Grammatical Morphemes Research Articles

Grammatical fear morphemes in Ese Ejja

Abstract Grammatical morphemes dedicated to emotions have been little described so far, except for surprise, which may be instantiated in a mirative category. It has even been suggested that an equivalent grammatical encoding for other basic emotions does not seem to occur crosslinguistically. This paper examines three grammatical morphemes in the Amazonian language Ese Ejja (Takanan), namely the apprehensive, the avertive and the timitive, and argues that all three morphemes express fear or its milder version apprehension, i.e. an emotion triggered by an undesirable, (highly) possible event. The morphemes essentially diverge in their syntactic scope (main verb, subordinated verb, or NP), their perspective (that of the speaker or the subject), and the possible absence vs. obligatory presence of a precautionary situation, i.e. the precautions taken to avoid the (consequences of the) feared event. After describing these features in Ese Ejja, the article outlines a crosslinguistic framework for the study of these categories.

공간 관점에서 본 한국어 문법 형태소 ‘-느-’와 ‘-더-’

공간 관점에서 본 한국어 문법 형태소 ‘-느-’와 ‘-더-’

Multiverbal Predications in Noghay: An Overview of the Complex Grammatical Morphemes Developed from Verbs

Bu makale, Kıpçak Türkçesinin Güney Kıpçak alt grubunda yer alan ve günümüzde özellikle Kuzey Kafkasya’da konuşulan Türk dillerinden biri olan Nogaycadaki çokfiilli yüklemler ile fiillerden gelişmiş dilbilgisel yapıları biçim-sözdizimi özellikleri ve işlevleri yönüyle inceleyerek bütüncül bir sınıflandırma ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bir zarf-fiil (-(I)p ya da -A), ad-fiil (-MAGA) ya da sıfat-fiil (-(A)yAK) ekiyle birleşerek dilbilgisel kompleks bir morfem oluşturan fiillerin farklı alt işlevleriyle birlikte kılınış, görünüş, kiplik, proksimatif veya avertif işaretleyicisi olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Dilbilgiselleşme sürecinden geçmiş bazı fiillerin hem kendi sözlük anlamlarıyla da kullanılabilme hem de aynı zamanda farklı dilbilgisel kategorileri işaretleyebilme özelliği göz önüne alındığında, potansiyel olarak karşımıza çıkan biçimsel aynılık ve çokişlevlilik sorunu da makalede ele alınmaktadır.

Prosodic constraints on children’s use of grammatical morphemes

It has long been known that children may use a particular grammatical morpheme inconsistently at early stages of acquisition. Although this has often been thought to be evidence of incomplete syntactic representations, there is now a large body of crosslinguistic evidence showing that much of this early within-speaker variability is due to still developing phonological and/or prosodic representations. This article reviews recent research showing how a phonological approach to the emergence of grammatical morphology makes it possible to make crosslinguistic predictions about what will be acquired early and what acquired late. This is known as the Prosodic Licensing Hypothesis, providing a unified framework for understanding the course of morphosyntactic development across languages. The implications are both theoretical and methodological, suggesting that children may know more about the grammar of their language at an earlier age than is often assumed, and that this can only be revealed by taking prosodic phonology into account in designing early tests of syntactic development.

Towards the use of phonological markedness and extraprosodicity in accounting for morphological errors in Specific Language Impairment

Abstract Certain grammatical morphemes are variably produced in the speech of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Previous research tends to view this as a consequence of either a deficit in linguistic knowledge or a limitation in processing capacity; however, both approaches raise problems. For example, linguistic accounts are unable to explain why these children’s problems are mostly with production rather than comprehension. Processing accounts, on the other hand, have difficulty explaining why affected children have differing levels of problems with grammatical morphemes that are similar on the surface (e.g. English plural -s vs. third person singular -s). In this paper, a new, phonological account is proposed which avoids these problems, and better captures the wide array of data presented in the literature. It is proposed that children with SLI have problems with organizing segmental data into prosodic structures that are linguistically highly marked, in particular those that involve various forms of extraprosodicity.

