Grammatical Features Research Articles

Colonizing the past? Antiquarian translation revisited

This study seeks a comprehensive dialogue between the adherents of archaizing translation, its opponents, and those in the middle. It revisits archaism as a literary strategy, comparing the practice with archaizing translation as a translation strategy, and surveying its grammatical and syntactic features. Why have contemporary archaizing translations been held to be failed, and why—less often--have they been championed? Three main positions--the theoretical defenses, compromises such as Robinson's 'strange loop', and excoriations of the practice--are chronicled. I attend to each side’s (sometimes faulty) assumptions. Is translational pastness but patina, pastiche, and appropriation, or a revitalization?

The linguistic stylistic analysis of yetunde akorede's, the threaded beads

The “Threaded Bead” explores the societal perception of a career woman. This paper, therefore undertakes a linguistic stylistic analysis of the text with the aim of establishing its style in addition to interpreting its meaning. The method used is descriptive and analytical. The work appraises linguistic features such as: the grammatical, graphological, phonological and lexicon semantic features embedded in the text. In doing so, it explores themes such as: loose moral life, career woman, cultural alienation, female exploitation, marriage failures. The study concludes that modern feminist writers like Akorede use appropriate stylistic techniques to explore the role and perception of educated women in a typical African patriarchal society.

Ossetic verbal paradigms in a cross-linguistic perspective

The article discusses Ossetic verbal paradigms. Ossetic data is compared with the data of other New Iranian languages (both East and West Iranian). The study is based on the synchronic approach. Ossetic verb has a number of features atypical of other New Iranian languages — in particular, morphological Future, Impersonal, morphological transitivity, and special forms for the third person Imperative. The person-number endings play a key role in the formation of the tense and mood forms in Ossetic. On the contrary, in other New Iranian languages, verbal roots or special affixes perform the main function in the building of tense and mood forms, while the person-number endings rarely convey any other meanings besides person and number. Ossetic lacks some of the categories and grammatical features typical of New Iranian languages (Perfect and Pluperfect, aspectual forms, analytical or complex forms). This study contributes not only to the grammar of Ossetic, but also to the typology of verbal categories of New Iranian languages.

Принципы нормативности и историзма в русской академической лексикографии: еще раз о типе большого толкового словаря

The article is dedicated to the problem of correlation between the two essential principles of explanatory lexicography in the conceptual design of the Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (hereinafter the Dictionary): these are the principles of normativity and historicism. Within the scope of the Russian academic lexicography, the problem in question has not been well-developed in relation to an explanatory dictionary of the great type. In the 20th-21st centuries, the type of a fundamental multi-volume academic dictionary of the Russian language was embodied in three editions: today, the third one (in 35 volumes) is being prepared. The Dictionary proposes a comprehensive lexicographic evidence of the Russian literary vocabulary and, therefore, is often referred to as the biggest achievement of the Russian lexicography. For all its undeniable advantages, the Dictionary combines two contradictory principles: the principle of historicism (reflecting the Russian literary language “from Pushkin to our time”) and the principle of normativity (codifying the current standard language). To a great extent, the combination of these two principles has emerged occasionally, which was determined by the following factors: first, the lack of research in the dictionary typology, in the theory of standard language, in the problems of synchronic and diachronic lexicography, which was typical of the early 20th-century Russian linguistics; and, second, a very close relationship of the Dictionary with the previous imperfect lexicographic projects. The combination of the two principles results in two contradictions: the typological one, making it hard to constitute the exact dictionary type, and the methodological one, which does not contribute to a proper implementation of various lexicographic techniques and approaches. The typological contradiction is considered with respect to the definitions of basic notions, to their correlation in the concepts of academic dictionaries, and to the historical reasons that determined the emergence of the abovementioned lexicographic conflict in the late 1930s when the Dictionary workflow was launched. The methodological contradiction is due to the co-existence of the two basic principles in the current Dictionary (the third one). In a single entry, the description of modern semantic, stylistic, and grammatical features of the word as well as the specifics of its use in the contemporary language is often combined with the description of features that were typical of this word in the 19th-early 20th centuries. In the article, based on the description of obsolete vocabulary and interpretation of the word semantic structure, the authors study the lexicographic areas where the conflict of normativity and historicism leads to inconsistencies that may hardly be worked through. The statement and brief analysis of the problem is the first step toward the development of a non-contradictory concept of the following-now definitely electronic-Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Онімний простір українських компаративних паремій (на матеріалі збірки Матвія Номиса “Українські приказки, прислів’я і таке інше”)

Background. In today’s dynamic world, Ukrainians, like other peoples, are trying to preserve their national identity. Studying the peculiarities of the linguistic world of our ancestors becomes a primary task in modern linguistics, because language is a kind of mediator that ensures continuous communication between different generations. For many of us, it is important to feel the persistence of language and cultural traditions. The paremic subsystem of the Ukrainian language is the most interesting and the most eloquent. The study of paremias not only makes it possible to delve into the depths of the ages and trace the purely lexical or grammatical features of the language at a certain synchronous section, but also to try to reproduce important fragments of the linguistic picture of the world of our ancestors, which will help to understand their way of thinking. The purpose of this study is to find out the peculiarities of the organization of the onymic space of comparative paremias, attested in the collection of M. Nomys “Ukrainian proverbs, sayings, and the like” (1864), to determine the role of precedent onyms, which are important components of comparative proverbs and sayings, in the linguistic picture of the world of Ukrainians of the 19th century. Methods. The comparative and qualitative methods were applied. Results. During the study, the structure of the onymic space was characterized, its components – onymic fields (anthroponymic, toponymic, as well as ethnonymic) were distinguished and analyzed. It was found that the anthroponymic field is quite informative and bright, which most often includes units with such anthroponyms and their derivatives: Настя, Сидір, Хведько, Семен, etc. In addition, comparative paremias with precedent onyms (Гоне, як вітрів батько; Побілів, як Пилат) are considered and characterized. The onymic components of these units have a wide cultural and historical context, and are also powerful linguistic and ethnocultural codes of the Ukrainian people. The field of toponyms is valuable for the study of socio-historical realities. Proverbs and sayings often include the following toponyms and their derivatives: Очаків, Переяслав, Поділля, Полісся, etc. It is not surprising that the ethnonymic field is the largest. The collection of M. Nomys contains proverbs and sayings, which include the following ethnonyms: жид, циган, москаль, русин, швед, татарин, etc. The conducted study of the onymic space of Ukrainian comparative paremias made it possible to characterize the system of views and value orientations of our ancestors, to reconstruct the fragments of the linguistic and conceptual pictures of the world of Ukrainians of the 19th century, which are partly lost today.

