Production Of Granules Research Articles

Evaluation of secretory activity in carp pancreatocytes (Cyprinus carpio L.) when using lactobacillus-based chelate and probiotic supplemental feed complexes.

The experimental research was carried out on the juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The impact from supplemental feeds consisting of variable concentrations of chelate compounds, biogenic trace elements and probiotic lactobacillus-based product Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 was evaluated. Optical and qualitative parameters of the lactobacillus base were studied in order to identify the major group of substances potentially able to influence the end result. The purpose of this research was to identify changes in the structure of the zymogen granules and their dimensions at which supplemental feeds produce a stimulating effect on the synthesis of zymogens in exogenous cells of the secretory part of pancreas. At the outcome of the study, for the first time, it was possible to prove that the integrated action of chelates and lactobacillus-based probiotics complemented each other. Metal chelate compounds contributed to enlargement of the zymogen granules, if compared to the control values. The bacterial products accelerated production of the zymogen granules in acinar cells diffusely located in carp hepatopancreas.

Production of sorptive granules from incinerated sewage sludge ash and upcycling in cement mortar

This paper describes a method to produce sorptive granules solely from solid waste. The produced granules can remove multi-toxic heavy metal(loid)s from wastewaters and be upcycled as lightweight aggregates in cement mortars. Specifically, kilogram-scale production of millimeter-sized granules was obtained via the thermal treatment of green bodies prepared from phosphorus-stripped incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), peanut shell and waste bentonite at a mass ratio of 1:1:2 at 1050 °C under a N2 atmosphere. The synthesized granules with good mechanical strength (4.9 MPa) exhibited excellent adsorption capacities towards As(V), Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Pb(II) at respectively 14.11, 5.79, 14.12 and 23.52 mg/g at an initial solution pH of 3.0 via mechanisms including redox reactions, complexation, (co)precipitation, and cation exchange. Moreover, the potentially hazardous spent granules could be environmental safely reused as a partial river sand replacement in cement mortars based on the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure.

Detection of a Hidden Regularity Between Vibration Noise and the Distribution of Granule Masses by Diameter in at Fertilizer Granulation Plant

Theoretical and experimental studies of the granulation process of mineral fertilizers were considered in order to identify a mathematical model of the relationship between the vibration noise spectrum of the installation and the fluidized bed distribution of granule mass by diameter, as the main indicator of the quality of the granulation product. A method of current (inertial-free) control of granule mass distribution by diameter in optimal time has been developed. The current control of the distribution based on the analysis of the noise of the installation allows you to optimize this process in terms of the quality of the output product and minimize the cycle time of its production.

Reconciling sprinkle administration information in approved NDA labeling with sprinkle bioequivalence study recommendations in FDA product-specific guidances for generic drug development

Objectives: Certain patient populations (e.g., children and the elderly) may not be able to swallow solid oral dosage forms. In the absence of availability of a dosage form that is appropriate for these patient groups, liquids and/ or soft foods as described in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved product labeling can be used as a suitable vehicle(s) for oral administration of the specific drug product. The approved labeling of some new drug application (NDA) products contains information for sprinkle administration on liquids or soft foods. Since abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) products must demonstrate bioequivalence (BE) to the reference listed drug (RLD) products, and since the generic drug labeling is the same as RLD, generic applicants are recommended to conduct in vivo BE sprinkle study using one of the soft foods mentioned in RLD labeling. The current FDA guidance specifically recommends that generic applicants conduct a sprinkle BE study if the labeling of a modified-release (MR) RLD product states that the product can be administered sprinkled on soft foods. For ANDAs, such recommendations for in vivo BE sprinkle studies for MR products are routinely communicated in the respective product-specific guidance (PSG) published by FDA and readily available for prospective ANDA applicants. FDA guidance does not recommend sprinkle BE study for an immediate-release (IR) product since the formulation differences between IR generic and RLD products are not expected to impact administration with food vehicle. Materials and Methods: FDALabel and PSG databases were searched for current NDAs with sprinkle labeling and individual PSGs with recommendations for an in vivo sprinkle BE study, respectively. Results from FDALabel were narrowed to NDAs for oral solid dosage forms with approved labeling for sprinkle administration on food vehicles. Only MR NDAs with sprinkle labeling were included in the final analysis as recommended by FDA for inclusion of in vivo sprinkle BE study recommendations in PSGs for generic products. We searched the FDA external PSG database for availability of respective PSGs containing in vivo sprinkle study recommendations for those MR products with approved NDA labeling for sprinkle administration. Results: Of the 57 NDAs with FDA-approved drug products that are labeled to include sprinkle administration, 45 NDAs were MR (tablet, capsule, and granule) products. Forty-two (93%) of the 45 MR products have PSGs with in vivo sprinkle BE study recommendations. Standardized data extraction sheets created by Microsoft Excel 2019 for data extraction were utilized. Conclusion: FDA has a sprinkle-study PSG for almost all currently approved MR NDAs. The results of our study show that in vivo BE study recommendations in PSGs closely match information in the approved drug labeling. Applicants who plan to develop MR generic products should visit the FDA public web page for the availability of the product-specific BE recommendations for the proposed products.

