Grand Council Research Articles

Special Extra Issue Covering the Conference on Lubrication and Wear

The CONFERENCE ON LUBRICATION AND WEAR was arranged by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers at their headquarters, at 1 Birdcage Walk, Westminster, London, S.W.1., on October 1st to 3rd, 1957. Papers were presented and discussed here as well as in Church House, Westminster, in the Assembly Hall of Central Hall, Westminster, and in the Grand Council Chamber of the Federation of British Industries, The President of the Institution, Sir George Nelson, Bart., LL.D., M.I.Mech.E., M.I.E.E., opened the Conference and was supported by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee, Dr. D. Clayton, M.I.Mech.E., who is also the Chairman of the Institution's Lubrication Group.

Some Points of the Civil Service Law of Switzerland

by Dr. Ernest Steiner, Barrister-at-Law Due to the federal character of the Swiss State, there is a notable diversity in the administrative structures of the Central Authority, the several cantons and the municipalities. A number of traits are noteworthy, particularly by students from abroad. In small cantons (such as Uri and Schwyz) members of the State Council follow some external profession or trade, and devote only part of their time to the conduct of public affairs. This is also true of Geneva, where some of the councillors are practising lawyers. The Prefects of some cantons (such as Lucerne) are in the same position. In the lower and the cantonal courts, some of the asessors, or assistant judges, are farmers, skilled workmen or common labourers, some Benches even being filled exclusively with non-jurists. Some of the Swiss offices are elective. The higher office-holders of the Confederation, the Federal Councillors, the Federal Chancellor, and the Federal Judges, are chosen by the Federal Assembly (Parliament) both Houses sitting together. The Federal civil servants are appointed by the Federal Council, or by delegation of its powers. In the cantons, members of the Government are elected by popular vote. The Grand Council appoints the members of the Cantonal Courts. Prefects (whose office is not found in every canton) are elected popularly, or by the State Council. Presidents and judges of the lower courts are elected either popularly or by the Cantonal Court. Municipal councillorship is elective. Lower local officials are appointed by the Municipal Council. In some cantons, even elementary schoolmasters are elected by popular vote, though elsewhere this is the responsibility of the Municipal Council assisted by the board of governors. The Federal Authorities work on the principle of periodic reelection of civil servants, none of whom is theoretically appointed on a permanent basis. The tenure of office is habitually of four years in theory, but in practice re-appointment is almost certain. Federal Civil Servants are ineligible to the Federal Legislature. This is, however, not generally so at the canton level, and they may stand for election to most Cantonal Councils.

The Grand Council in the Ch'ing Dynasty

The Grand Council in the Ch'ing Dynasty

Grand Council of the ICN: Washington, May 7-8-9

Grand Council of the ICN: Washington, May 7-8-9

Grand Council of the ICN

Grand Council of the ICN

Dr. Alexander Haddow

DR. A. HADDOW, who has been appointed to succeed Prof. Kennaway as professor and director, has been working at the Royal Cancer Hospital since 1937. Dr. Haddow was a student and later lecturer in bacteriology in the University of Edinburgh, where he worked on problems connected with the phenomena of dissociation and variation of bacteria and on the pathology of growth. Since 1935, when he first described the growth-retarding effect of the carcinogenic substances, which had been prepared at the Royal Cancer Hospital, Dr. Haddow has carried out a great deal of work on the inhibition of both normal and malignant growth. He has also published work on the effects of synthetic œstrogens on cancer in man, the action of urethane in leukæmia, the carcinogenic activity of derivatives of aminostilbene and on the curious effect of certain iso-alloxazines in inducing colour change in the hair of animals. Dr. Haddow's long connexion with the work of the Chester Beatty Research Institute of the Royal Cancer Hospital and his energy and enthusiasm should help to maintain the outstanding position which the Institute has in the field of cancer research. He is a member of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign.

Industrial Research Committee of the Federation of British Industries

AT a recent meeting of the Grand Council of the Federation of British Industries, it was announced that Mr. B. J. A. Bard has been appointed head of the F.B.I. Research Secretariat and secretary of the F.B.I. Industrial Research Committee. Mr. Bard carried out fuel research under the late Prof. W. A. Bone in the Chemical Technology Department of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, and then read for the Bar; he practised at the Bar until the outbreak of war, after which he worked first with the Coal Commission and, later, on various industrial production and research problems at the Ministries of Supply and Aircraft Production. The duties and functions of the research secretariat will include the encouragement and fostering of industrial and national interest in research, maintaining contact with all industrial research organizations, and providing a service whereby advice, assistance and information can be obtained and contacts made. Close touch is being maintained with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, which is represented on the F.B.I. Industrial Research Committee. A first task will be the organization of a survey of existing research facilities in Britain. Another immediate plan of the Industrial Research Committee is a proposal for a two-day conference, to be held in London in the autumn, of those who are organizing or conducting research in industry, in order that they may present their views and give the results of their experience to industry.

