Grammatical Representations Research Articles

SUPERPOSITION OF GRAMMATICAL AND STATISTICAL LEARNING IN A SECOND LANGUAGE: AN EYE‐TRACKING STUDY

AbstractIn this paper, data from an eye‐tracking study on auxiliary selection in L2 Italian are reported. The data suggest that learners of Italian over time and with increasing experience can process the same compound past verbs in two apparently commutable ways within the same experimental session. One way is statistical (centered on the lexical part of the verb, the past participle), and the other is grammatical (centered on the auxiliary). The results also indicate that L2 learners – with increasing proficiency – can alternate statistical and grammatical representations and processing routes for the same phenomenon within the array of a single sentence, as native speakers do.

Building Trust, Fostering Agency, Sharing Power: Interracial Feminist Co-Mentoring as a Strategy for Dismantling White Supremacy in Higher Education

Despite institutional claims to value increased racial diversity in higher education, Black women in faculty roles perpetually navigate oppressive cultures across all institutional types. The ability to build and foster mutually beneficial interracial mentoring relationships is vitally important to move beyond performative diversity and build truly inclusive organizations. In this project, we sought to interrogate our own interracial feminist co-mentoring relationship to identify guiding principles for others engaged in these types of relationships. As a Black woman and a white 1 1 In opposition to APA guidelines, we do not capitalize white as a racial category or identity. We do capitalize Black, as a form of “rejecting the standard grammatical norm as a means to acknowledge and reject the grammatical representation of power capitalization brings to the term ‘white’” (Huber, 2010, p. 93). woman, we employed duoethnography to analyze the realities of our interracial mentoring relationship and to develop a conceptual framework of interracial feminist co-mentoring. This study emphasized the transformative opportunities that can occur through experiences of social exchange and reciprocity within interracial feminist co-mentoring relationships. We argue for critical evaluation of existing mentorship models to include (a) a recognition of the historical and contemporary factors that inhibit Black women’s ability to build and foster relationships with white women and (b) explicit ways white women can foster trust within interracial co-mentorships that facilitate true agency and shared power. Through this intentional exploration of our relationship, we make space for true divestment in internalized white supremacy for both Black and white women and movement toward dismantling white supremacy culture in mentoring relationships throughout higher education.

Grammatical Representations of the Verb Phrase in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from Syntactic Priming in Five-Year-Olds.

Background/Objectives: Debates regarding how to represent verb phrases (VPs) consisting of the verb plus the complement and the aspectual marker -le in Mandarin Chinese remain an issue. Methods: Syntactic priming under a memory disguise paradigm was employed to investigate the issue using the SVO-ba alternation, where the SVO structure consists of a subject verb object, and the ba structure of a subject ba object verb, in five-year-olds (n = 216), an age with fully fledged grammatical knowledge but little interference from literacy. Results: The results indicate that both the complement and the marker -le should be represented in terms of phrasal rather than morphological structures. When -le is inflected to the verb alone, realization, which makes an event a fact, rather than completion, which makes an event finished, is accomplished. The event must be telicized to a state through a resultative complement to induce reliable production of the ba construction. The postverbal elements represent their own phrasal structure and challenge the verb-centered lexico-syntactic account because there are no additional representations left within a verb. Conclusions: More elicitations of the SVO than the ba invite future neurolinguistic explorations to disentangle the impacts of the frequency and thematic arrangement of agent and patient on grammatical representations cross-linguistically.

Mood congruency in COVID-19 podcast discourse: an interpersonal meaning analysis

With the advent of podcasts, individuals are increasingly engaging with a diverse range of topics, from entertainment and education to news and personal narratives. In the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic, podcasts have emerged as an influential platform for disseminating information. This current study attempts to depict the realization of Mood congruency in COVID-19 podcast discourse. Departing from qualitative approach, content analysis was employed as research design. The source of the data was obtained from Dedy Corbuzier’s YouTube Channel with Uus (comedian) as the guest in 2021 when COVID-19 case was known and recognized in Indonesia for the first time. The data were in the form of clauses obtained from the utterances from them. The utterances were electronically transcribed using sonix.ai before being rechecked manually to improve the data's reliability. From the analysis, it was found that the variation of Mood is appeared in the form of congruent and incongruent (grammatical metaphorical representation). The congruent representation shows how utterance should be in the form as it is. On the other hand, the grammatical metaphorical representation of Mood brings out the variation such as statement realized in interrogative, and command in declarative Mood. The incongruency can perform an indication of speakers’ creativity and politeness in interaction.

