Grammatical Interpretation Research Articles

EKSISTENSI HAK MENDAHULUI NEGARA ATAS HUTANG PAJAK DEBITOR DALAM PROSES KEPAILITAN

The pre-emptive rights owned by the state for tax claims on the goods belonging to the Tax Bearer are regulated in Article 21 of Law Number 16 of 2009 concerning General Provisions and Tax Procedures (UU KUP), but legal certainty has not been realized due to several bankruptcy cases. Pre-emptive rights have not yet been implemented. The purpose of this study is to understand and analyze the existence of the State's prior rights over debtors' tax debts in the bankruptcy process, and to understand and analyze efforts to realize legal certainty over the State's prior rights related to debtor's tax debt obligations in the bankruptcy process. The legal theory used as the basis for thinking in this research is the theory of legal certainty and the theory of state precedence. The method used in this study is a normative juridical research method. The data used is secondary data, the legal materials used in this study are derived from the results of library research in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials. For the analysis of legal materials, systematic interpretation and grammatical interpretation are used. The results of the study show that the position of the state's prior rights in Article 21 of the KUP Law does not provide legal certainty. Legal certainty of the state's pre-emptive rights on tax payables can be realized by objecting to or rejecting the list of receivables by making a request for a procedure review at the time of verification or verification of the debtor's debt, or can apply for a procedure review to the Commercial Court at the District Court, and can also make cassation action if the application for procedure review is rejected at the Commercial Court level.

LEGAL CERTAINTY OF THE ROYA CONSENSUS DEED ON THE LOST MORTGAGE CERTIFICATE RELATED TO THE PLACEMENT OF THE CONFISCATION OF THE STATE RECEIVABLE AFFAIRS COMMITTEE (PUPN)

Consensus deed is a statement of the loss of mortgage certificate made by a Notary in the form of an authentic deed as an administrative order requirement for the loss of mortgage certificate related to the placement of PUPN confiscation for the purpose of recording the abolition of mortgage rights the process of registering mortgage roya at the Land Office. For this reason, the author is interested in researching, what is the legal position of the Roya Consensus Deed on the lost mortgage certificate related to the confiscation of PUPN in the Roya Mortgage process ? And how is the legal certainty of the concession agreement deed on the lost mortgage certificate related to the placement of the PUPN confiscation ? The legal theory used in this research is Gustav Radbruch's legal certainty theory and the Stufenbau Theory authority theory. The method used in this research is normative juridical research, namely library law research or secondary data with primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources. As for the research approach that is used a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, an analytical approach, a case approach and a technique for collecting legal materials is carried out by identifying and taking an inventory of positive legal rules, book literature, journals and source materials other laws. For the technique of analyzing legal materials, it is carried out with legal (interpretation) grammatical interpretation and systematic interpretation. From the results of the research obtained : the legal position of the Roya Consensus deed is only as a replacement requirement for the lost mortgage certificate related to the placement of the PUPN confiscation in the registration process of Roya Mortgage in terms of administrative order at the Land Office, so that the legal position of the Roya Consent Deed cannot be equated with a mortgage certificate which has executive power.

Context-Free Grammars for Several Triangular Arrays

In this paper, we present a unified grammatical interpretation of the numbers that satisfy a kind of four-term recurrence relation, including the Bell triangle, the coefficients of modified Hermite polynomials, and the Bessel polynomials. Additionally, as an application, a criterion for real zeros of row-generating polynomials is also presented.

THE EXISTENCE OF PASSIVE SUBJECTIVE NOVATION IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF AGREEMENTS AND WARRANTIES