CANCER RESEARCH IN GREAT BRITAIN

THE eighteenth annual report of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign (11 Grosvenor Crescent, London) was issued in February. At the meeting at which the report was presented, it was stated that more cancer research had been carried on during the War than had been anticipated in 1939. The summary refers with justifiable pride to “the lead in cancer research which Britain is still giving to the whole world”. On account of this, appeals for financial assistance for the Campaign which had been discontinued at the beginning of the War will be made again.

Malignant Disease and Its Treatment by RadiumMalignant Disease and Its Treatment by Radium. By CadeStanford, F.R.C.S. Surgeon, Westminster Hospital and The Radium Institute; Lecturer in Surgery, Westminster Hospital Medical School; Associate Examiner in Surgery, University of London; late Hunterian Professor and Arris and Gale Lecturer, Royal College of Surgeons of England; Member of the Grand Council, British Empire Cancer Campaign.

Malignant Disease and Its Treatment by Radium<scp>Malignant Disease and Its Treatment by Radium</scp>. By CadeStanford, F.R.C.S. Surgeon, Westminster Hospital and The Radium Institute; Lecturer in Surgery, Westminster Hospital Medical School; Associate Examiner in Surgery, University of London; late Hunterian Professor and Arris and Gale Lecturer, Royal College of Surgeons of England; Member of the Grand Council, British Empire Cancer Campaign.

Education in Italy

Abstract The theories and principles introduced by Gentile and Lombardo-Radice into the educational reforms for which they were responsible in 1923 have been in process of gradual dilution since 1928. Gentile has for some time been engaged in politically innocuous literary activities; Lombardo-Radice died last year. Early in 1939 the Educational Charter (Carta delta Scuola), a translation of which is given below, was adopted not by educational authorities but by the Grand Council of the Fascist Party, and presents an outline of the general organization of the system of Education which will serve as the basis of a reform to be prepared by the Minister of National Education, Signor Bottai. The difference between the Gentile reform and the Educational Charter is that the former was based on the new cultural values of Fascism, which in fact had preceded Fascism by a generation, while the latter aims to incorporate the educational system more definitely and closely into the whole fabric of Fascism all its aspects. The schools, from the maternal schools to the universities, are to live and be inspired by the Fascist mentality as developed since the Revolution. Education, participation in Fascist activities, and labor are from now on to constitute a single unit; training for Fascist citizenship must extend from the earliest school years on, and the educational system is to be a single unit based upon Fascist ideals. Education must be regarded not merely as an obligation but as a service as important, for example, as military service and other civic duties. Hence no distinction is made between curricular and extra-curricular activities, and participation in education is accompanied from the earliest years to the age of admission to full citizenship (21) by participation in the Giovent[ugrave] Italiana del Littorio (G.I.L.) and the Gruppi dei Fascisti Universitari (G.U.F.). An essential element in education is training for labor. The Educational Charter not only has the strong support of Mussolini but is said to have been inspired, especially in its emphasis on labor, by Il Duce. It will be noted how instruction, labor service, and military training constitute the three essential elements to be stressed in education. New courses of study have been prepared for each type of school by a committee of thirty members including the Minister, university rectors, professors, principals, and educational experts.

British Empire Cancer Campaign

AT the seventy-first quarterly meeting of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign held on July 10, the following grants were approved: £400 to Mount Vernon Hospital for the employment of Prof. F. Weigert for research on a special biochemical problem; £495 to the Strange-ways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, for the salary of its physicist, Dr. D. E. Lea, and £400 to Sir Robert Muir and Dr. P. R. Peacock for research to be carried out at the Glasgow Royal Cancer Hospital by Dr. Stephan Beck. This brings the total grants made to date by the Campaign for cancer research for the year 1939 to more than £49,000. The formation of a University of Cambridge Research Centre of the British Empire Cancer Campaign was approved. The initial Committee to supervise this Centre will consist of the Vice-Chancellor, Prof. H. R. Dean, Prof. J. A. Ryle, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins and Dr. Honor Fell, augmented later by other scientific workers at Cambridge. In future this Centre will co-ordinate all the cancer research being carried out at Cambridge and will itself initiate and direct research in the same way as the recently formed University of Oxford Research Centre of the Campaign. The Grand Council acceded to the request for affiliation from the Cancer Research Fund Committee (1934) of Northern Ireland, which now provides a link between the work of the Campaign and the cancer research being carried out at the University of Belfast and in Ulster generally. The following were elected members of Grand Council: Prof. J. A. Crowther (professor of physics in the University of Reading), Dr. H. T. Flint (director of physics at Westminster Hospital), Dr. R. W. Scarff (honorary secretary of the Scientific Committees of the Campaign) and Mr. D. G. Walker to represent the British Dental Association.