Mathematical modeling of convective drying of wheat gluten granules in suspended state: installation for process implementation

The purpose of the study is to solve a mathematical model for convective drying of wheat gluten granules in a suspended state and to develop a rational design of the apparatus for its implementation. In the course of the study, based on the analysis of the mechanism of convective dehydration of a granular product in a suspended state, a mathematical model of this process was constructed. This model was adapted to the study object and subject and its solution was carried out. Proceeding from the study of the advantages and disadvantages of well-known installations for drying gluten granulated products, a rational design of an installation for drying gluten granules is recommended. It should be noted that the proposed continuous-action installation, due to its design features, may be suitable not only for dehydration of the granulated semi-finished product under study, but also for drying similar products.

Production of quality NiAl granules: examining process features

This paper looks at a number of different methods for producing nickel aluminide (NiAl) granules. It also examines certain factors hindering a wider application of the above material by current aircraft and engine makers. The key hindering factors that were established include an almost zero plasticity of the material under pressure forming and a poor machinability of parts made of it. Application of precise metallurgy techniques, which help obtain almost finished parts requiring minimum machining, can help eliminate the above factors. Another difficulty is related to the fact that there are no techniques that can help obtain quality ball-shaped granules using the material in view. The conducted study helped define some quality criteria applicable to the resulting granules. They include sphericity, size consistency, absence of defects such as pores or surface satellites, presence of fine-dispersed dendritic structure, etc. A number of methods was considered that enable to produce high-quality nickel aluminide granules, such as high-temperature inert gas jet atomization; Plasma Rotary Electrode Process (or, PREP); meltspinning with the help of perforated crucible. It was established that PREP delivers the optimum technique for obtaining quality NiAl granules. In the course of the study it was established that it is not that much the current I but rather the velocity of the melted electrode n that serves as the key characteristic of the process that determines the quality and diameter of granules, as well as the dendritic parameter of their microstructure. Optimal electrode RPM values were determined. They are n ≈ 15 000–16 000 min–1 at the current I ≈ 1.000–1.500 A. A process has been developed for producing quality NiAl granules, which involves the following stages: self-propagating high-temperature synthesis to make initial NiAl ingots followed by remelting, heat treatment, granule separation and PREP.

"Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Granul from African Leaf Extract (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) "

African leaf plants (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) contain many secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids. African leaves are commonly used in traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the extract of African leaf plants can be formulated in the preparation of effervescent granules and is suitable for the criteria for good granules. African leaves were macerated using 96% ethanol as solvent and evaporated to obtain a thick extract. Then, the African leaf extract obtained was formulated into effervescent granules with a concentration of 10%. The production of effervescent granules is based on the principle of the wet granulation method. The results showed that the evaluation of the effervescent granules of African leaf extract was only suitable for the requirements of the haussner factor, porosity, particle size distribution, moisture content, angle of repose, dispersion, and pH but did not suitable for the requirements of compressibility and flowability. The flavonoid content in the African leaf extract is 96,2276% while the effervescent granule is 94,634%.94,634%.