Passive Subjective Novation is a replacement of the old debtor with a new debtor, and the creditor agrees that the old debtor is freed from the obligation to pay the debt. In Indonesia, Novation is regulated in the provisions of Article 1381 of the Civil Code, but in reality there is no single legal regulation that clearly explains Novation, especially Passive Subjective Novation. This legal vacuum regarding Passive Subjective Novation then causes legal uncertainty and creates problems because there are no clear references in terms of understanding, implementing regulations, and standard operating procedures (SOPs). The problems in this study are related to the existence of Passive Subjective Novation in credit agreements with mortgage rights in the legal system of agreements and guarantees, the meaning of Passive Subjective Novation in credit agreements by using mortgage guarantees on land, and the legal position of new debtors with Passive Subjective Novation so that can provide legal certainty. This research is normative juridical research using an analytical approach and a conceptual approach as well as grammatical interpretation analysis techniques, systematic interpretations and teleological interpretations to analyze primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study indicate that the existence of a novation credit agreement, especially a passive subjective novation if carried out will involve the parties who were originally involved in the previous credit agreement. The novation is carried out explicitly by using a concrete authentic deed to confirm the position of this novation in the credit agreement. Switching the debtor when the credit agreement is still halfway through, can cause problems for the bank, and the most important and first problem that arises is who will continue the credit agreement because it is impossible for the credit agreement to be released just like that.

마태복음 23:26 본문비평과 해석

In the Gospel of Matthew of the GNTSUP4/SUP/GNTSUP5/SUP, the only case where the textual critical grade D is given is 23:26. However, it is surprising that few of the commentaries on the Gospel according to Matthew deal with textual criticism of this verse in detail. B. M. Metzger, one of editors of the GNTSUP4/SUP/GNTSUP5/SUP regarded the singular genitive pronoun αὐτοῦ (of cup) as the original rather than the plural genitive pronoun αὐτῶν (of cup and bowl) which later scribes altered. He briefly explains that παροψίς (dish) of Matthew 23:25 was added to verse 26. However, Metzger provides no concrete evidence for his own claims. In this verse, there is no consensus even among the editors of GNTSUP4/SUP/GNTSUP5/SUP, so αὐτοῦ (of cup) is indicated in the text of GNTSUP4/SUP/GNTSUP5/SUP, but D is given as its critical grade. For the textual criticism of Matthew 23:26, this article first studies the external evidence that examines the support of the manuscripts. Then, the structural analysis (namely colon analysis) of Matthew 23:13-36, the textual context of 23:26, the literary style of Matthew, and the purpose of writing and the main theology of the Gospel of Matthew are explored in turn in order to analyze the internal evidence. Finally, the conclusion of textual criticism is suggested in the light of the intertexts of the Gospel of Matthew 23:26.BR Through this study of textual criticism of Matthew 23:26, it is suggested that when attempting New Testament Greek textual criticism, not only the external evidence but also the detailed internal evidence should be investigated. For internal evidence, it is suggested to comprehensively consider the structural analysis, the purpose of writing, the study of core theology, and the intertextual interpretation that have been overlooked in previous studies. This kind of study is more appropriate when the text critical grade is low. In addition, this comprehensive analysis has the advantage that it does not stop with the theoretical study of textual criticism itself, but also encompasses the grammatical interpretation of context and structure, and the theological interpretation that considers main theology. The present researcher suggests that textual criticism which stayed at the level of reconstructing the original text should be developed in the direction that can provide practical help to interpret a text.

Passive subjective novation in credit arrangement: Legal assurance and protection capability

The legal vacuum regarding Passive Subjective Novation causes legal uncertainty and creates problems because there are no clear references in terms of understanding, implementing regulations, and standard operating procedures. The purpose of this research is to find out the right arrangement related to Passive Subjective Novation so that it can provide legal certainty and protection. This research is normative juridical research using an analytical approach and a conceptual approach as well as analysis techniques of grammatical interpretation, systematic interpretation and teleological interpretation to analyze primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study indicate that there are two ways of legal protection in the passive subjective Novation case, namely preventive and repressive legal protection. Preventive legal protection can be done by making a new statutory regulation or adding provisions to existing laws and regulations regarding passive subjective novation of credit agreements by using mortgage guarantees. Meanwhile, repressive legal protection can be carried out by giving sanctions to violators of the agreement that has been made related to passive subjective novation of credit agreements by using mortgage guarantees, namely in the form of compensation, fulfillment of achievements, and a combination of compensation and fulfillment of achievements.

