Grammatical Types Research Articles

Моделирование импликативной семантики ландшафтных номинаций в предложении (на материале немецкого языка)

The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship of the implicative semantics of landscape nominations with logical and grammatical types of sentences and to build models of implication of additional meanings of landscape nominations on this basis. The article explores the concept of implicative semantics and investigates how the logical and grammatical structure of German sentences relates to the implicit meanings of landscape-related terms found within them. These implicit meanings are derived from German linguistic culture. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that for the first time the implicative semantics of landscape nominations is modeled in connection with the logical and grammatical types of the German sentence. As a result, based on the corpus data of the Digital Dictionary of the German Language, sentences containing nominations of large landscape forms are analyzed. The specifics of the semantic roles of landscape nominations in four main types of German sentences are described. The speaker's predicative connections with landscape objects and their implicative potential in German linguoculture are systematized. Models of the formation of the implicative meaning of landscape nominations are presented in the form of four types of frames: action, procedural, evaluative and the frame of "inclusion of the singular into the particular". The necessity of taking into account the speaker's intention in interpreting the implicative meaning in different types of discourse is shown.

On Italian spatial prepositions and measure phrases: reconciling the data with theoretical accounts

Abstract The goal of this article is to offer new empirical evidence regarding the grammatical and semantic properties of Italian spatial prepositions, and to provide a theoretical account based on this evidence. We show that Italian has four grammatical types of prepositions (simple, complex, contracted and uncontracted), and three semantic types (geometric, projective and region prepositions). By studying the syntactic distribution of prepositions and the phrases they form with measure phrases (e.g., dieci metri ‘ten meters’) we argue that a non-isomorphic (i.e., not one-to-one) relation between grammatical and semantic type emerges. Region and geometric prepositions form phrases that block the presence of measure phrases (e.g., #dieci metri a fianco del muro ‘ten meters beside the wall’), whereas projective prepositions license them (e.g., dieci metri dietro al muro ‘ten meters behind the wall’). We show that previous accounts postulate a type of symmetry that leads to problematic predictions regarding these patterns. We then propose an alternative account based on the Lexical Syntax framework that models the data via a feature-matching mechanism.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНАЯ СВЯЗЬ ДЕЙСТВИЯ И ПРИЗНАКА В МЕДИЙНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ XXI ВЕКА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ПРИЧАСТИЙ С ИНТЕНСИФИКАТОРОМ САМЫЙ)

The purpose of the article is to characterize the conceptual connection between an action and a qualitative attribute in the Russian linguistic picture of the world using the example of the active model of action intensification “most + participle”. The specificity of this construction is that the seme of intensification refers to individual parameters of the action denoted by the participle. The author reveals the implicit meanings expressed by this model and characterizes its pragmatic functions. The source of factual material is texts presented in the newspaper corpus (central media) of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, as well as examples from the author’s card index. It is shown that the construction with the intensifier is formed by all grammatical types of participles, but the passive participle of the present tense gravitates towards it.

An Error Analysis of Prepositional of Collocation in Thesis of English Education Department IAIN Bukittinggi

This study is a quantitative descriptive study aimed at describing the types of prepositional collocations found in 30 samples along with their frequency of occurrence. The sample for this study was taken by collecting 294 theses for alumni majoring in English and then 30 theses were taken randomly. The results showed that the type of collocation presented was grammatical collocation in prepositions. The grammatical types of prepositions are adjective total is 2658. The most frequent collocations are collocations with 238 (8.95%) The total collocation error in the preposition is 1,32%. Based on the research result, the researcher found that there are 3 types of collocation error in preposition. The first types are ommision, the second types are addition and the last types are missinformation, the researcher did not find the missordering types for collocation error in preposition.