Biogas Plant Operation: Digestate as the Valuable Product

Fertilization is an essential element in plant cultivation. Supplying the right amounts of nutrients allows plants to grow and develop. Due to the rising price of mineral fertilizers, other fertilizers and soil conditioners are growing in importance. One of these is the digestate produced in agricultural biogas plants. Due to its properties, the digestate can be used directly as a fertilizer. In this case, the effects of application can both change the soil environment and directly affect plant growth. Physical, biological, and thermal transformations can also produce products based on the digestate or its fractions, which can be successfully used for fertilizer purposes. Among other things, this paper discusses the production and use of composts, biocarbon, and/or fertilizer granules from the solid fraction of the digestate. Numerous scientific studies, including the authors’ own research in this article, indicate that digestate can be successfully used as fertilizer, both without processing and with selected methods of treatment. However, further research is needed—especially on the diversity of raw materials used for biogas production and their effects on the composition and performance of the digestate. In addition, research should continue on the processing of digestate into specific products, depending on the needs of soils and plants.

Vortex-Type Granulation Machines: Technological Basis of Calculation and Implementation Roadmap

Abstract This work is devoted to describing the technological foundations and the main stages of calculating granulation machines with active hydrodynamic modes. The optimisation criterion is substantiated when choosing the design of the granulation machine. The work uses methods of analysis and synthesis, search for cause-and-effect relationships, theoretical and computer modelling, and experimental studies. The nodes of the vortex granulator directly influence the formation of a vortex fluidised bed, and the directional movement of granules of various sizes are determined. A technique for carrying out a computer simulation of the hydrodynamic operating conditions of a granulation machine in various operating modes with an assessment of the quality of granulated products (e.g., the production of porous ammonium nitrate) is proposed. The results of a computer simulation of the process of formation of a vortex fluidised bed are presented. A variant of the solution for developing an automation scheme for a vortex-type granulation machine is shown. A roadmap for introducing granulation technology in vortex-type granulation machines is described with details of the main stages. The prospects for improving the design of a vortex-type granulation machine and optimising the operation of a granulation plant to produce porous ammonium nitrate are outlined.

Analysis of technological processes of production of spherical powders and granules of NiAl nickel monoaluminide for the needs of domestic engine building

The article is devoted to the study of the features of various methods for obtaining granules of nickel aluminide NiAl. The problems hindering the widespread use of nickel aluminide NiAl in modern aircraft and engine construction are analyzed. It has been revealed that the main problems hindering the widespread industrial use of nickel aluminide NiAl are practically zero plasticity of the material during pressure treatment and difficulties in machining parts made of this material. However, this problem can be solved with the use of pellet metallurgy technologies, when by sintering the granular material, an almost finished product is obtained that requires minimal amounts of subsequent machining. Within the framework of the conducted studies, the quality criteria of the obtained granules were determined, which include the sphericity of the granules, the stability of the obtained dimensions of the granular material, the absence of defects in the form of pores, the absence of satellites on the surface of the granules, the presence of a finely dispersed dendritic structure of the granule material. Several methods of obtaining granules of nickel aluminide NiAl have been investigated from the point of view of obtaining the highest quality raw materials, namely: the method of spraying the melted billet with a high-temperature inert gas flow (gas atomization method), the method of centrifugal spraying of the melted electrode (PREP method), the method of centrifugation of the melt using a perforated crucible. It is determined that the optimal way to obtain a high-quality granulate of NiAl material is the method of centrifugal spraying of the melted electrode. In the course of the conducted research, it was proved that the main parameter of the process of centrifugal spraying of the melted electrode, affecting the quality of the obtained granules, their diameter and the value of the dendritic parameter of the microstructure of the granules, is not so much the current strength I as the rotation speed of the melted electrode n. The optimal values of the electrode rotation speeds are determined, which are n ≈ 15000-16000 revolutions per minute at a current strength I ≈ 1000-1500 A. A technology for obtaining high-quality NiAl material granulate has been developed and tested, which includes operations for obtaining initial NiAl blanks by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, subsequent remelting of semi-finished products, heat treatment, separation of granules and subsequent granulation by the PREP method.

