth of 50 cm, the fine particle content was generally slightly lower than that of URS. At a depth of 70 cm, the fine particle content of the soil greatly exceeded that of the URS, with the finest soil particles and lowest porosity. The main reason for the above-mentioned changes of granulometric composition in the reclaimed soil was the seepage in soil caused by irrigation during the management period. The research results can provide a reference for management after land reclamation at non-metallic mines in Xinjiang, China.

Use of arable land with agroecological assessment of soils

Growing crop production with ignoring the quality of arable land leads to lower crop yields and unreasonable costs. There are areas of waterlogged, marshy, eroded soils or soil with low humus content and low available form for plant of nutrients in intensive use of land, that is leased or owned by modern agricultural companys. These lands have different area and configuration of soil contours and it is the cause of complicated planning of the fields’ boundaries. The purpose of representing data in this article is the justification of the rational use of arable land on condition detailed analysis of soil properties. Because the land management is the basis for optimization of agricultural production in a certain area. In order to obtain indicative results, the territory with complex structure of soil cover and with soils, which differ greatly in their physical and chemical properties and conditions of soil formation, was chosen as the object of research. Soil conditions were analyzed by natural indicators such us groundwater levels, granulometric composition of soil, nutrients concentration that are available for plants, acidity of soils. The explored area has flat relief with moderate climate and insufficient humidification in separate periods. Soils’ parent material: alluvial deposits, loess loam, deluvial deposits. There are 11 groups of soils on the research area of 1272.4789 ha. Among them Haplic Chernozem, Albic Luvisol, Gleyic Chernozem, Mollic Gleysol, Luvic Greyic Phaeozem, Endogleyic Arenosol and Histic Gleysol. The Gleysols occupy a large area of surveyed land (106 hectares). These soils have a very poor water-air mode and suffer from drought or waterlogging in some periods. In order to achieve the purpose of the work an existing methodology for the soils grouping into classes for the suitability of growing agricultural crops was used. Also the scale of soil evaluation for the Ruzhinsky agricultural region was applied. The article represents data of soil classification into classes of suitability by ten classification items. It is established that not the whole area of arable land is suitable for growing wheat. The estimated yield of winter wheat was calculated on the basis of soil's properties. Winter wheat is the demanding plant to soil and climate condition. This is the cause there are low productivity of this plant on clay soil types and soils that have sandy granulometric composition. The estimated yield of winter wheat on Histic Gleysol and Mollic Gleysol is 6.8 centner/ha and on Endogleyic Arenosol is 12.5 centner/ha. Inclusion such tapys of soils in fields area leads to a decrease the yield of winter wheat crops. This is difficult for land use in case low fertility soils are situated in higher quality soils’ area. This situation is inherent territory of Polisya and south part of Ukrainian Lisostep zone. As a result of researchi it was realized that Haplic Gleysol occupy small areas (between 0.1-0.3 ha). These soils are located near Endogleyic Arenosol that don’t suffer from excessive moisture and need another approach of land use. The importance of taking into account the properties of soils is proved. The approach of land use of arable land is proposed. Keywords . S uitability of soils, groups of soils, wheat crop, land use .