현대중국어 ‘SVN1QMN2’ 구문의 유형 및 초래의미 분석

This paper aims to investigate and classify SVN1QMN2 as a causative structure into different grammatical types, and based on the classifications, each type will be analyzed respectively with its functions in the process of semantic construction and the syntax-semantic realization pattern among the grammatical structures. However, all the grammatical types share the same structure, but each of them maintains various semantic interpretations. Accordingly, there could exist a certain mechanism which enables the structure to be grammaticalized. Thus, this paper may draw some possible conclusions as the following:BR The causative SVN1QMN2 structure can be categorized as direct causes and indirect ones. Under each category, there is an extended sequence which is “directly causatives——indirectly causatives——resultative causatives”.BR There are numerous differences between the calculative structure and the beneficial structure. However, both the structures are subordinates of SVN1QMN2 structure. The conceptualization process can be seen as the fundamental reason for semantic variations. Furthermore, the Economic Principle of language requires that similar events should be expressed in the same pattern. This also verifies that the meaning of a sentence is not the truth condition of the sentence itself, but the conceptualization process related to the sentence.BR The original function of SVN1QMN2 structure is causative, and this causative function is the major cause which allows an agent and its patient to switch their structural positions. In the integrated space, the causative structure determines that the agent should be placed at the position where the causal patient can be located. In short, the theory of conceptual integration can offer the scientifical explanations towards the causative structure.

An Analysis of Grammatical Error on Students’ Writing

The research was aimed to analyze the most common grammatical error on students’ writing. All categories of grammatical error types were classified and described based on Dulay on theory of Linguistic Category. The data source of this study was 26 students of the second grade of Nurul Jadid Islamic Senior High School (MANJ). In this study, observation, writing test, and documentation were used to collect data. The major findings of this study found 155 errors in the students’ writing composition. The omission error percentage is 44%. Meanwhile, addition error occurs in 27% errors, and the misformation error is 23%. The last, the misordering error is 6%. The result of the analysis shows that omission error is the most common error produced by the students. As a whole, students still committed errors in their writing. Teachers have to pay high attention to the problematic area of the grammar structure, so some pedagogical implications on the error analysis are suggested.

ÇAĞDAŞ TÜRK DİLLERİNDE TÜREMİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİN İNCELENMESİ

The history of word derivation by morphological method in Turkic languages begins with the research history of the word. The discussions on this subject in the ancient Greek linguistics schools were taken one step further and opinions were expressed about the structure of the language and discourses were developed around the purposes of the language. In fact, the debates developed to such a point that some Greek thinkers, especially Plato and Aristotle, expressed their views on the origin of language, the relationship between words and the concepts they represent, and started philosophical discussions on the subject. The word phenomenon, which is handled in a more philosophical context, has been evaluated with Ferdinand de Saussure on a different plane, around different linguistic attitudes. After that, linguistic and, in a narrower sense, lexicographic studies were initiated in the contemporary approach. In Turkish dictionaries, a word is defined as a "meaningful sound or combination of sounds. In the sources, a word is defined as "a single sound or group of sounds that has a meaning or grammatical function and is processed alone". In studies, words are defined as "concepts consisting of one or more syllables and having different meanings for each language" in terms of meaning and syllable. Linguists distinguish between lexical and grammatical word types and evaluate words with inflectional suffixes around the second definition. In the article, the history of researching word derivation by morphology method in Turkish languages, and approaches to word derivation in morphology were investigated. In the writing of the article, a comparative method was used by making use of different scientific sources. Key words: derived word, morphology, Turkish language, research, affix, root

Tag Questions in English Spoken Discourse: Corpus-Based Linguistic and Pragmatic Analysis