Learner Recognition of Recasts and Its Relation with Language Analytic Ability and Communicative Value

ABSTRACT. Not all grammar features are equally noticeable in input. The communicative value of a linguistic feature is one of the important factors that affect perceptual salience. In addition, it is claimed that language learners’ recognition of certain grammar features in incoming input is related to their language analytic ability. However, little research has been conducted to examine the relationship between these two issues. Thus, this study explored how learners recognized recasts that targeted two grammatical morphemes (3rd person –s and locative prepositions), which have different communicative values and relationships with the learners’ language analytic ability. Thirty Korean adult learners of English and three native speakers participated in the study. Each Korean participant engaged in information gap tasks with a native speaker and received recasts on their errors including the two targeted features. The participants’ recognition was documented through stimulated recall protocols. The results showed that learners recognized recasts as correction more often when the feature had a high communicative value (prepositions) and this resulted in more recognition of where they committed errors (i.e., recognition of gaps) compared to cases where the recasts targeted the feature with low communicative value (3rd person –s). In addition, it is also revealed that learners with high analytic ability recognized recasts and gaps better than those with low analytic ability, and this was not affected by the communicative value of the language feature that the recasts targeted.

Why do children pay more attention to grammatical morphemes at the ends of sentences?

Children pay more attention to the beginnings and ends of sentences rather than the middle. In natural speech, ends of sentences are prosodically and segmentally enhanced; they are also privileged by sensory and recall advantages. We contrasted whether acoustic enhancement or sensory and recall-related advantages are necessary and sufficient for the salience of grammatical morphemes at the ends of sentences. We measured 22-month-olds' listening times to grammatical and ungrammatical sentences with third person singular -s. Crucially, by cross-splicing the speech stimuli, acoustic enhancement and sensory and recall advantages were fully crossed. Only children presented with the verb in sentence-final position, a position with sensory and recall advantages, distinguished between the grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. Thus, sensory and recall advantages alone were necessary and sufficient to make grammatical morphemes at ends of sentences salient. These general processing constraints privilege ends of sentences over middles, regardless of the acoustic enhancement.

On what projects in Vietnamese

By comparison with other areally- and typologically-related languages, the Vietnamese language disposes of a large and diverse set of (non-affixal) grammatical particles: these display interesting parallels with functional heads in familiar Western European languages. Most of these grammatical morphemes are ‘multifunctional’ in the sense that their meaning is largely—in some cases, exclusively—determined by their clausal distribution; alternatively, by their configurational relationship to other grammatical morphemes. In this paper, I document the distribution of these particles, working down the clausal spine. I also present a set of analyses of those cases where particles interact with one another, with each group considered in its own terms. Following this presentation, some broader implications of these analyses are briefly considered: it is suggested that a more satisfactory explanation of Vietnamese grammar can be found if it is assumed that grammatical meaning inheres in syntax, rather than in lexical representations.

Old Romanian pluralized mass and abstract nouns

The analysis of a rich old Romanian corpus shows that the ‘pluralization’ of mass and abstract nouns is extremely frequent in old Romanian. The semantic effects of pluralization are similar for mass and abstract nouns, consisting in the creation of denotative and/or connotative semantic variants. Of the plural endings, –uri is specialized for the pluralization of mass nouns in Daco-Romanian. The evolution of the ending –uri illustrates the specific process by which a grammatical (plural) morpheme is converted into a lexical morpheme (the so-called ‘lexical plurals’). ‘Lexical plurals’ have isolated occurrences in other Romance languages, but they have not reached the spread and regularity they display in Romanian.

Do the Hard Things First: A Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Effects of Exemplar Selection on Generalization Following Therapy for Grammatical Morphology.

Complexity-based approaches to treatment have been gaining popularity in domains such as phonology and aphasia but have not yet been tested in child morphological acquisition. In this study, we examined whether beginning treatment with easier-to-inflect (easy first) or harder-to-inflect (hard first) verbs led to greater progress in the production of regular past-tense -ed by children with developmental language disorder. Eighteen children with developmental language disorder (ages 4-10) participated in a randomized controlled trial (easy first, N = 10, hard first, N = 8). Verbs were selected on the basis of frequency, phonological complexity, and telicity (i.e., the completedness of the event). Progress was measured by the duration of therapy, number of verb lists trained to criterion, and pre/post gains in accuracy for trained and untrained verbs on structured probes. The hard-first group made greater gains in accuracy on both trained and untrained verbs but did not have fewer therapy visits or train to criterion on more verb lists than the easy-first group. Treatment fidelity, average recasts per session, and verbs learned did not differ across conditions. When targeting grammatical morphemes, it may be most efficient for clinicians to select harder rather than easier exemplars of the target.