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES FOR EXPANSION OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY APPLICATIONS

In Immunotherapy, several clinical studies with Natural Killer (NK) cells have shown promising results in the treatment of onco-hematological diseases due to their high cytotoxicity against tumor cells. There are several protocols for the expansion of these cells, but there is no consensus of a gold standard protocol that provides large numbers of functional NK cells required for conducting clinical studies. Thus, we propose the development of a protocol for the expansion of these cells with the subsequent intention of applying them as cell therapy product in the Hematology Service of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Our aim was to compare different methodologies and establish a standardized protocol for the isolation and expansion of NK cells from peripheral blood (PB) and umbilical cord blood (UCB). We also characterized the expanded cells according to their functionality and cytotoxicity. The experiment was carried out at the department of Hematology and Cell Therapy of the HC-FMUSP, in the Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-31), fresh PB samples were obtained from Fundação Pró-Sangue leukapheresis healthy donors and the cryopreserved UCB units were obtained from Hospital Sírio-Libanês Umbilical Cord Blood bank. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. The isolation and expansion of UCB-derived and PB-derived NK cells was performed with the selection of CD56+ CD3- cells by immunomagnetic separation. Cells were expanded ex vivo for 14 days in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with different combinations of cytokines, such as interleukin IL-2 alone, IL-2 and IL-21, IL-15 and IL-18 and IL-12, co-cultured or not with CSTX002 feeder cells in a 1:2 ratio (NK:aAPC). The number of NK cells increased significantly when they were co-cultured with aAPC in comparison to conditions without feeder cells. Pre-activation conditions with IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 for “cytokine-induced memory-like” (ML NK) cells in both PB-NK and UCB-NK expansion yielded a significantly greater fold expansion (12-fold and 8-fold) when compared to expansion with IL-2 alone or IL-2 and IL-21. Moreover, the addition of IL-21 did not have a significant impact in the expansion of CD56+ CD3- cells when compared to conditions that used IL-2 alone. Furthermore, aAPC-mediated expansion yielded a predominantly CD56bright CD16bright mature phenotype in both PB-NK and UCB-NK. To evaluate the functionality NK cells, in vitro assays against tumor target cells was performed and UCB-NK conditions with IL-2 alone or IL-2 and IL-21 showed enhanced degranulation capacity and lytic granules (Granzyme B and Perforin) and cytokine production (IFN-y and TNF-a) than PB-NK cells. ML NK cells from PB produced higher amounts of cytokines and lytic granules when compared to ML NK cells from UCB. This may be related to a lower expression of NKp46, NKG2D and CD69 activation markers in ML NK UCB, and possibly because the UCB units were cryopreserved. The results suggest that ML NK cells show good ex vivo expansion, but do not show proper functionality against tumor cells. It is possible that with the addition of IL-2, ML NK cells could improve the production of cytokines and lytic granules, as seen in the IL-2 alone and IL-2 and IL-21 conditions.

ER Redox Homeostasis Regulates Proinsulin Trafficking and Insulin Granule Formation in the Pancreatic Islet β-Cell.

Defects in the pancreatic β-cell's secretion system are well-described in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and include impaired proinsulin processing and a deficit in mature insulin-containing secretory granules; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying these defects remain poorly understood. To address this, we used an in situ fluorescent pulse-chase strategy to study proinsulin trafficking. We show that insulin granule formation and the appearance of nascent granules at the plasma membrane are decreased in rodent and cell culture models of prediabetes and hyperglycemia. Moreover, we link the defect in insulin granule formation to an early trafficking delay in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of proinsulin, which is independent of overt ER stress. Using a ratiometric redox sensor, we show that the ER becomes hyperoxidized in β-cells from a dietary model of rodent prediabetes and that addition of reducing equivalents restores ER export of proinsulin and insulin granule formation and partially restores β-cell function. Together, these data identify a critical role for the regulation of ER redox homeostasis in proinsulin trafficking and suggest that alterations in ER redox poise directly contribute to the decline in insulin granule production in T2D. This model highlights a critical link between alterations in ER redox and ER function with defects in proinsulin trafficking in T2D. Hyperoxidation of the ER lumen, shown as hydrogen peroxide, impairs proinsulin folding and disulfide bond formation that prevents efficient exit of proinsulin from the ER to the Golgi. This trafficking defect limits available proinsulin for the formation of insulin secretory granules during the development of T2D.