Based on an integrative methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative methods of linguistic research, the authors consider grammatical forms, syntactic types and pragmatic functions of the tag question in British spoken discourse. The research material included samples of dialogues with tag questions taken from British contemporary fiction and the Spoken BNC2014. Drawing on the theory of linguistic metarepresentation and using corpus analysis tools the authors presented the model under study in structural-syntactic and functional-pragmatic perspectives and obtained reliable data on discourse realization of tag question models, specified their standard and common usage polarity status, distinguished bi- and monopolarity variations. An analysis of the tag question types that are distinguished as the combinations of the predicative and auxiliary parts shows that the most frequent type of tag question is the one formed with an affirmative predicative part and a negative tag. The corpus-based approach allowed obtaining quantitative data on frequencies of tag questions in British spoken discourse, retrieving the repertoire of tag questions with their grammatical representation. It is shown that in the corpus under study the most frequent form of the tag question is the form isn't it?. The least frequent forms of tag questions are the ones formed with the have verb, as well as the modal verbs will, may, can, which supports the thesis that tag questions are losing ground in British spoken discourse. Discourse-pragmatic analysis of utterance contexts with tag questions highlighted its discourse value in the British tradition of conversation, as they perform the following communicative functions: informational; etiquette; interpersonal-relation-corrective (focus-positive or focus-negative).

REPRESENTATION AND PROCESSING OF OVERTLY IDENTICAL COMPLEX FORMS IN L1 AND L2

AbstractIn two visual priming experiments, we investigated the relation of form-identical word forms with different grammatical functions in L1 and L2 German. Four different grammatical types (inflected verbs, infinitives, deverbal conversion forms, and countable nouns) were used as primes and their influence on the processing of form-identical inflected verbs as targets was compared. Results revealed full priming of inflected verbs, but only partial priming for conversion forms and infinitives. No priming was observed for semantically related countable nouns suggesting that they have a separate lexical entry. The findings bring first psycholinguistic evidence for typological claims that deverbal conversion nouns and infinitives fall into the category of nonfinites. They also support accounts assuming representations with a basic lexical entry and word-category specific subentries. The same priming pattern was observed in L1 and L2 suggesting that representation and processing of the studied complex forms is not fundamentally different in the two populations.

The question-response system in Mandarin conversation

Abstract This article provides an overview of the question-response system in Mandarin Chinese from a conversation analytic perspective. Based on 403 question-response sequences from natural conversations, this study discusses the grammatical coding of Mandarin questions, social actions accomplished by questions, and formats of responses. It documents three grammatical types of questions, that is, polar questions (including sub-types), Q-word questions, and alternative questions. These questions are shown to perform a range of social actions, confirmation request being the most frequent. Also, this article reveals that the preferred format for confirming polar answers is interjection, while that for disconfirming polar answers is repetition. It provides a starting point for future studies on Mandarin questions and responses as well as a reference point for further crosslinguistic comparison.

Understanding emotion awareness and emotion vocabulary in early primary school Vietnamese children: Quantitative and qualitative analyses.

Although being fundamental for both clinical and educational work with children, there is currently no in-depth research on examining children's emotion awareness and vocabulary in Vietnam. The goal of this exploratory study is to determine the effect of children's gender, grade level, and socioeconomic background on their emotion awareness and vocabulary, and the semantic and grammatical diversity of Vietnamese children's emotional vocabulary. The sample included 264 Vietnamese children (M = 7.80, SD = .97, 43.18% boys) as well as their mothers. Quantitative findings suggested that children in Grade 3 more frequently quoted surprise- and anger-related vocabulary than did those in lower grades. Children's socioeconomic background had a significant effect on both emotion awareness and vocabulary whereas gender did not. Qualitative analysis revealed diverse grammatical types to describe emotions, except idioms, as well as the presence of body-related emotion vocabulary within children's records. Finally, a high prevalence of emotion words such as "happy" and "sad" was subject to further cross-cultural review.

The Dynamic Nature of Interlanguage Sentential Negation of Indonesian EFL Learners

This cross sectional study attempted to provide empirical study on interlanguage sentential negation of Indonesian EFL learners, particularly the dynamic nature viewed from the stages of development and the number of grammatical error types in each stage. The subjects were Indonesian EFL learners, consisting of four groups from different grades. The data were collected through translation test and analyzed using Lightbown & Spada's framework and error analysis framework. The result indicated that the development stages were not in line with Lightbown & Spada, instead they were represented in three stages of development. Its dynamicity was also depicted by the reduction of grammatical error types at each level. The conclusion was that the learners' interlanguage sentential negation was dynamic, developing closer and closer to the target language through three stages. It is suggested that educators not to give pressure to the learners to get things right at the first place. In addition, their instruction should match the learners' stage of development.

