Granular Application Research Articles

Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1992

Abstract Granular insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields in west central NE. ‘Pioneer 3394’ hybrid field corn was ridge-planted in Field 1 with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 11 May. Insecticides were applied at planting with insecticide boxes attached to the planter. Three replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. T-band applications were made by applying a 7 inch band of insecticide in front of the press wheel. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. All insecticides were applied at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. Field 2 was ridge-planted to ‘Fontanelle 4435’ and ‘Fontanelle 6240’ hybrid field corn with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 6 May. With the exception of 4 strips, 12 rows in width, Counter 15G was applied at planting with insecticide boxes on the planter at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. A granular and a liquid insecticide were applied to untreated strips in Field 2 immediately prior to cultivation on 15 Jun. The field corn plants were in the early whorl stage (growth stage 2) of development at the time of application. The granular application was applied over the whorl of the plants with insecticide boxes attached to a tool bar. The liquid insecticide was applied in a 7 inch band to the base of the plants in total volume of 120 liter/ha at 206,786 Pa (30 psi). Cultivation treatments were applied at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. Each treatment in Field 2 was applied to 10 × 4 m plots which were replicated 4 times and arranged in a RCB design. Two blocks of treatments were applied to ‘Fontanelle 4435’ hybrid field corn plants and 2 blocks of treatments were planted to ‘Fontanelle 6240’ hybrid field corn plants. Treatments in both fields were evaluated 13 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa Root Damage Rating Scale, of 4 plants from each replicate.

Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1993

Abstract Three granular insecticides were evaluated for the control of mole crickets on the bermudagrass fairway of the 10th hole at Fox Squirrel Golf and Country Club in Brunswick County. The test area was showing damage from a moderate infestation prior to treatment. Plots 16 ft × 75 ft were established and treatments were randomly assigned with four replicates. Surface broadcast treatments were applied using a standard push-type Lesco fertilizer spreader to deliver a weighed portion of chemical to the broadcast plots. All other treatments were applied using a tractor drawn Gandy® slit-seeder modified for granular formulation application and operating at 1.9 mph. Subsurface treatments were applied on 18 Aug and surface treatments were applied the following day. Soil was moist from rain the night of the 17th. Air temperature was 88°F and soil temperature was 84°F. Soil type was mineral with 0.9% humic matter and a pH of 6.1. The test area was irrigated with 0.5 inch of water after the chemicals were applied. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 1 Sep (14 DAT) and 15 Sep (21 DAT). Damage evaluations were conducted by using the damage grid method as developed by Dr. Pat Cobb, Auburn University. Five random damage ratings (0—9) were taken from each replicate and an average rating for the plot was determined. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.

Soil Insecticide and Fungicide Treatment Effects on Lesser Cornstalk Borer Injury, White Mold Incidence, and Peanut Yield, 1993

Abstract Granular soil insecticides were evaluated in standard (Bravo) and developmental (Folicur or Moncut) fungicide programs for effects on LCB damage, disease incidence, and yield. The test was conducted on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 25 ft (8 rows on 38-inch spacing). Granular insecticides were applied with a 2-row electric Gandy applicator, using 5-inch banders centered over the row. Foliar fungicides were applied with a tractor-mounted 8-row boom (8003 nozzles, 40 psi, 20.8 gal/acre for first 3 appl. dates; TX6 nozzles, 60 psi, 12 gal/acre for last 4 appl. dates). Traffic lanes were confined to rows 1-2 and 7-8 of each plot so there was no traffic on yield rows after granular insecticide applications. LCB damage counts were taken on 19 Jul by uprooting 2 plant clumps (1-4 plants/clump) per plot, and counting LCB feeding sites on plant crowns and laterals. LCB damage was evaluated again on 30 Aug by uprooting 1 row ft at 2 sites per plot, and counting LCB scarified pods. Pod damage was evaluated at harvest by counting external and internal pod injury on four 25-pod samples per plot within 24 h of digging. Disease incidence was evaluated within 1 h of digging by scanning 100 row ft per plot and estimating total row ft with white mold symptoms at the plant crown. Yields were taken from 100 row ft per plot.

Evaluation of Soil Insecticides in Ohio, 1993

Abstract Soil insecticides were evaluated on continuous corn preceded by a trap crop of late planted corn at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston and the OARDC Northwestern Branch Station near Hoytville. A RCBD with 4 replicates was used at both sites. At the South Charleston site, 15 treatments were compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 140 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. At the Hoytville site, 13 treatments were compared to an untreated check treatment on conventional tillage plots that were 90 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow on 10 May at South Charleston and 18 May at Hoytville using a John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. Liquid Furadan was applied as banded and broadcasted post-emergence treatments on 11 Jun at South Charleston and 23 Jun at Hoytville with boom sprayers equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. Stand counts of 100 ft of row were conducted on 14 Jun at South Charleston and on 9 Jul at Hoytville. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 13 Jul at South Charleston and 22 Jul at Hoytville using the Iowa 1-6 scale.