Continuous integrated production of glucose granules with enhanced flowability and tabletability

Glucose is widely used in both the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, the application of industrially crystallized glucose in solid dosage forms is challenged by its poor flowability and tabletability. To improve these characteristics continuous twin-screw granulation was tested, which has the potential to be integrated into the continuous production of solid glucose from corn starch. A completely continuous manufacturing line (including drying and milling) was developed and the different production steps were examined and synchronized. Our line was supplemented with an in-line applicable near-infrared spectroscopic probe to monitor the moisture content of the milled granules in real-time. The flowability and tabletability of the powder improved significantly, and tablets with acceptable breaking force (greater than 100 N) could be prepared from the granules. The developed continuous line can be easily installed into the industrial solid glucose production process resulting in pure glucose granules with adequate flow properties and tabletability in a simple, continuous and efficient way.

Amorphous and Co-Amorphous Olanzapine Stability in Formulations Intended for Wet Granulation and Pelletization.

The preparation of amorphous and co-amorphous systems (CAMs) effectively addresses the solubility and bioavailability issues of poorly water-soluble chemical entities. However, stress conditions imposed during common pharmaceutical processing (e.g., tableting) may cause the recrystallization of the systems, warranting close stability monitoring throughout production. This work aimed at assessing the water and heat stability of amorphous olanzapine (OLZ) and OLZ-CAMs when subject to wet granulation and pelletization. Starting materials and products were characterized using calorimetry, diffractometry and spectroscopy, and their performance behavior was evaluated by dissolution testing. The results indicated that amorphous OLZ was reconverted back to a crystalline state after exposure to water and heat; conversely, OLZ-CAMs stabilized with saccharin (SAC), a sulfonic acid, did not show any significant loss of the amorphous content, confirming the higher stability of OLZ in the CAM. Besides resistance under the processing conditions of the dosage forms considered, OLZ-CAMs presented a higher solubility and dissolution rate than the respective crystalline counterpart. Furthermore, in situ co-amorphization of OLZ and SAC during granule production with high fractions of water unveils the possibility of reducing production steps and associated costs.

Substantiation of the composition and development of technology of granules based on the Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herbal extract

Aim. To develop the optimal composition and technology, determine the quality indicators of granules based on a dry extract of Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herb.
 Materials and methods. A dry extract of Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herb, excipients and granules based on the extract studied were chosen as the study objects. For the analysis of recent research and publications, methods of scientific analysis were used; they contributed to the comparison, analysis, generalization and systematization of literature data. To achieve the aim, the generally accepted physical, physico-chemical and pharmaco-technological methods were used; they contributed to the objective assessment of the quality of the drug obtained.
 Results. According to the results of the studies conducted, the composition of granules based on the dry extract of Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herb (the extractant – 70 % ethanol) was substantiated, and the technology of their production was developed. During the experimental studies, the optimal excipients for the production of granules, namely saccharin, sorbitol, ascorbic acid and 1 % methylcellulose solution, were selected. The granules developed meet the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 by their organoleptic indicators and technological parameters, and are stable during storage.
 Conclusions. The optimal composition of such dosage form as granules under the conditional name “Alchemin” has been substantiated, and the technology of their production has been developed. According to the results of pharmaco-technological and physico-chemical studies, the compliance of the granules developed with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 has been proven.

Rhodamine-B Dyes Adsorption by Beads Alginate

Research has been carried out on the adsorption of rhodamine-b dye by alginate beads. The production of alginate granules was carried out at a concentration of 3.5% alginate powder. Identification of functional groups was carried out by FT-IR and water absorption test resulted in a maximum capacity of 96.24% at 90 minutes. Determination of adsorption capacity was carried out by UV-VIS spectrophotometer at a maximum contact time of 30 minutes and a maximum pH at pH 7, and resulted in adsorption maximum concentration at 30 ppm is 15.954 mg/L with adsorption capacity of 4.7862 mg/g