British Empire Cancer Campaign

At the recent quarterly meeting of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, a further grant of £1,000 for one year was placed at the disposal of the North of England Council of the Campaign to enable the short wave investigations to be continued under the direction of Dr. F. Dickens and Dr. S. F. Evans. This work, which is a continuation of that which appeared in the last Annual Report of the Campaign and in a recent issue of the American Journal of Cancer, concerns the investigations of the effect of varying forms of heat upon malignant tissues. It was also decided to allot a further sum of £1,338 for one year for the extension of the national propaganda work being carried out by the Central Propaganda Committee. Sir Charles Gordon-Watson, vice-chairman of the Clinical Cancer Research Committee, reported that the organization for the statistical cancer inquiries in the teaching and special hospitals of London and the hospitals of the London County Council and the Middlesex County Council has now been completed. He stated that all these Institutions have appointed registrars to take charge of the records at their respective hospitals and that the headquarters' arrangements are being perfected to deal with the data concerning more'than 17,000 new cases of cancer yearly in the metropolitan area of London. The Grand Council confirmed the recommendation for the appointment in the near future of a full-time medical secretary and registrar at headquarters for this purpose.

British Empire Cancer Campaign

THE quarterly meeting of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign was held on July 12. On the recommendation of the Scientific Advisory Committee, the following grants were approved: £500 to Dr. P. M. F. Bishop, at Guy's Hospital, for the expenses for one year of certain investigations in regard to endocrine therapy in relation to cancer ; £250 to Prof. G. I. Finch, at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, for the expenses of an investigation, on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Committee, into the nature and structure of carcinogenic compounds ; and £160 to Dr. P. R. Peacock, at the Glasgow Royal Cancer Hospital, for the purchase of special apparatus for the continuation of his cancer research. On the recommendation of the Joint Committee of the Campaign and of Mount Vernon Hospital, Dr. G. Cranston Fairchild was re-appointed the William Morris research fellow in radiology at that Hospital for a further period of one year. The William Morris research fellowship was established five years ago by a generous donation of a capital sum of £25,000 by Lord Nuffleld.

The Government of Italian East Africa

On May 4, 1936, the Emperor Haile Selassie departed from Djibuti aboard the British cruiser Enterprise, en route to Geneva by way of Palestine and England. On May 5, the victorious legions of the Second Roman Empire, commanded by Marshal Pietro Badoglio, entered Addis Ababa after what appears to have been a week of looting and pillaging in the Ethiopian capital. A few hours later in Rome, Benito Mussolini thunderously declared to a hastily-summoned Adunata: “Ethiopia is Italian! Italian in fact, because occupied by our victorious armies; Italian in law, because with the gladiators of Rome, civilization triumphs over barbarity, justice over arbitrary cruelty.”At the behest of its Duce, a grateful Italy surrendered itself, between May 5 and May 9, to the most riotous celebration in the annals of Fascism. To climax the memorable jubilee, Mussolini appeared on the balcony of the Palazzo Venezia, after consulting successively and rapidly with the Fascist Grand Council and the Council of Ministers in the late evening of May 9, to read to the second Adunata of the week the substantive provisions of a new royal decree-law. Therein (1) Ethiopia was declared to be under the full and complete sovereignty of Italy; (2) the assumption by the king of Italy of the additional title, emperor of Ethiopia, was proclaimed; and (3) announcement was made that Ethiopia would be governed in the future by a governor-general, with the title of viceroy of Ethiopia.

British Empire Cancer Campaign

AT the recent quarterly meeting of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, a communication was received intimating that His Majesty the King had been graciously pleased to become patron of the Campaign. The following grants amounting to £5,530, and making a total to date of £30,990 for the year 1936, were approved: £1,100 to the Radium Beam Therapy Research; £1,750 (in addition to the grant of £1,850 already made for the year 1936) to the Mount Vernon Hospital; £500 (in addition to the grant of £600 already made for the year 1936) to the Marie Curie Hospital; £100 and £80 to Dr. C. R. Amies, at the Lister Institute and Dr. P. R. Peacock, of Glasgow, respectively, for the purchase of special types of centrifuges; £1,000 to the Manchester Committee on Cancer to cover the cost for two years of investigations to ascertain whether there is any connexion between the use of heavy oils in motor-vehicles and the apparent increase in the incidence of cancer of the upper air passages and the lung; £1,000 to the North of England Branch of the Campaign to meet the cost for the second year of the short-wave investigations being carried out at Newcastle, on behalf of the Campaign, under the direction of Prof. W. E. Curtis and Dr. F. Dickens. In this connexion the Council expressed its appreciation of the technical assistance afforded the workers by the technical staff of the Marconi Company. The Royal Society and the Medical Research Council have nominated Prof. Matthew Stewart, of the University of Leeds, to succeed Prof. R. T. Leiper, who has retired, as one of their five nominees on the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Campaign.