Spoke-Injection of Liquid Insecticides for Corn Rootworm Larval Control in Iowa, 1993

Abstract Spoke-injection of liquid insecticides (100% incorporation), was compared with conventional planting- and cultivation-time applications. Plots were established at Rhodes (silty clay loam) and Nashua (loam). A RCB design, with 4 replications, was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Plantingtime liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 10 gpa at 23 psi. Liquid cultivation-time insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8003E nozzles, one on each side of the corn row, were positioned to deliver either a 7, or 15-inch band width around the base of the plants; 10 gpa at 10 psi. Broadcast applications of Furadan 4F were applied to single rows. A boom containing three 8002 nozzles (19-inch centers) delivered 13 gpa at 17 psi. One untreated buffer row was left on each side of each "broadcasted" row. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. “Spoke-injection” treatments were applied within several days of planting. The spoked applicator cylinder, mounted behind a small tractor, consisted of a 7-inch high-density polyethylene rod, with a 1.5-inch brass axle. Injection points (0.19-inch diam × 1.3-inch in length) were aligned in 10 rows on the cylinder, for a total of 220 points. A tension spring forced the points into the soil. Flat steel scrapers, positioned between rows of points, kept debris from interfering with the function of the spoke injector. Liquid insecticide was injected to a depth of ca. 1 inch using CO2; 20 gpa at 50 psi. Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).

Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1993

Abstract The experiment was a randomized complete block design replicated six times and was conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1992. It was planted 21 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 1 Jul. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) (2.3 to 3.5 liter/ha). Furrow granular applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Furrow liquids were applied with a sprinkle can. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kliter/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, a middle, and a bottom leaf on 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10)(x + 1). Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 14.0, 5.0, 7.6 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.0, 18.5 and 19.0 °C.

Japanese Beetle Control on Containerized Taxus Plants, Michigan, 1992

Abstract Field potted (3 gal) and balled and burlapped (28 inch diameter) Taxus plants were used for this experiment. Plants were watered daily with a drip irrigation system. Both types of plants were seeded with Japanese beetle larvae. The larvae were collected from infested turf from a golf course in Kalamazoo, MI on 13 and 22 May. Twenty larvae were released into each containerized Taxus plant by placing 10 larvae in the pots on 14 May and 10 more on 26 May. The larvae were allowed time to establish before chemical applications were made on 3 Jun. Each treatment was replicated six times. Treatments were applied by injection, drench, or granular application. The injections were made through a modified Ross root feeder connected to a CO2 tank and a tank containing the chemical solution. Each pot or rootball was injected with 1 liter of solution at 50 psi. The drench treatments consisted of 1 liter of solution applied to the top of the field soil in the pots. Granular applications were made by spreading the granules evenly around the base of each plant. All pots and rootballs were irrigated immediately after insecticide treatment until water was running out of the bottom of the containers. Treatments were evaluated on 22 and 24 Jun. The soil and roots were removed from containers and sectioned with a large butcher knife in a tray. Plants and loose soil were placed over double screens and washed with a pressurized hose. The number of live larvae found after washing away the soil was counted.

Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South MS, 1992:

Abstract This experiment was conducted at an Industrial Park in Covington County, MS. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Each replication was 10,000 ft2. Granular applications were made on 14 May and 14 Jul. Liquid applications of Triumph 4 E were applied over the Award Bait plots on 19 May and 19 Jul. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 3 gal per 10,000 ft2. No rainfall occurred within 24 h of any treatment. Active fire ant mounds were determined visually and by touch. Pretreatment counts were made on 14 May and post-treatment counts were made on 28 May, 11 Jun, 14 and 28 Jul, 13 Aug and 1 Sep.

Growth and survival ofVerticillium chlamydosporiumgoddard, a parasite of nematodes, in soil

Selective media for the isolation of the nematophagous fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium, are described. These enabled densities > 500 colony forming units (CFU) g‐1 soil to be reliably estimated. However, there was little relationship between estimates of the Verticillium biomass in a sterilized soil and the numbers of CFU which developed on the selective media. The growth and survival of the fungus infield soils were studied and estimates of the numbers of CFU in soils in which cyst‐nematode multiplication was suppressed were greater than in those in which the nematode multiplied. Isolates of the fungus differed in their ability to proliferate in soil, but some increased rapidly from applications of chlamydospores or a mixture of hyphae and conidia in alginate granules containing wheat bran. The energy source (wheat bran) was essential for the establishment of the fungus from granular applications. Numbers of CFU greatly exceeded those of chlamydospores, but there was considerable variation in the relationship in different soils. Some isolates of V. chlamydosporium proliferated in soil and survived in considerable numbers for at least 3 months. Hence, pre‐cropping applications of the fungus should survive long enough to kill nematode eggs and females that develop on roots of spring‐sown crops.