Urgensi Pengaturan Honorarium Notaris Untuk Kewenangan Selain Membuat Akta Autentik

This study discussed the urgency of notary honorarium arrangements and reconstruction of notary honorarium arrangements besides making an authentic deed. The study utilized normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach with grammatical interpretation analysis. The urgency of determining the notary's honorarium was related to the philosophical, juridical, economic and sociological urgency. Giving an honorarium to a notary in addition to his authority in an authentic deed was very necessary because it provided legal protection for the rights that a notary should receive for the services that had been provided. The determination of the honorarium aimed to provide legal protection and legal certainty to notaries.

민법 제197조 제2항의 “소가 제기된 때”의 의미에 관하여

Article 197, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code provides that it is presumed that a possessor of a thing possesses it with the intention to own, in good faith, in peace and in public. Paragraph 2 of the said Article provides that if a possessor in good faith is defeated in an action on the title, he/she shall be deemed to be a possessor in bad faith as from the time when such action was brought. The question here is whether “when such action was brought” thereunder means the date on which the action was filed or the date on which a duplicate of the complaint was served. Scholars without exception uphold the latter. However, it is questionable to interpret that the said provision of “when the action was brought” means the date on which a duplicate of the complaint was served, that is, the date on which the action became pending before the court, which runs against the language. In my view, it is on week ground to interpret the said provision means the date on which the action became pending before the court. Rather, based upon the principle of grammatical interpretation, it should be interpreted to mean the time when the complaint was filed with the court.

민법 제197조 제2항의 “소가 제기된 때”의 의미에 관하여

Article 197, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code provides that it is presumed that a possessor of a thing possesses it with the intention to own, in good faith, in peace and in public. Paragraph 2 of the said Article provides that if a possessor in good faith is defeated in an action on the title, he/she shall be deemed to be a possessor in bad faith as from the time when such action was brought. The question here is whether “when such action was brought” thereunder means the date on which the action was filed or the date on which a duplicate of the complaint was served. Scholars without exception uphold the latter. However, it is questionable to interpret that the said provision of “when the action was brought” means the date on which a duplicate of the complaint was served, that is, the date on which the action became pending before the court, which runs against the language. In my view, it is on week ground to interpret the said provision means the date on which the action became pending before the court. Rather, based upon the principle of grammatical interpretation, it should be interpreted to mean the time when the complaint was filed with the court.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KEBEBASAN BERPENDAPAT MELALUI MEDIA INTERNET BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NO.11 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG INFORMASI DAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK DI TINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HAM

This legal research aims to find out about the legal protection of freedom of expression through the internet as regulated in Law no. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions from the perspective of Human Rights. The problems raised in this study are (1) What are the limitations on freedom of expression through the internet according to Law No. 11 of 2008 and the Human Rights Perspective? (2) Does the protection of freedom of expression in Law No. 11 of 2008 contradict the freedom of expression in human rights? The method used in this research is the normative juridical method. Sources of data used include primary legal materials, secondary legal materials. Data collection techniques used are library research and cyber media. The data obtained is then analyzed by grammatical interpretation and systematic interpretation of the provisions contained in the ITE Law. The results of the study indicate that law no. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions cannot be said to have protected freedom of expression.

Nalar Sufistik dan Satire Nashruddin Hodja dalam Sastra Hikayat Jenaka

Abstract: This article explores the Sufistic thoughts of Nashruddin Hodja with a focus on the study of the moral and spiritual messages analyze which contained in the works of comical tales. One of humorous Sufis who implemented his Sufism work is Nashruddin Hodja. He used this approach to educate the public and criticize the unjust rulers at the time of the 13th-century Mongol invasion of Turkey. The primary source of this research is a book written by Hodja under the title The Turkish Jester or The Pleasantries of Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi: 1984. The researchers used qualitative methods analyzed using Schleiermacher's hermeneutic approach, which is grammatical interpretation and psychological interpretation. The result of this research indicates Nashruddin Hodja has Sunni Sufistic thought in terms of text and his psychology. The topics raised are human attitudes to God, individual and social ethics. Then the result can be formulated as a new approach in Sufism likes purifying the soul and fostering morals with an esoteric humorous nuance.