ЛЕКСИЧНА, ГРАМАТИЧНА ТА СТИЛІСТИЧНА РЕДУНДАНТНІСТЬ АНГЛОМОВНОГО ТЕКСТУ

Lexical, grammatical and stylistic pleonasms in contemporary English-language media discourse are analyzed in the article. The definition of pleonasms, especially their types is offered. It is outlined the peculiar features of their usage in contemporary English-language media discourse. It has been proved that the redundancy in lexical pleonasms is expressed by synonyms. It is substantiated that grammatical pleonasms arise due to suffixes, prefixes and adverbs when creating degrees of comparison of adjectives. Pleonasms in contemporary English-language media discourse are used to intensify the utterance and to influence pragmatically on the addressee. Pleonasm is an independent expressive means of language. As a permanent feature of a linguistic unit, it differs not only from the stylistic means of expressing redundancy in speech, but also from grammatical types of redundancy. The autonomy of pleonasms in a language is justified by their purpose to clarify, intensify and add different shades of the meaning of a word or any concept in order to accurately convey information to the addressee. These redundant phrases are understood as absolutely natural phenomenon in English. One of the reasons for the creation of pleonasms is insufficient transparency of one of the components and this component the word of foreign origin. Pleonasm is the result of rather complex processes of semantic development of components that are combined.

Keywords in Written Academic Legal Texts: A Corpus-Derived List

This study presents the Written Academic Legal Vocabulary (WALV), a discipline-specific genre-focused list of keywords in a corpus of academic legal texts. To generate this list, a purpose-customized corpus of full-length academic texts is created and analyzed with the help of corpus-based analytical tools. Items on the list are chosen based on criteria such as frequency of occurrence, range and keyness. The keywords recur more frequently in a specialized corpus than in a general reference corpus, a finding that attests to the pedagogical utility of these expressions as possible focus of explicit instruction. The final list consists of 298 headwords and 219 families (lemmas). Findings also indicate that the list includes words belonging to different grammatical types, the most common of which are nouns. The list also incorporates a large number of abbreviations, shortenings and acronyms.

Adjective phrases with doubly modified heads: how lexical information influences word order and constituent structure

This study presents a corpus-based analysis of adjective phrases consisting of a grading element (‘grader’), a deadjectival adverb and an adjectival head. The interest of this pattern derives from the fact that these three constituents can occur in three different orders, as exemplified bymore cognitively complex,cognitively more complexandmore complex cognitively. The analysis builds primarily on the distinction between domain and non-domain adverbs. ADJPs with domain adverbs have different patterns from ADJPs with other adverbs. Whereas the adverb–grader–adjective order predominates in ADJPs with domain adverbs, the grader–adverb–adjective order is the most frequent type in ADJPs with non-domain adverbs. Within the set of non-domain adverbs, a secondary distinction is made between lexical and more grammatical types. Lexical adverbs are found to preferentially associate with the grader–adverb–adjective order while the more grammatical adverbs gravitate towards the adverb–grader–adjective order. The following five factors account for the empirical results: branching direction, the frequent-unit-first hypothesis, proximity, analogy/uniformity and modifier–head order. Structural representations are argued to draw on lexical information which is not coded by terminal nodes.