Comparison of Seed Coating and Granular Systemics for Flea Beetle Control, 1992

Abstract This was a cooperative study with Agrigenetics on their research station at Breckinridge, MN. Coated seed was made available from Grow Tec, Ltd in Nisku, Alberta, Canada. Plots were established in clay type soils and individual plots were 6 rows, 0.9 m on center, 6.10 m in length. Treatments were replicated 4 times, in a randomized complete block. Granular applications were mixed with the seed and planted on Apr 30. The at-plant broadcast liquids were applied immediately post plant and raked in lightly. First foliar applications at germination were made on 21 May. Uneven germination made it difficult to properly time these applications. Final foliar applications were made on 16 Jul.

Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1992

Abstract Planting-time treatments of 3 granular soil insecticide products were evaluated on reduced tilled 1st year and continuous corn at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each of the soil insecticides was evaluated at 2 rates. A RCB design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 27.4 m (90 ft) in length and 4 rows wide at 76.2 cm (30 inch) row spacing. Treatments were applied 5 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. All granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel. Stand counts were taken 11 Jun on 30.5 m (100 ft) of row. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 7 Aug using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 22 Oct, plots were machine harvested to determine yield.

Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1992

Abstract Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 5 IA locations in 1992. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time insecticide tests. The soil type at Ames and Newell was loam; Crawfordsville, Sutherland, and Mt. Union was silt loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered and EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length row with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Planter-mounted drag chains were used for insecticide incorporation. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool barof a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Liquid insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8003E nozzles, 1 on each side of the corn row, created the desired band width around the base of the plants. Liquid application rate was 10 gal/acre at 10 psi. Early cultivation-time applications (7-10 d prior to cultivation) consisted of a 15-inch band with no incorporation. All other liquid applications were done just prior to cultivation with a 7-inch band. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Evaluation of root damage was started in mid-Jul, but due to excessive rainfall, the root ratings were not completed until mid-Aug. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts (number plants per 1/1000 acre) were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.

Deposition patterns on garments during application of lawn and garden chemicals: A comparison of six equipment types

The deposition pattern produced on the clothing of the operator during typical lawn and garden maintenance was identified in this study. The application was completed using water (for spray applications) and fertilizer (for granular applications) mixed with fluorescein dye as a tracer. Six types of application equipment were used to apply the dye mixtures to turf in timed and measured walks. The deposition patterns and the level of deposition on the operators clothing produced by each equipment type were determined. Fluorescein dye was used to provide visual evidence of exposure. The quantity of dye deposited at various body locations was measured, using an ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer. The deposition pattern and the total amount deposited were dependent on the type of equipment used for application. Overall, those pieces of equipment where a liquid spray was produced resulted in greater deposition levels than the equipment using a granular product. Contamination from the low volume application and the adjustable garden hose end sprayer equipment was significantly higher than all other pieces of equipment. The amount of contamination also varied by body area with the feet, lower legs, and upper legs receiving the greatest amount of deposition.

Subsurface and Conventionally Placed Granular and Liquid Insecticides for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1991

Abstract This study was conducted on a golf course fairway in Lincoln, NE. The predominant grass species was perennial ryegrass maintained at a mowing height of ys inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions at the study site were; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. Insecticides were applied on 6-7 Aug to 5 x 5ft plots. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Subsurface treatments were applied using either a Cushman prototype Subsurface Applicator or a modified Ryan Mataway Overseeder. Both liquid and granular subsurface insecticide applications were placed at the soil-thatch interface (average depth of 0.24 inch). Conventional granular and liquid insecticide applications were applied with a Grandy 30H12 drop spreader or a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2, respectively. Immediately following applications plots were irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. An additional 1.0 inch of rain fell and the test area was periodically syringed during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 20 DAT on 26 Aug by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the no. of surviving grubs.