PHONEME DISTRIBUTION IN A TATAR TEXT: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

Along with the qualitative description of phonemes which is presented in Tatar grammars, their quantitative description is often required. Such a research should be performed on a sufficient volume of text data which would contain lexical items in their natural surroundings and reflect basic regularities of the language system. This paper analyzes the distribution of phonemes and phoneme combinations in the story by Amirkhan Yeniki “Äytelmägän vasɪyät” (“The unspoken testament”). The research material was the text converted to a phonologically relevant form. The absolute and relative frequencies (using the quantiles of the standard normal distribution) are provided for each of the 34 phonemes distinguished in the text. The approach to data normalization (z-statistics) is based on information about both the number of phonemes depending on their position (wordinitial, wordfinal or wordmedial), and the total number of occurrences of each phoneme in the text; this allows us to retain information about positional features of low frequency phonemes and to find individual tendencies for each cell in the contingency table. The deviation of the z-statistics from the quantiles of the standard normal distribution (-1.96, 1.96) indicates the character of phoneme sequences in the language. It is shown that for the absolute majority of Tatar phonemes, the z-statistics are far beyond the interval (-1.96, 1.96), with the exception of borrowed phonemes |ц| and |щ|, as well as the low-frequency phoneme |ж|, which indicates the random nature of the distribution of these phonemes in Tatar. The syntagmatic component of the phonological system, just like the inventory of phonemes, is unique for each language, so without such study the phonological description would be incomplete. That is why a special section examines Tatar phoneme sequences using the example of two and three phoneme combinations. Since there is often a gap in grammar books between the descriptions of the phonological and morphological levels, quantitative information on phonemes is complemented with grammatical interpretation; in particular, the author shows that high frequency combinations of phonemes are associated with affixes and stems, which is determined by the agglutinative structure of the Tatar language.

Legal Certainty in Settlement of Criminal Cases through Restorative Justice

This article tries to examine the core of the problem, on how legal certainty is implemented in criminal case settlement through the principle of restorative justice. This research is doctrinal legal research that uses a legal approach in addition to a conceptual approach. Meanwhile, the analysis is carried out through qualitative analysis and grammatical interpretation, as well as systematic interpretation. The systematic interpretation is carried out by interpreting laws and regulations as part of the overall system of laws and regulations by connecting them with other laws logically and systematically. This article ends with a suggestion that there is a need for uniformity in regulations regarding the settlement of criminal cases through restorative justice so that it can provide legal certainty to victims and also perpetrators of criminal acts whose cases are resolved through restorative justice.

REKONSTRUKSI PENAFSIRAN IBNU JARIR AL-THABARI (224–310 H/839–923 M) TENTANG AYAT-AYAT GENDER

This article will unravel the thoughts of a classical exegete, namely Ibn Jarir Al-Thabari ( 224–310 H/839–923 AD ) about gender verses. This article refutes some of the claims of feminists that all interpretations of exegetes in the classical era were unfriendly and somewhat negative towards women. This is a qualitative research. The approach used is to follow Amin al-Khuli's approach, namely the ma fi al-Qur'an and ma hawla al-Qur'an approach and also the Schleiermacher approach which emphasizes two important aspects in the process of text interpretation, grammatical interpretation, and psychological interpretation. The conclusion of verse 1 and verse 34 of surah an-Nisa (4) which is the object of discussion is that al-Thabari's interpretation cannot be separated from the patriarchal culture inherent in his time and smells of gender bias. This can be seen when interpreting the nafs wahidah in verse 1 of Surah an-Nisa (4). He understood it as a figure of Adam -sex male. It is different when understanding the concept of qiwamah in verse 34, his opinion is: in line with those understood by contemporary scholars, and this distinguishes him from contemporaries or even after him. He also understands this concept functionally not in a structural form. This refutes the claim among feminists, such as Asma Lambrabet, who generalized that all commentators of the classical period used the concept of qiwamah as a proposition for male superiority even though al-Thabari was different from the others. In addition, he remains faithful in placing this verse in its context, namely only in the domestic sphere, not in the public sphere. Importantly, al-Tabari's paradigm of interpretation which is faithful to history leads him to a more literal understanding of the verse. This is seen when understanding the word dharaba. He understands the meaning with a physical beating, not with metaphorical meaning, even though the beating is light, does not hurt, and does not leave an impression.