On the acquisition of tense and agreement in L2 English by adult speakers of L1 Chinese

Abstract This study investigates whether forms associated with verbal inflection can be acquired in relation to two UG-based L2 acquisition hypotheses: the Full Transfer Full Access (FTFA) Hypothesis (Schwartz, Bonnie & Rex Sprouse. 1994. Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition: A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. In Teun Hoekstra & Bonnie D. Schwartz (eds.), Language acquisition Studies in generative grammar, 317–368. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, Schwartz, Bonnie & Rex Sprouse. 1996. L2 cognitive states and the ‘full transfer/full access’ model. Second Language Research 12. 40–72) and the Interpretability Hypothesis (Tsimpli, Ianthi-maria & Maria Dimitrakopoulou. 2007. The Interpretability hypothesis: Evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research 23. 215–242). The former captures the insight that convergence on grammars like those of native speakers is possible, whereas the latter argues that a native/non-native divergence results from the inaccessibility of some uninterpretable syntactic features. Ninety adult L1 speakers of Chinese of different English proficiency levels were asked to interpret and produce tense and agreement in various contexts in three tasks. Results suggest that the underlying grammatical representations in the end-state grammar may not be the same as native speakers’. We speculate that the inaccessibility of the uninterpretable [uInfl:] feature of v and the uninterpretable [uInfl:*] feature of be are the potential source of difficulty in acquiring verbal inflection in L2 English.

Mutual penetration of stylistic elements of magic realism, Slavic folklore, fiction in the context of the grammatical representation of time coordinates in V. Stevanović’s novel The Wretched

The article examines the relationship, interaction and grammatical repertoire of different tense forms of the Serbian verb in the context of verbal representation of time coordinates in the novel The Wretched by the famous Serbian writer V. Stevanović. The linguistic aspect, the mechanism of layering in the time paradigm of a perfect sample of magical realism, is analyzed. In this research, data from related scientific fields were involved and an attempt was made to determine which features inherent in the poetics of the mentioned work in terms of time plan unite it with examples of postmodernism, and which methods are related to the peculiarities of the temporal characteristics of the Serbian folk-song epic tradition, Serbian lyric poetry, with time formulas in bugaršticas, with poetic techniques of artistic fiction. The stylistic role of synthetic preterite forms of the Serbian verb, various shifts in the semantics of the present etc. are characterized.

Features of grammatical representation of the category of state words in Russian, English and German languages

Features of grammatical representation of the category of state words in Russian, English and German languages

The interpretation and grammatical representation of animacy

Abstract: We are used to thinking about person, number, and gender as features to which the grammar is sensitive. But the place of animacy is less familiar, despite its robust syntactic activity in many languages. I investigate the pronominal system of Southeastern Sierra Zapotec, identifying an interpretive parallel between animacy and person. Third-person plural pronouns, which encode a four-way animacy distinction in the language, exhibit associativity, a cluster of interpretive properties that have been argued also to characterize first-and second-person plural pronouns. Building on Kratzer’s (2009) and Harbour’s (2016) theories of person, I propose a plurality-based semantics for animacy that captures their shared properties. The compositional mechanism underlying this semantics ties person and animacy features to a single syntactic position inside the noun phrase. This enables an understanding of these features’ shared relevance to syntactic operations, including those underlying pronoun cliticization. In these Zapotec varieties, it is constrained both by person (in the well-known person-case constraint) and by animacy.