Grammaticality differences between Spanish‐speaking children with specific language impairment and their typically developing peers

A limited number of studies have analyzed grammaticality in monolingual Spanish-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI). Most of the available data are based on bilingual speakers. To extend previous studies by doing a more detailed analysis of grammatical types in monolingual Spanish-speakers with and without SLI. Forty-nine Spanish-speaking children (18 with SLI, 17 age-matched typically developing controls, 14 language-matched controls) were recruited from schools in Mexico and observed in a spontaneous narrative task. The findings were inconsistent with those of previous studies. Significant differences were found for article, connector and preposition omissions, and the per cent of ungrammatical utterances. There were no significant differences found for clitics and verb phrases, though clitic substitutions were frequent. Language-matched controls did not produce different frequencies of ungrammatical utterances. Significant differences were found for three main items: the per cent of ungrammatical utterances, the omission of articles and the omission of prepositions. Therefore, we propose these components be taken into consideration when distinguishing typically developing children from children with SLI.

Semantic Feature Analysis and Grammatical Error Types of “Jianyuju(兼語句)” in Modern Chinese

Semantic Feature Analysis and Grammatical Error Types of “Jianyuju(兼語句)” in Modern Chinese

Variation in verb cluster interruption

Except for finite verbs in main clauses, verbs in Standard Dutch cluster together in a clause-final position. In certain Dutch dialects, non-verbal material can occur within this verb cluster (Verhasselt 1961; Koelmans 1965, among many others). These dialects vary with respect to which types of elements can interrupt the verb cluster, varying from particles to various types of arguments and adverbs (Barbiers, van der Auwera, Bennis, Boef, de Vogelaer & van der Ham 2008). A study amongst forty Dutch dialect speakers reveals an ordered ranking of grammatical types, reflecting their acceptability in a verb cluster. I argue that this ranking directly follows from syntactic principles: The syntactic size and position of the intervening element affect its acceptance in a verb cluster. Potentially, these principles interact with a preference of performance dubbed ‘minimize domains’ (Hawkins 1994, 2003, 2004), which requires both the higher verb and the intervening element to be adjacent to the main verb, leading to two conflicting structures.

CODE SWITCHING IN SOCIAL MEDIA TWITTER

ABSTRACT The study deals with the types of code switching and reasons why people switch their language in social media Twitter . The objectives of study are to find out contextual type and the grammatical type of code-switching which is mostly used in social media Twitter and to explain audience’s reasons switch the code in social media Twitter . The research conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The primary data collected by tweets from the timelines of Twitter users, the secondary data were the questionnaires to collect information about audiences’s reason switch the code on Twitter . The result showed that the dominant type of grammatical types that used by the user is Inter sentential code switching, then it is followed by tag code switching type and intra sentential code switching. The dominant type of contextual types that used by the user is metaphorical code switching and it is followed by situational code switching. There are eight reasons why people switch the code in the social media Twitter , the most common reasons for people switch the languange is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languanges. It is because of real lexical need. Keyword : twitter, social media, code switching

Structural Analysis of Lexical Bundles in University Lectures of Politics and Chemistry

Referred to as extended collocations, lexical bundles are considered as a main factor in building fluency in academic discourse; helping to shape meaning and coherence in a text or speech. For decades, lexical bundles have attracted considerable amount of attention in corpus-based research in English for Academic Purposes (EAP). While, the focus of the most of the studies on lexical bundles was to explore the use of these multi-word expressions in academic written registers such as research articles, academic spoken registers such as university lectures have not received that amount of attention from the scholars. In this vein, there is still an open question of how they are structurally different across disciplines. With these concerns in mind, this study aimed to explore how lexical bundles are used structurally in a 50291 words corpus of 8 university lectures across two disciplines: chemistry and politics. To this aim, the most frequent four-word bundles in the corpus were classified according to their grammatical types to see the possible disciplinary variations in their frequency of use as well as the structure involved in their use. Results of the analysis revealed that noun phrase and prepositional phrase fragments were the most common structures in the lectures of the two disciplines, accounting for more than half of the bundles in politics. University lecturers appear to apply a variety of structures in the use of lexical bundles often peculiar to the discipline in order to convey their disciplinary messages. This would lead to the need to emphasize the instruction of the most common structures in that discipline in a way for the lectures to be as comprehensive as possible for the intended audiences.