The Grammatical Morphemes of the Gurye Dialect and Their Changed Morphemes by the Generation Difference

The Grammatical Morphemes of the Gurye Dialect and Their Changed Morphemes by the Generation Difference

초등학교 5, 6학년 학생들의 영어 문법형태소 발달 양상

Morphological competence plays an important role in extending one's vocabulary in grammatical context. This study is to explore the developmental distribution of English grammatical morphemes appearing in elementary English textbooks. To this end, the study developed grammatical morpheme recognition...

A Longitudinal Study of the Acquisition of Verbal Morphology in the EFL Classroom

This paper investigates the order of the acquisition of grammatical morphemes in the interlanguage of Croatian pupils of English as a foreign language (EFL). The order of acquisition was determined for nine grammatical morphemes. Additionally, the selected morphemes were combined to form the four verb tenses so as to determine the order of their emergence in the pupils’ verb-morphology repertoire. The study was conducted on a corpus of 36 transcribed recordings of parts of classroom interaction. The pupils’ speech production was elicited by various task-based activities. The suppliance of nine grammatical morphemes was investigated by means of obligatory occasion analysis (Brown 1973) which examined their obligatory and correct use. The obtained results revealed progress only in the acquisition of the present tense copula be. The emergence of verb tenses was partly identified due to the insufficient suppliance of grammatical morphemes in the pupils’ speech production.

The Role of Frequency in Learning Morphophonological Alternations: Implications for Children With Specific Language Impairment.

The aim of this article was to explore how the type of allomorph (e.g., past tense buzz[d] vs. nod[əd]) influences the ability to perceive and produce grammatical morphemes in children with typical development and with specific language impairment (SLI). The participants were monolingual Australian English-speaking children. The SLI group included 13 participants (mean age = 5;7 [years;months]); the control group included 19 children with typical development (mean age = 5;4). Both groups performed a grammaticality judgment and elicited production task with the same set of nonce verbs in third-person singular and past tense forms. Five-year-old children are still learning to generalize morphophonological patterns to novel verbs, and syllabic /əz/ and /əd/ allomorphs are significantly more challenging to produce, particularly for the SLI group. The greater phonetic content of these syllabic forms did not enhance perception. Acquisition of morphophonological patterns involving low-frequency allomorphs is still underway in 5-year-old children with typical development, and it is even more protracted in SLI populations, despite these patterns being highly predictable. Children with SLI will therefore benefit from targeted intervention with low-frequency allomorphs.

Reconsideration of the Group Score Method in Accuracy Order Studies of Grammatical Morphemes for Japanese EFL Learners

Reconsideration of the Group Score Method in Accuracy Order Studies of Grammatical Morphemes for Japanese EFL Learners

Acquisition of nominal morphophonological alternations in Russian

Morphophonological alternations can make target-like production of grammatical morphemes challenging due to changes in form depending on the phonological environment. This article explores the acquisition of morphophonological alternations involving the interacting patterns of vowel deletion and stress shift in Russian-speaking children (aged 4;0–7;11) using a ‘wug’ test with real and nonce words. Depending on the phonological context, participants were expected to either delete vowels (e.g. ko’mokNom,sg – kom’kaGen,sg) or preserve them (e.g. pji’lotNom,sg – pji’lotaGen,sg). The results showed that children’s sensitivity to morphophonological patterns increases with age: 4-year-olds tended to preserve underlying vowels and stress across conditions, whereas older children demonstrated growing accuracy, at least with real words. Stressed vowels were more appropriately alternated and preserved across conditions, suggesting suprasegmental effects on the acquisition of segmental alternation patterns in Russian.