Жанровая обусловленность грамматического выражения текстового времени в региональных документах XVIII века

The article reveals several current issues of documental linguistics and genre theory – grammatical means of expressing/actualizing textual chronotope in the 18th cent. official documents from the Archive Fund of the Mikhailovsky Stanichny ataman of the State Archive of the Volgograd Region, which are described with the procedure of genre related analysis. By comparing organization and grammatical representation of text chronotope in administrative, informative and registration documents, there was revealed a tendency for typological genre implications defined by the document properties and the character of its narrative structure. In most sources, the reference point relative to which the time of recorded actions and events is determined was established as being explicated: the date of the document is coordinated with the associated verb forms in a performative function. In the texts with a narrative element, verb forms correlate with this reference point or enter into temporal relations with each other, which might actualize in some syntactic constructions: complex sentences with a subordinate clause of time, condition, an explanatory object clause, etc. Although the set of forms varies in the documents, some corresponding regulations were noted in administrative documents as three time spans – preceding, simultaneous and subsequent actions (in military certificates), in informing ones – two time spans – preceding and simultaneous (in reports) or preceding and subsequent (in fairy tales). In non-narrative documents (receipts, statements), single actions or a number of single actions are recorded, they are loosely interconnected by temporary relationships or these relationships are not explicated. Such actions are viewed as belonging to the same time span, grammatical means of temporal characteristics of actions are monotonous.

Implicit Grammatical Gender Representation in Italian Children with Autism without Intellectual/Language Disorder.

Grammatical language development in individuals with autism (without intellectual/language impairment) is mostly qualitatively comparable to language development in typically developing children of the same age. The majority of tasks used to study grammatical development require explicit performance (use of verbal language). Here, we administered an implicit categorization task (by biological sex) to understand which markers children use to implicitly infer grammatical gender representation in Italian (a gendered language where grammatical gender can be inferred via a determiner and/or word ending). Participants were asked to categorize photos of animals, relying on the names that differed in regard to the grammatical markers involved (i.e., lexical semantic, phonological, syntactic or phonological + syntactic). Children with autism displayed the same patterns observed in typically developing children: the lexical-semantic marker was categorized more accurately, followed in decreasing order by the phonological-syntactic marker and the phonological marker. The syntactic marker was the most difficult to categorize for both groups. In addition, children with autism showed an advantage in grammatical gender representation when using formal/grammatical markers than when using lexical/semantic markers. Such an implicit assessment allows for the investigation of more nuanced linguistic representations other than those expressed by traditional assessments.

A Minimalist Perspective of Interrogatives in the Punjabi Language

Chomsky’s Theory of Universal Grammar (UG) (1993, 1995) incorporates some universal principles for grammatical descriptions of all possible human languages. It is because all aspects of human languages may not be universal; this theory also offers some parameters through which languages may vary from one to another. The Minimalist Program (MP) (Chomsky, 1993) as a part of UG follows minimalist principles such as the principle of economy, the principle of uniformity, and the search for simplicity, which guide the creation of grammatical rules and representations. The current study analysed the interrogative sentences in Punjabi to determine the similarities between Punjabi and English by using the Minimalist Program (MP) as a theoretical framework. Almost all Punjabi dialects or Standard Punjabi published in the academic context provide many ways to express interrogation. Two common types of interrogative sentences analysed here include yes-no questions and wh-questions which are also called k-questions in Punjabi because they start with a k sound, for instance, kitthe (where), kinj (how), kaunN (why), kii (what), etc, have been analysed. The analysis showed that there is no obligatory movement, either in the case of yes-no questions or in wh-movement in Punjabi, such as in English. Similarly, unlike English, there is neither the movement of auxiliaries nor of any other word in any interrogative sentence. Furthermore, the study concluded that the analysis of the Punjabi language through minimalism is possible and, therefore, it is implied that Punjabi follows the proposed principle of Universal Grammar.

Morphological transparency and markedness matter in heritage speaker gender processing: an EEG study.