Early and Mid Season Systemic Insecticides, 1990

Abstract Systemic insecticides were evaluated when applied in-furrow at planting treatments for thrips control and as side-dress applications for cotton aphid control at the early squaring stage of crop development. Treatments were applied to 4-row plots (13.3 × 50 ft) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Planting and in-furrow granular (IFG) insecticide treatment application was with a 4 row John Deere, model 7100 planter adapted for Almaco cone planters and Kincaid cone granule applicators, on 8 May. The in-furrow spray (IFS) treatment was applied with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 3.8 gal/acre, Conejet TX-8 spray tips). Spray was directed onto the seed and adjacent soil (ca. 3 inch wide band) as seed dropped into the seed furrow and before seed were covered with soil. Side-dress granule (SDG) treatments were applied with a Gandy, granule applicator (on tool bar with 4 applicator knives) about 3 inches deep and about 9 inches to the side of plants. Side-dress spray (SDS) treatments were applied on 22 Jun with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 6.7 gal/acre, Teejet 8003 nozzle tips) and injected through the same knives as SDG. Insecticides (Karate 1 E + Orthene 90 SP°0.025 + 0.5 lb Al/acre) for bollworm/tobacco budworm control were applied 14 and 22 Aug. Plots (2 center rows) were harvested with an International Harvester model 622 cotton picker on 2 Oct.

Anti-Blast Activity and Mode of Action of 2-Chloroisonicotinamides

Plant disease control with non-fungicidal compounds is an attractive idea, because it would not encourage the fungicide resistant strain. In thee course of study for new non-fungicidal anti-blast agent, N-phenylsulfonyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide (NPSI), synthesized for herbicide, was found to have anti-blast activity with application via root without any phytotoxicity. It was also found to be non-fungicidal against blast fungi, Pyricularia oryzae. So this compound was considered to be a lead compound of this study. 2-Chloroisonicotinamide derivatives were synthesized, and their anti-blast activities were determined by granular (submerged) application. Among them N-methyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide, N-cyanomethyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide (NCI) and N-propargyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide showed high activities and NCI was selected as the best one. The efficacy of NCI against rice blast was remarkable when NCI was applied granularly 15 days before inoculation. In field tests 240g and 120g a. i. of NCI/10 a had a good control effect 40 days after application, and also 2.4g and 1.6g a. i. of NCI/nursery tray had a good control effect about 50 days after application. Five-hundred ppm of NCI did not inhibit the spore germination, appressorial formation, appressorial penetration, mycelial growth and melanization of P. oryzae in vitro, indicating that NCI has substantially no antifungal activity. NCI significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. oryzae in rice sheath inoculation tests using rice plants treated with granular NCI. As the extracts of NCI treated leaves did not exhibit antifungal activity before P. oryzae inoculation, it is not possible that NCI turns into anti-fungal compound in rice plant. Heat treatment, abscisic acid, 2, 4-dinitrophenol and cycloheximide antagonized the NCI activity. In NCI treated rice plants, enzyme activities, such as lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase, were enhanced, when P. oryzae was inoculated. And the degree of lignification of cell wall was higher in NCI treated rice plant than in non-treated plant. These results indicate that NCI enhances the self-defence mechanism of rice plant against the disease. NCI is considered to be a new class of non-fungicidal anti-blast agent.

Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Oh, 1991

Abstract Planting-time treatments of 6 granular soil insecticide products and a seed treatment were evaluated on reduced tilled first year and continuous corn at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each of the soil insecticide products was evaluated at 2 rates. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 140 ft in length and 2 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Treatments were applied 10 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. All granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel. No seed treatment was used where soil insecticides were applied. Stand counts were taken 28 May and 10 Jun on 100 ft of row. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 1 Jul using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 7 Oct, plots were machine harvested to determine yield.

Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1990

Abstract Planting-time treatments of 5 granular soil insecticide products were evaluated on conventionally tilled first year and continuous corn at the OARDC Northwestern Field Station near Hoytville, Ohio. Three of the products were evaluated at both full and reduced rates. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 80 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Treatments were applied 1 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter with standard granular insecticide application equipment. No seed treatment was applied. Stand counts were taken 12 Jun on 100 ft of row. Root systems of 5 plants/plot were rated 19 Jul using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 2 Nov, the central 2 rows of each plot were machine harvested to determine yield.

Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Isazophos (Triumph®) on Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989

Abstract Isazophos was applied at 3 or 4 rates (2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 lb Al/acre) using 2 formulations (1 G and 4 E) to a golf course rough in Bolton, Mass., on 5 Sep. The test site consisted of annual bluegrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (35%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Liquid applications were made with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular applications were made using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 77°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; amount of thatch, 0.8-1.2 inch; water pH, 6.8; soil pH, 6.6; plots received 0.5 inch irrigation 4 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 23 and 51 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 and ca. 4 inch deep were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.

Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989

Abstract Several turf insecticides were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course rough in Bolton, Mass., on 4 May. The test site consisted of annual bluegrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (35%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Liquid applications were made with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular applications were made using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 52°; amount of thatch, 0.6-1.0 inch; water pH 6.7; soil pH, 5.3; plots received 0.5 inch irrigation 3 hr after application and 0.3 inch rainfall 24 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 38 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 and ca. 4 inch deep were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.