Development of Mechanized System for Production of Date-Palm Jaggery Granules

Making of date-palm jaggery (popularly known as khejur gur) with its characteristic aroma and flavor is very popular all over India for making various sweet dishes and confectionery products. It is available only for a short duration between middle of November and end of January. The production of solid jaggery includes sap collection (juice) by tapping, filtration, concentration by boiling, cooling of concentrated juice followed by moulding, drying, and storage. Making date-palm jaggery from the raw juice is an art and requires some skill to get the characteristic aroma bearing product with optimum stickiness and colour. Solid jaggery deteriorates rapidly and becomes liquid within 1 or 2 weeks due to its moisture content, invert sugar, and hygroscopic nature. Granular jaggery having low moisture content (1 - 2%d.b) is very popular, tenders several advantages, such as extended shelf-life, easy handling and distribution, high demand for domestic and international markets. It could be made from either solid jaggery or concentrated juice. Therefore, a manually-powered operated granulator (20 kg capacity) was designed, developed, and tested with 5 levels of moisture content (8.4 to 16.25 %db) and 5 levels of rotational speed (48 - 132 rpm) of blades for the production of desired size of jaggery granules. The mass mean diameter of the particles varied linearly with the moisture content of the feed, yielding particles having an average size of 656 µm (Dp) for feed containing 8.4 (%db) moisture. The mean particle size was as low as 700 µm when the machine was operated at 132 rpm with feed moisture content of 12 (%db). The average particle size of 1000 µm is obtained at feed moisture content of 9.0 (%db) and the agitator rotational speed of 76 rpm.

The ability of Pichia kudriavzevii to tolerate multiple stresses makes it promising for developing improved bioethanol production processes.

Thermotolerant ethanol fermenting yeasts have been extensively used in industrial bioethanol production. However, little is known about yeast physiology under stress during bioethanol processing. This study investigated the physiological characteristics of the thermotolerant yeast Pichia kudriavzevii, strains NUNS-4, NUNS-5 and NUNS-6, under the multiple stresses of heat, ethanol and sodium chloride. Results showed that NUNS-4, NUNS-5 and NUNS-6 displayed higher growth rates under each stress condition than the reference strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR5606. Maximum specific growth rates under stresses of heat (45°C), 15% v/v ethanol and 1·0 M sodium chloride were 0·23 ± 0·04 (NUNS-4), 0·11 ± 0·01 (NUNS-5) and 0·15 ± 0·01 h-1 (NUNS-5), respectively. Morphological features of all yeast studied changed distinctly with the production of granules and vacuoles when exposed to ethanol, and cells were elongated under increased sodium chloride concentration. This study suggests that the three P. kudriavzevii strains are potential candidates to use in industrial-scale fermentation due to a high specific growth rate under multiple stress conditions. Multiple stress-tolerant P. kudriavzevii NUNS strains have received much attention not only for improving large-scale fuel ethanol production, but also for utilizing these strains in other biotechnological industries.

A comparative study of Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix & Rhizoma raw material and granule products using chromatographic analysis and antioxidant activity

Granules of herbal extracts are a popular medicinal preparation consumed in traditional Chinese medicine clinical practice. However, their quality and efficacy evaluation are lacking. This study aimed to compare the quality and anti-oxidant activity of Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix & Rhizoma) granule extracts with their herbal extracts. Chromatographic method was used to determine the content of 7 marker compounds in the water extracts of the herb compared to that of 12 granule extracts. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished the herbal and granule extracts based on the content of the marker compounds. The antioxidant activities of herbal and granule extracts were evaluated by 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), organic chemical compound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The herbal extracts group showed significantly higher contents of salvianolic acid B, sodium danshensu and cryptotanshinone compared with that of the granule group. This corresponded to significantly higher ABTS, DPPH and FRAP (P < .05) activities of the herbal extracts. The AHC and PCA analysis distinguished granule extracts from most herbal extracts predominantly by the content of salvianolic acid B. The results confirm the need for the assessment of granule products so that healthcare practitioners and consumers are better informed of their quality and efficacy.

Multi-objective optimization model for determining palm sugar granules production in remanufacturing process using NSGA-II

Palm sugar products that are damaged or do not meet quality specifications due to sorting have to be immediately processed into other value-added derivative products in the form of palm sugar granules grade B. Determining the amount of palm sugar granules grade B to produce will affect the determination of the raw materials needed. It will also depend on the reliability of suppliers, resellers, and the industry to provide raw materials. This study aims to build a management model of palm sugar remanufacturing by considering the combination of three materials: rejected palm sugar, premium palm sugar, and cane sugar, which can provide optimal value in the remanufacturing process. There are three objectives to be achieved: maximizing total profit, minimizing quality improvement cost, and maximizing reliability. This numerical experiment used ten resellers, four advanced processing industries, three collection centers, three cane sugar suppliers, one SME, and one market. The multi-objective optimization model using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) II method produces the best solution. This model can assist decision-makers in designing an optimal remanufacturing process by combining the addition of materials.