The present study investigated the qualitative nature of grammatical gender knowledge and processing in heritage speakers (HSs) of Spanish living in the United States. Forty-four adult Spanish HS bilinguals participated, completing a behavioral grammatical gender assignment task and a grammaticality judgment task (GJT) while their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). The EEG GJT task included grammatical and ungrammatical sentences with grammatical gender violations on inanimate nouns, where transparency of the morpho(phono)logical cue and markedness were manipulated. The results of this study revealed that grammatical gender violations elicited the typical P600 effect across all relevant conditions, indicating that the grammatical representations and processing of grammatical gender in HSs are qualitatively similar to those in Spanish-dominant native speakers. Given the experimental manipulation in this study, these findings also suggest that both morphological transparency and markedness play significant roles in how grammatical gender is processed. However, the results of this study differ from those reported in previous studies with Spanish-dominant native speakers, as the P600 effect found was accompanied by a biphasic N400 effect. This pattern of results is interpreted as further evidence that the bilingual experience of HSs modulates certain aspects of morphosyntactic processing, particularly conferring a greater reliance on morphology. Additionally, the results of this study highlight the importance of incorporating neurolinguistic online processing methods to better understand what underlies HS bilingual competence and processing outcomes.

GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR REPRESENTATIONS IN NEWS ITEM TEXT OF JAKARTA POST

This article aims to investigate grammatical metaphor representation in news item text of Jakarta Post. This research was conducted by applying a descriptive research design. The data were taken from a news item text from Jakarta Post entitled “BREAKING: 189 people on downed Lion Air flight, ministry says.” This article was published on October 29, 2018 in Jakarta Post sites. This text was then analyzed by coding the lexical representation as congruent and incongruent ones. From a news item text Jakarta Post, the finding is Representation of incongruent coding is only 17% of the text; the rest (83%) is congruent coding. Grammatical Metaphors representation in the text is dominated by the changes of verbs becoming nouns around 71%.

Обеспечение доступности текстовых материалов в процессе обучения детей с РАС в начальной школе

<p style="text-align: justify;">Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often limited in understanding spoken and written language. To make texts accessible for children with ASD specialists use means that improve understanding of verbal or written information and make learning process more successful. The article discusses why children with ASD have difficulties in precepting and understanding textual information, for example, poor vocabulary, ignorance of words lexical meaning, misunderstanding of figurative language or hidden meaning behind words due to poor social experience. We present the main working areas to develop and improve speech understanding: improving reading skills, developing the ability to listen to an interlocutor, developing phrasal speech, forming initial grammatical representations, etc. The main text types that children encounter in the classroom are also listed, for example, instructions, rules, tasks, literary works. We also offer tools that facilitate working with texts, make them more accessible, and adapt to individual capabilities of students. We give practical recommendations that will be useful both to teachers working with students with ASD and their parents.</p>

Hyper-Graph Attention Based Federated Learning Method For Mental Health Detection.

Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatment (IDPT) has become necessary in the medical field. Deep neural networks (DNNs) require large, diverse patient populations to train models that achieve clinician-level performance. However, DNN models trained on limited datasets have poor clinical performance when used in a new location with different data. Thus, increasing the availability of diverse as well as distinct training data is vital. This study proposes a structural hypergraph as well as an emotional lexicon for word representation. An embedding model based on federated learning was developed for mental health symptom detection. The model treats text data as a collection of consecutive words. The model then learns a low-dimensional continuous vector while maintaining contextual linkage. The generated models with attention-based mechanisms as well as federated learning are then tested experimentally. Our strategy is suitable for vocabulary diversification, grammatical word representation, as well as dynamic lexicon analysis. The goal is to create semantic word representations using an attention network model. Later, clinical processes are used to mark the text by embedding it. Experimental results show the encoding of emotional words using the structural hypergraph. The 0.86 ROC was achieved using the bidirectional LSTM architecture with an attention mechanism.

American Norwegian derivational morphology in contact

Heritage languages (HLs) reliably exhibit morphological patterns prone to change and restructuring. Yet, American Norwegian appears to be remarkably stable in terms of structure, although with some surface variability. Contact patterns have nevertheless long been observed, where original English loanwords receive Norwegian inflectional morphology. Although there is robust evidence for inflectional patterns undergoing both variation and language mixing, there is less work on the outcomes of derivational processes in language contact. We investigate the impact of HL-bilingualism on American Norwegian derivational patterns. Our analysis of corpus data demonstrates a general lack of language mixing in derivations, which supports a long-standing observation in contact linguistics that this material is borrowed as whole lexical items rather than as individual morphemes. This work contributes to our understanding of the relationship between grammatical representations and contact-induced change, further demonstrating the insights into the architecture of bilingual morphosyntax that (moribund) heritage languages provide.