PERTIMBANGAN PEMBERIAN PENGURANGAN PAJAK BPHTB PADA PANDEMI COVID-19

Tax is an obligatory contribution of the people to the state which functions to finance all public interests, including finance development to aims for the welfare of the people. The current condition of the Covid 19 pandemic provides a responsive idea to provide taxpayers with “relief” as regulated in Governor Regulation Number 103 of 2011 concerning Granting of Deductions, Relief and Exemption of Duty on Acquiring Rights on Land and Buildings (BPHTB). Pro contra arise in relation to criteria issue for granting relief conflicting regulations with the legal concept of the phrase "economic and / or financial crisis and natural disasters", as stipulated in the provisions of Article 3 paragraph (1), (2) points a and b as well as paragraph (3). In this regard, this article will discuss several things, including: How is the provision of tax breaks in certain circumstances such as "economic and / or financial crisis and natural disasters"? From the results of the discussion, severalthings were found: (1) The argument which is alleged to be the legal reason for not granting relief is derived from the “tax debt write-off doctrine” where that doctrine has been normalized in Article 1381 of the Civil Code; (2) The provisions of Article 3 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) points a and b The phrase "economic and / or financial crises and natural disasters" regulate different customs, so that the pandemic-19 variable is not regulated in the two articles as a natural disaster. which caused theeconomic crisis, meaning that there was a lack of rules; and paragraph (3) The governor has the authority to regulate and interpret the situation. Conclusion: The absence of the meaning of the Covid-19 pandemic as a natural disaster that causes an economic crisis and / or in the BPHTB tax provisions, must be arranged to be approached with the grammatical interpretation method (denotative) seeing the meaning of the dictionary and the teleological interpretation method to provide an explanation for the interpretation of the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation on BPHTB Tax which has no official means of explanation. Recommendation: BPHTB tax discount can be given to individual / corporate taxpayers according to the time of payment during the pandemic, first 50% atthe beginning, 30% in the middle and 10% at the end of the pandemic period to ensure justice and legal certainty.

Zmiany organizacyjno-prawne przedsiębiorstwa państwowego w okresie Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej

In Poland, during the People’s Republic of Poland, the policy of central management of the economy was based on the principles of unity of state power and unity of state property. They constituted the foundation of the state sector and the state economic activity. State-owned enterprises, strongly subordinated to public administration bodies, were the leading form of economic activity. The authoritarian state controlled not only the process of enterprise creation, liquidation and supervision, but also the enterprises’ operational activities. Strong state supervision and lack of responsibility for financial results were the main reasons for their low profitability, which in turn brought about attempts to reform the legal structure of the state-owned enterprises. The aim of the article is to show the legal and organizational changes in state-owned enterprises that are to produce an increase in economic efficiency. Based on the historical-legal method and the grammatical interpretation of the law, it was shown that the reforms undertaken in the field of the organization of state-owned enterprises were not effective.

The Review of Supreme Court precedents on the interpretation method of the tax law