Korean EFL Learners’ Development of Inflectional Morphemes

This paper examines English inflectional morpheme development among Korean EFL learners. Two groups of children, fourth graders (N=20) and sixth graders (N=19) were given both real-word sentence completion tasks and pseudoword sentence completion tasks. The task materials measuring the students’ knowledge of inflectional morpheme include six types of morphemes (plural -s, regular past -ed, 3rd person singular -s, progressive -ing, comparative -er, and superlative -est). Twenty four sentences (four sentences for each morphology) were created and children were asked to complete the sentences using a given base form of a word. The results indicated that, in learning of the regular past tense -ed, learners using L2 for communication do not seem to override EFL learners accustomed to the function of a written task, and that the grammatical morpheme, which does not exist in Korean L1, has a strong effect on the acquisition. This study concluded that Korean L1 absent morphemes seem to be difficult for Korean English learners to acquire regardless of language learning environments: namely natural language learning and classroom language learning.

Overuse of Contractible Copula in Patients with Agrammatic Aphasia

Overuse of Contractible Copula in Patients with Agrammatic Aphasia

The Specialist gramatical Morpheme in Bardarash Accent it is a comparative Research

Morpheme is one of the main Language Levels Grammar and it has significance role, in the change of Language, which is happening in All Languages around the Universal. According to the most of Linguists, Morpheme is meaningful word that has been facet the changes throughout the Human life due to those changes which happened in their Society and Culture. In this assignment, the comparative method will be use. The grammatical morpheme will be compared between three different accents in Kurds Language, which are (Hawler, Duhok and Bardaarash). Then the percentage of them will be show in the table.

Characteristics of Narrative Writing in Normal Aging: Story Grammar and Syntactic Structure

노년층은 이야기를 산출하면서 주제로부터 벗어나는 이야기를 하거나 문장구조를 단순화하기도 하며 문법 형태소의 오류를 보일 수 있다. 이야기를 말하는 능력과 글로 쓰는 능력은 서로 다를 수 있는데, 글을 쓰는 능력은 복잡한 인지과정을 필요로 하므로 노화에 더 취약할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 정상 노년층 32명과 청년층 32명을 대상으로 이야기 쓰기 능력을 살펴보았다. 과제는 전래동화( 흥부놀부 )에 대한 그림들을 보고 자유롭게 이야기를 구성하여 써보도록 하였다. 자료 분석 시에는 이야기 구성적 측면과 이야기 구문구조적 측면으로 나누어 그 특성을 확인하였다. 연구결과, 노년층은 청년층에 비하여 이야기 구성적으로는 이야기문법과 완전한 에피소드의 수가 유의하게 적었으며 주제에서 벗어난 문장을 더 많이 산출하였다. 구문구조적으로는 복문의 사용빈도는 청년층과 차이가 없었으나 관형절과 부사절 내포문의 사용이 저하되고 부적절한 결속표지를 많이 산출하였다. 이러한 결과는 노년층이 이야기 글쓰기를 할 때 주제의 유지가 저하되고 수식적으로 꾸며주는 표현의 사용이 부족하게 되면서 전체적인 글의 응집성이 저하되지만 쓰기 활동의 시각적 피드백에 도움을 받을 수 있게 되므로 긴 복문의 사용이 가능할 수 있었음을 시사한다.The elderly often produce irrelevant speech and get off-topic more easily than the young; the former also has difficulty generating fewer syntactic structures and makes errors of grammatical morphemes. In particular, the elderly might have more difficulty writing since it requires more complex cognitive processes than storytelling. The participants in this study were 32 young people and 32 older people. They were asked to write a short story of Korean fairy tale( Heungbu Nolbu ). The data was analyzed in narrative composition and syntactic structures. The study revealed the following: First, in composition aspects, the elderly group showed significantly lower total number of story grammar and episodes. In addition, the elderly produced more off topic statements. Second, in syntactic aspects, although there was no significant difference in the number of producing complex sentences between two groups, the elderly group generated more inadequate cohesive devices and used fewer relative and adverbial clauses. These findings suggest that the elderly have a tendency to perform tasks by producing more off-topic statements and shows decreasing coherence by using lower number of relative and adverbial clauses. However, this study also uncovers that the elderly were able to write more complex and longer sentences using visual feedback.