Предикативный синтаксис: норма и девиантность спонтанной речи (на материале бурятского языка)

Nowadays, the problem of bilingualism and polylingualism requires a more thorough and accurate study, especially in cases when one of the languages has the status of a minority language, such as the Buryat language. Interdisciplinary research into this field can help to understand not only the speech production mechanism, but also the issues of language preservation. The purpose of this paper was to, on the one hand, explicate the relationship between the interlanguage codes in the aspect of Russian influence on the position of the predicate in the spoken language of Buryat-Russian and Russian-Buryat bilinguals and, on the other hand, shed some light on the relationship between internal and external syntax. The latter constitutes the novelty of the research. As the material, the author used transcripts of spoken discourse in the Buryat language produced by Buryat and Russian bilinguals at the television shows Duunei Zam and Toli-Shuud. The research methodology included three stages: 1) theoretical substantiation of the problem; 2) description of the word order in the Buryat and Russian languages; 3) syntactic discourse analysis of the material in terms of predicate functioning. The analysis showed that the Russian free word order influences the predicate’s position in the Buryat speech of Russian-Buryat bilinguals. The results confirmed the principle of the usage-based model of grammatical knowledge representation, according to which the frequency of the use of grammatical forms and structures plays an important role in solidifying grammatical knowledge. The paper contributes to the research into deviant syntax (with a change of proposition) due to a mismatch between bilinguals’ preverbal and verbal syntax.

Hybrid Model for Named Entity Recognition

Named entity recognition is an important factor that has a direct and significant impact on the quality of neural sequence labelling. It entails choosing encoding input data to create grammatical and semantic representation vectors. The main goal of this research is to provide a hybrid neural network model for a specific sequence labelling task such as named entity recognition. Three subnetworks are used in this hybrid model to ensure that information at the character, capitalization levels, and word-level contextual representation is fully utilized. The authors used different samples for training and development sets on the CoNLL-2003 dataset to show that the model could compare its performance to that of other state-of-the-art models.

Children with hearing loss can use subject–verb agreement to predict during spoken language processing

Rapid processing of spoken language is aided by the ability to predict upcoming words using both semantic and syntactic cues. However, although children with hearing loss (HL) can predict upcoming words using semantic associations, little is known about their ability to predict using syntactic dependencies such as subject–verb (SV) agreement. This study examined whether school-aged children with hearing aids and/or cochlear implants can use SV agreement to predict upcoming nouns when processing spoken language. Although they did demonstrate prediction with plural SV agreement, they did so more slowly than their normal hearing (NH) peers. This may be due to weaker grammatical representations given that function words and grammatical inflections typically have lower perceptual salience. Thus, a better understanding of morphosyntactic representations in children with HL, and their ability to use these for prediction, sheds much-needed light on the online language processing challenges and abilities of this population.

A Comparative Study of Text Genres in English-Chinese Translation Effects Based on Deep Learning LSTM.

In recent years, neural network-based English-Chinese translation models have gradually supplanted traditional translation methods. The neural translation model primarily models the entire translation process using the “encoder-attention-decoder” structure. Simultaneously, grammar knowledge is essential for translation, as it aids in the grammatical representation of word sequences and reduces grammatical errors. The focus of this article is on two major studies on attention mechanisms and grammatical knowledge, which will be used to carry out the following two studies. Firstly, in view of the existing neural network structure to build translation model caused by long distance dependent on long-distance information lost in the delivery, leading to problems in terms of the translation effect which is not ideal, put forward a kind of embedded attention long short-term memory (LSTM) network translation model. Secondly, in view of the lack of grammatical prior knowledge in translation models, a method is proposed to integrate grammatical information into translation models as prior knowledge. Finally, the proposed model is simulated on the IWSLT2019 dataset. The results show that the proposed model has a better representation of source language context information than the existing translation model based on the standard LSTM model.