Granular Pesticides Research Articles

The extent and efficacy of granular pesticide usage to control ectoparasitic nematodes on sugar beet

Granular soil-applied pesticides were introduced in 1973 for the control of seedling pests of sugar beet, including the ectoparasitic nematodes that cause Docking disorder. By 1977 most of the area at risk from Docking disorder had been treated, largely with aldicarb; however, despite these treatments, surveys based on an examination of growing crops continued to report large yield losses in years with wet springs. In a field experiment, aldicarb was readily leached following early application in a year with a very wet spring (1983). The distribution of toxic aldicarb residues in soil was simulated for each of the years 1979–1983 using a mathematical model: these simulations suggested that nematode control would be seriously decreased only in exceptionally wet springs. It was concluded that the surveys contain a systematic bias, underestimating damage in earlier years but overestimating damage in recent years when pesticides have been widely used.

The effects of soil-applied granular pesticides on the establishment and yield of sugar beet in commercial fields

In 25 large-plot field trials in 1978–1980 the effects of recently approved granular pesticides on the establishment and yield of sugar beet were tested. Sugar yields were increased by some treatments at several sites where Docking disorder was anticipated, and plant populations and sugar yields increased at some sites containing severe infestations of soil pests. At several sites there was no response to pesticides, and greater selectivity in the use of granular pesticides on the UK sugar-beet crop is recommended.

The effect of soil‐applied granular pesticides and irrigation on the yield of sugar beet in fields infested with Trichodorus viruliferus

SUMMARYIn field samples taken on a grid pattern during four winters over an 80 ha farm there were many Trichodorus viruliferus (up to 3000/litre soil) in light soils but few in heavier soils. Depth samples taken during the summer showed Trichodorus to be the only nematode genus which was more numerous below plough depth than in the plough layer. In field experiments in the most heavily infested part of the farm, soil‐applied granular pesticides did not increase sugar yields following the dry spring of 1982; aldicarb increased sugar yields in one experiment following the wet spring of 1983 although it, and other granular pesticides, did not affect yield in an adjacent experiment where T. viruliferus were fewer. Irrigation during the dry summer of 1983 maintained relatively large populations of T. viruliferus, whereas in unirrigated plots without aldicarb populations declined by over 50%. Economic thresholds for T. viruliferus in 1983 at Broom's Barn were about 700/litre in unirrigated soil and 300/litre in irrigated soil.

An attachment to a tractor‐mounted seed‐spacing drill for applying granular formulations to small field‐plots

SUMMARYTractor mounted equipment is needed to deliver granular formulations of pesticides accurately to the soil in small‐plot trials in a manner comparable to commercial equipment. Inexpensive units incorporating a belt unit mechanism were designed and fitted to a Mk II Stanhay S‐870 Precision Seed‐Spacing Drill. The individual delivery belts were driven through a continuously‐variable reduction gearbox by the main drive shaft of the drill and pre‐weighed amounts of granules were placed along the belts. Insecticides and dose patterns could thereby be changed readily from plot to plot.In field assessments of uniform doses of fuller's earth granules delivered to single row, 4·8 and 10·3 m plots, the mean weights recovered were 94–98% of the target doses, S.E.'s being ±2% of the means. When 16‐fold, exponentially‐increasing doses were delivered, the weights recovered were generally within 10% of the target dose at any point within 0·2 m from the start and 0·3 m from the finish of the plot. The performance of uniform doses of carbofuran (on sand) and chlorfenvinphos (on Spanish Silical) against cabbage root fly on radish in 15 m plots showed that errors in loading were insignificant compared with the variability in pest infestation on the field plots. With doses increasing exponentially by c. 12‐fold applied to similar plots, the percentage of carrots or radish undamaged by carrot fly and cabbage root fly increased from 40–60% to 85–99·3%, the relationship between the log‐log proportion of undamaged roots and log‐dose being linear.The equipment allows free‐flowing, granular pesticide products to be applied to small plots of a wide range of row‐crops much more accurately than has hitherto been possible. A work rate of 24 plots h‐1 was achieved by a team of two technicians and a tractor driver.

Auger-Applicator for Applying Small Amounts of Granular Pesticides1

The design and construction of an auger-applicator for applying small quantities of granular pesticides for control of red imported fire ants is described. The basic metering device is a modified ship auger bit that fits inside a stainless-steel tube and is driven by a variable-speed electric motor. The applicator can be mounted on a tractor, jeep, or truck and will apply a variety of granular formulations at low application rates in the range from 0.84 to 5.6 kg/ha (0.75 to 5 lb/acre) very accurately.

Flea Beetle and Aphid Control with Soil Applied Insecticides, 1982

Abstract Burley tobacco was transplanted May 25 in Maury silt loam soil at a spacing of 18 in between plants and 42 in between rows. Individual plots were 6 rows by 30 ft; plots were separated by skip rows. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 3 replications. All plots received 1500 lb/acre of 5-10-15, broadcast and incorporated 4 days prior to transplanting. Pebulate applied at 2.0 lb ai/acre pre-transplant provided weed control. Granular pesticides were applied with a Cyclone seeder and liquid pesticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer which had four 8003 fan nozzles calibrated to apply the material in water at a rate of 25 gal/acre. All pesticides were applied prior to transplanting and incorporated to a depth of 2 in with a disk harrow, except Vydate and Orthene which were used as a transplant water treatment.