대법원은 대상판결에서 조세법의 해석 및 목적론적 해석의 법리에 관하여 “조세법률주의의 원칙상 조세법규의 해석은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 법문대로 해석하여야 하고 합리적 이유 없이 확장해석하거나 유추해석하는 것은 허용되지 않지만, 법규 상호 간의 해석을 통하여 그 의미를 명백히 할 필요가 있는 경우에는 조세법률주의가 지향하는 법적 안정성 및 예측가능성을 해치지 않는 범위 내에서 입법 취지 및 목적 등을 고려한 합목적적 해석을 하는 것은 불가피하다고 할 것이다.”고 설시하고 있으며, 이와 같은 판례의 태도는 지금까지 그대로 유지되고 있다. 그런데 이와 같은 대법원 판례는 다음과 같은 문제점을 안고 있다. 첫째, 엄격해석의 원칙은 문리해석방법에 우선적 순위를 부여함으로써 구체적 타당성 있는 해석을 위하여 필요한 목적론적 해석방법 등을 무력화시키고, 결과적으로는 구체적 타당성과는 괴리된 판결을 양산할 우려가 있다. 모든 조세법규의 해석은 법률문언의 언어적 의미가 법 해석의 출발점을 이루기는 하지만 문리해석방법에 그치지 않고 역사적 해석･체계적 해석 및 목적론적 해석방법이 모두 동원되어야 하며, 이 경우 각 해석방법 간에는 우열관계나 우선관계를 인정하는 것은 타당하지 않다. 둘째, 조세법규의 해석은 법문대로 엄격하게 해석하여야 하지만, 예외적으로 특별한 사정이 있는 경우, 합리적 이유가 있는 경우 또는 법규 상호 간의 해석을 통하여 그 의미를 명백히 할 필요가 있는 경우에 한하여, 그리고 법적 안정성과 예측가능성을 해치지 않는 범위 또는 법문의 가능한 의미 안에서 목적론적 해석을 한다고 판시하고 있다. 조세법의 해석에 있어서 목적론적 해석이 필요한 경우와 그 한계에 관하여 불확정적이고 의미가 명확하지 않은 추상적인 문언으로 일관할 것이 아니라 좀 더 구체적이고 실질적인 기준을 제시하는 것이 바람직하다고 하겠다. 그리고 확립된 기준에 따라 조세법을 일관성 있게 해석함으로써 납세자의 예측가능성을 확보하는 데에 좀 더 노력을 기울일 필요가 있다. 셋째, 조세법의 해석이 어려운 이유 중의 하나로서 입법자의 정교하지 못한 입법을 들 수 있다. 입법상의 흠결이나 오류 등은 그렇지 않아도 어려운 조세법의 해석을 더욱 어렵게 하며, 납세자의 법적 안정성과 예측가능성을 침해할 뿐만 아니라 쟁송의 증가를 가져오는 요인이 됨으로써 행정력의 낭비와 납세협력비용을 증가시키는 요인이 되고 있다. 조세법상 어떤 제도를 도입하거나 개선하기 위하여 새로운 규정을 신설하거나 종전의 규정을 개정하는 경우에는 사전에 충분한 연구와 준비가 필요하고, 조문작업에도 전문가의 자문을 거치는 등 더욱 세심한 배려가 필요하다고 하겠다.Regarding the legal principles of the interpretation of the tax law and the objective interpretation, the Supreme Court said in the ruling concerned, “As a matter of the principle of no taxation without the law, the provisions of the tax law shall be interpreted based on the text unless special circum- stances exist and shall not be interpreted expansively or by analogy without any rational grounds, but if it is necessary to clarify its meaning through mutual interpretation of the provisions of the tax law, it is inevitable to interpret them objectively taking into account the legislative intent and purpose, etc. to the extent of not harming the legal stability and predicta- bility that the principle of no taxation without the law pursues, and the Court has so far maintained such an attitude in its cases. However, such cases have the following problems. First, the doctrine of strict interpretation may produce rulings that are separated from the specific validity by neutralizing the objective interpretation, etc. necessary for securing specific validity by giving priority to the gram- matical interpretation method. Although the linguistic meaning of all the provisions of the tax law is the starting point for interpretation, the historical, the systematic and the objective interpretation methods should be employed as well as the grammatical interpretation, and it is not reasonable to acknow- ledge superior or preferential relations between each interpretation method. Second, the Court judges that the provisions of the tax law shall be strictly interpreted in accordance with the text, but the objective interpretation is allowed only if there is a special circumstance, a rational ground, or a need to clarify its meaning through mutual interpretation of the law, and to the extent that it does not harm the legal stability and predictability that the principle of no taxation without the law pursues. It would be desirable to present more specific and practical standards rather than insisting on abstract texts that are indefinite and unclear in meaning regarding when the objective interpretation of the tax law is needed and its limitation. And more efforts need to be made to ensure the predictability of taxpayers by consistently interpreting the tax law according to established criteria.