British Empire Cancer Campaign

AT the fifty-fourth meeting of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign held on April 10, it was announced that a grant at the rate of £350 a year for the year 1935 has been made to Sir Leonard Hill for the services of Dr. T. Reiter whilst continuing his research work on short wave therapy in the laboratories of the St. John Clinic and Institute of Physical Medicine. On the recommendation of the Physical Sub-Committee of the Scientific Advisory Committee, a grant of £1,000 a year for two years has been made to the North of England Council of the Campaign, to be placed at the disposal of Prof. W. E. Curtis, of the Armstrong College, Newcastle, and Dr. F. Dickens, research director of the Cancer Research Institute of the North of England Council, for the purpose of conducting an exhaustive scheme of research in short wave therapy. A grant of £700 has been placed at the disposal of the Scientific Advisory Committee for a special investigation, under its supervision, of the biological reactions of monochromatic radiations of various wave-lengths. The Grand Council has decided to continue to offer from time to time a prize and medal for the best essay submitted on a set subject concerning cancer research; gold medals will also be awarded from time to time to those in the British Empire who have carried out and published contributions to cancer research of outstanding merit.

Cancer Research

AT the quarterly meeting of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign held on January 14, the following additional grants for 1935 were approved:-£200 to Dr. Ralston Paterson for the part-time services of a radiologist at the Holt Radium Institute, Manchester; £250 to the Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, for the services of Dr. A. Glucksmann; £200 to Dr. Edith Paterson, at Manchester and £1,000 to the Radium Beam Therapy Research for the salary of qualified research workers. The Scientific Advisory Committee has been allotted a sum of £500 for the year 1935 for the salary and expenses of a research worker to carry out, under its supervision, an investigation of the action of radiation on colloids. The National Cancer Association of South Africa, which is representative of the research organisations of the Cape, Transvaal, Natal and Orange Free State, has been approved as a body affiliated to the British Empire Cancer Campaign. The Ottawa correspondent of The Times states that Canada will commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the accession of King George to the throne by establishing a national fund for a campaign against cancer in Canada.

Announcements

THE Garton Prize of £500 and Gold Medal of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, offered this year for an essay on “The Biological Effects and Mode of Action of Radiations upon Malignant and other Cells”, has been awarded to Dr. H. A. Colwell, of Middlesex Hospital, London. As one of the other essays was of high merit, the Grand Council of the Campaign has decided that a second award, of £100, should be made to its authors, Dr. F. G. Spear in association with Dr. R. G. Canti, Mr. L. G. Grimmett, Dr. B. Holmes, Miss S. F. Cox and Dr. W. H. Love. THE HON. OLIVER STANLEY, M.P., Minister of Transport, will unveil a tablet erected at University College, London, by the executive committee of the Trevithick Centenary Commemoration, on April 23. The tablet commemorates Trevithick's locomotive experiments in 1808.

British Empire Cancer Campaign

AT the recent quarterly meeting of the Grand Council of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, the following grants for the calendar year 1934 were made for the continuation of research into the cause and cure of cancer: Middlesex Hospital, £5,400; Cancer Hospital, £2,700; St. Bartholomew's Hospital, £2,250; St. Mark's Hospital, £540; Marie Curie Hospital, £540; Radon Centre at the Middlesex Hospital (through the Medical Research Council), £350; Mount Vernon Hospital, £900; Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, £350; Westminster Hospital Annexe, £300; Mr. I. Hieger (at the Cancer Hospital), £550; Dr. P. R. Peacock (Glasgow Royal Cancer Hospital), £300 and Dr. Alexander Haddow (at the University of Edinburgh), £200. Prof. E. Mellanby, who has succeeded the late Sir Walter Fletcher as secretary of the Medical Research Council, was elected a member of the Grand Council. The Grand Council resolved that attention should be invited to the fact that essays on “The Biological Effects and Mode of Action of Radiations upon Malignant and other Cells” for the 1933 Garton prize medal should reach the offices of the Campaign not later than December 31 next.

Garton Prize of the British Empire Cancer Campaign

Garton Prize of the British Empire Cancer CampaignPublished Online:29 May 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-5-53-456SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail AboutAbstractThe next Garton prize will be awarded for dissertations on “The biological effects and mode of action of radiations upon malignant and other cells.” Essays must be received not later than December 31, 1933. At the last quarterly meeting of the Grand Council, held on April 11, it was reported that a large number of applications for copies of the rules relating to the prize had already been received. Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 5, Issue 53May 1932Pages: 385-480 © The British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineMay 29,2014 Metrics Download PDF