Leafminer Suppression at Planting, 1982

Abstract Four replicates of 4 'Bud Special' plants per treatment were planted in UC soil mix in 4 inch pots. Granular and liquid pesticides were incorporated directly beneath the plugs at 2.0 lb ai/acre at the time of planting. The liquid was diluted 10X prior to application to add volume, but the rate remained the same. Each pot containing 4 plants was exposed to 5 female and 2 male adult L. trifol ii for 4 h at 1 or 7 days following planting. Adult flies were then removed and the plants were maintained in the greenhouse. After 1 wk, the mean number of mines and live larvae per plant were recorded.

Assessment of longitudinal distribution by granular pesticide applicators

An electronic measuring device, which was developed to measure the longitudinal distribution pattern achieved by granular pesticide applicators, is described. Experiments were carried out to assess the distribution pattern of 3 different types of granule applicator, and the accuracy of distribution of 3 different types of granular pesticide. The influence of distribution on pest-control was also examined. For 2 types of granule applicator a higher distribution rate resulted in a more accurate distribution, whereas a higher forward speed resulted in a poorer distribution. For one distributor the accuracy of distribution was adequate only at a high rotational speed of the metering rotor. The accuracy of distribution of granules partly depends on the physical properties of the granules. The influence of distribution on pest control depends largely on the climatological conditions shortly before and after planting.

Control effect of submerged application with granular pesticides on rice blast

Control effect of submerged application with granular pesticides on rice blast

British Crop Protection Council Symposium on Granular Pesticides, Nottingham, July 1976

British Crop Protection Council Symposium on Granular Pesticides, Nottingham, July 1976

The application of granular pesticides

AbstractThree basic processes are involved in the application of granular pesticides—metering, transporting and distributing. Metering may be simply dependent upon flow through an orifice under gravity but preferably force‐feed mechanisms, usually driven in relation to forward speed are used. Transport may be effected merely under gravity, but pneumatics is also an accepted method particularly for large swath widths. Kinetic energy is also an agency in transporting granules as in “throwing” type distributors and this also achieves the distribution element. With gravity and pneumatic transport the final distribution is usually by spreaders or by nozzles at each outlet.Assessment of performance is rendered difficult by the very small size of the particles to be detected and the very low rates of application usually employed. Data are required on the appropriate sampling areas which should be used in assessing uniformity of distribution and the significance of the variations measured.Cooperation between all the disciplines of workers in the field is necessary for further development of the technique and in particular in the field of formulation a valuable contribution would be in the reduction in the diversity of physical properties of all the granular materials in use or projected.

The use of granular pesticides from the point of view of residues.

Granular pesticides have been defined as solid formulations of discrete particles between the size ranges 8 to 60 mesh U. S. sieve size, that is 2.38 to 0.25 mm. diameter (Sferra 1962), although the tendency is to raise the lower limit to 40 mesh, or 0.42 mm. (U.S.D.A. 1962). The particles are composed of a base, usually an inert mineral or vegetable carrier, impregnated or fused with the chemical toxicant.This is released from the granule both in its intact from and as it disintegrates, giving controlled release.KeywordsSugar BeetHeptachlor EpoxideAerial ApplicationSystemic InsecticideInsecticide ResidueThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Laboratory Device for Measuring Performance of Granular Pesticide Applicators

Laboratory Device for Measuring Performance of Granular Pesticide Applicators

Report of ESA Representative on the Agricultural Chemicals Application Committee of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers

A conference or Granular Pesticide Workshop was held the La Salle Hotel, Chicago, Illinois on November 3–4, 1960. At this meeting they requested representatives to be designated by various Societies to attend future meetings and I was named to serve as ESA representative.

New methods of physical investigation of tone quality

In six replicated trials over 3 years, carbamoyloxime granular pesticides, applied in-furrow at planting or 4–7 weeks later as side-bands incorporated into the ridges of the emerging crop, were tested for the control of aphids and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in seed potato crops in Scotland. Aldicarv applied at planting either at ‘high’ (8 · 6 g a.i.100 m) or ‘low’ (4 · 3 g a.i.100 m) rates controlled aphids until late July or mid-August. In-furrow treatment with thiofanox (5 · 6 g a.i.100 m) gave longer control of aphids than aldicarb, but at 2 · 8 g a.i.100 m, in-furrow or as side-bands, it was inferior to aldicarb. Side-bands of aldicarb at low rates controlled the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) longer than low-rate in-furrow treatment in trials in eastern Scotland but not in Ayrshire. Plants infected with PLRV were grown in each plot to provide local sources of infection. In most trials, in-furrow application of aldicarb at the high rate gave the best control of PLRV but aldicarb applied in-furrow at the low rate was almost as effective. Side-band treatments were generally less effective than the equivalent in-furrow treatments, although in one trial where aphids did not colonize the crop until mid-July, side-band application of aldicarb was as effective as in-furrow treatment. In trials in Ayrshire all the treatments were less effective in controlling virus spread than in similar trials in eastern Scotland, possibly because of the prevalence of insecticide-resistant M. persicae in that area. Applying insecticides as side-bands had no deleterious effect on yield, but the technique was too unreliable to replace in-furrow application for the control of PLRV, and would be difficult to integrate with present cultivation methods.