Silapathikaram quotes in grammatical text

Epics has been created in various languages such as Greek, Latin, Persian and Tamil in the world. Even in Tolkappiyam, there is no reference the existence of epics in Tamil. Dandiyalankara is the first script recorded about epics in Tamil. Silappathikaram is the first epic to appear in Tamil literature. This epic and Tolkappiyam were appeared during Sangam literature followed by AD Appeared in the second century. The author of this epic is Ilangovadi. He is the son of Cheramannan Neduncheralathan and the brother of Cheran Senkuttuvan. Silappathikaram is one of the greatest epics that appeared in the Tamil language. It is no exaggeration to say that as the epics were developed next to vintage literature appeared. Grammar rules are composed and written by Vaithiyanatha Desikar in the AD seventeenth century. He has used quotations from various grammatical texts in the context of the text with rich evidence for the text. He has used these quotations to clarify grammatical explanatory threads, for further explanation and for textual concentration. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how grammatical lyricism supports grammatical interpretation.

ІНФІНІТИВИ У ФУНКЦІЇ ВТОРИННОГО ПРЕДИКАТА У ТЕКСТІ БІОГРАФІЇ АРТАКСЕРКСА ПЛУТАРХА: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ У ПЕРЕКЛАДІ НОВОГРЕЦЬКОЮ МОВОЮ

In the article, infi nitives in the function of the secondary predicate, in particular, in the syntactic constructions Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo and in subordinate clauses with the conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν in the text of the biography of Artaxerxes by Plutarch are considered. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the descriptive method (for inventory, classifi cation and grammatical interpretation of infi nitives) and comparative analysis (for identifi cation of grammatical transformations of the ancient Greek infi nitive in New Greek translation and for assessment of their compliance with the original forms) were used. Elements of quantitative analysis have also been involved (to determine the main transformational means of translating infi nitives). The analysis has shown that the infi nitive as an non-fi nite form of the verb is rendered as a fi nite one, the most typical variant of translating the infi nitive in the construction Accusativus cum infi nitivo, in subordinate temporal clauses with the conjunction πρίν, and in the majority of clauses of result with the conjunction ώστε being conditional mood with the particle να (60 %). Infi nitives in the construction Nominativus cum infi nitivо and partly in subordinate clauses with the conjunction ώστε are usually translated by indicatives (35 %); in some cases the infi nitive is reproduced by descriptive expressions (5 %). Grammatical transformations are combined with lexical ones. In the translation, the same verb (15 %) as in Old Greek can be used, or it can be replaced by a synonymous verb (85 %) of New Greek due to the limited use of the corresponding Old Greek words in New Greek or their disappearance. Therefore, the absence of infi nitives in New Greek is represented in translation by other means and techniques, which have an equivalent semantic load and can adequately reproduce the meaning of a sentence with an infi nitive construction, and thus to render Plutarch’s literary passion for multifaceted action and information capacity of the text. Key words: Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo, subordinate clauses with conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν, translation, conditional mood with particle να, indicative mood, descriptive expression.

Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Terhadap Tindakan Malpraktik Tenaga Medis di Rumah Sakit

This article aims to find out the legal arrangements and liability related to malpractice acts in hospitals. The liability for criminal acts of malpractice is currently an important spotlight because the legal rules governing it are still vague. This is because the qualifications of malpractice acts are not clearly stated in the legal rules. These malpractice acts cannot be seen solely from a scientific point of view, but from a legal perspective too. Malpractice acts contain criminal and civil elements, this should be considered so that each party does not give their interpretations according to their respective knowledges. The research method used in this study is normative juridical by applying library research and conceptual approaches which will then be analyzed using Wetsen Rechtshitorische Interpretatie, grammatical interpretation, and systematic interpretation. Since the independence time until now, Indonesia has experienced three times of the Health Law enactment. The regulations related to medical malpractice in the Health Law state that, in the event that health workers are suspected of negligence in carrying out their profession, the negligence must be resolved first through mediation.