Метафизика языковой реальности: к постановке проблемы

The relevance of the present research is determined by the ambiguity of understanding the issue of “one's own-another's” in relation to the boundaries of the world defined by the native language. Suppose that “any language can be learned in such a way” that we will not need translation and will be able to “think in this language” [7, p. 448]. However, will it be the same as in Russian? Is it possible to master a foreign language by making it your own? The paper suggests looking at the “wars of languages” as the idea of Noomachia (deep “war of minds”) and tries to find its traces. The author discovers the grammatical features of the Russian and English languages and interprets them as their own logos structures of languages. They manifest themselves in syntax (chaos vs order), in the way a person speaks the world (statement vs sentence), in the difference between the philosophical limit of possessiveness (“linguistic property vs obedience”) and “grammatical centers” (verb vs noun). They express ontological and philosophical-anthropological and socio-cultural aspects of mental linguistic differences and metaphysically conflicting combinations of Logos of Noomachia. Russian is dominated by Dionysian and Apollonian, in English — Apollonian and Cybelic, which is reflected in the psycho-emotional constitution of Russians and Englishmen and cultural and linguistic norms. English is the “language of time”, Russian is the “language of space”. Russian language and mentality are qualitative, English is quantitative. Language “carries” some, others are its “carriers”. English reduces being to existing material things, Russian — breaks through to the being. The scale of these differences is so great that it allows their interpretation in terms of the speculative hypothesis of Noomachia in relation to the sphere of language.

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІЄСЛІВ КЛАСИЧНОЇ ЯПОНСЬКОЇ МОВИ БУНҐО

Background. Classical bungo Japanese and modern Japanese languages have a number of differences that make it difficult, and in some cases impossible, for an untrained reader to understand a text written in the bungo style, even if the reader has a high level of modern Japanese. This makes it necessary to first familiarize yourself with the grammatical features of the classical Japanese language. Verbs in bungo texts are the most difficult element due to their grammatical differences with modern Japanese, which makes them the object of this study. Methods. The following methods were used: comparative – for comparing verbs in modern Japanese and classical; descriptive – for the description of conjugation rules and functions of auxiliary verbs. Results. The rules of conjugation of verbs in the classical Japanese language were formulated according to the bases of the verbs, examples are given in the form of tables. Examples of verbs in modern and classical Japanese are given, which refer to different conjugations, which complicates the perception of classical texts. After the analysis of literary works written in bungo style, the most common auxiliary verbs (suffixes) are singled out and the features of their use are outlined. The following suffixes have been highlighted: ～ず、～き、～けり、～ぬ、 ～つ、～たり、～り、～む、～けむ、～らむ、～らし、～まし、～べし、～めり、～なり. Such auxiliary verbs as ～ず、～たり、～べし, etc. exist in the modern Japanese language as well, but perform a narrower range of functions. Conclusions. Given the leading role of the verb in the system of the classical Japanese language bungo, the article only provides the list of the main verb suffixes and their functions, therefore, in further research, it is necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of less common verb suffixes, as well as grammatical features of other parts of the language. This will contribute to a deeper and more systematic understanding of bungo texts.

Changes in the codification of endings of conjugated words in the “Ukrainian оrthography” of 2019

In this article the main changes in the morphological norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language fixed in the part “Orthography of endings of conjugated words” of “Ukrainian orthography” of 2019 are distinguished and characterized. Depending on the degree of importance of these changes, we divide them into directly changes — new rules that were not in the previous edition “Ukrainian orthography” of 1993, and corrections — clarification, reformulation of the content of the rules present in the previous version of the orthography code, expansion of illustrative material, etc. The relationship between the morphological changes and corrections proposed in the “Ukrainian orthography” of 2019 with the norms of the “Ukrainian orthography” of 1928 is established. It was clarified that the introduction of changes to the “Ukrainian orthography” of 2019 is not an archaizing of the Ukrainian language, but the return of nationally marked grammatical features, which are based on its historically formed features of development, however as a result of extra-linguistic, mainly ideological, factors during the totalitarian era were forced out to the periphery or and quite removed from everyday life for to bring Ukrainian orthography closer to Russian. We also focused attention on those morphological problems that were not resolved edition of “Ukrainian orthography” in the 2019. Corrected and detailed rules for the use of case endings of nouns are proposed. Keywords: morphological norm, noun, case, ending, “Ukrainian orthography”, language practice.

КОГНИТИВНО-ДИСКУРСИВНЫЕ ПАТТЕРНЫ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ДЕТЕЙ И РОДИТЕЛЕЙ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ФИНАНСОВОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ В КНР (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НОВОГОДНИХ РАСПИСОК)

The New Year's Receipt is one of the modern discursive practices in the Chinese linguoculture, through which parent forms a financially literate child's personality. The article provides a comprehensive study of cognitive-discursive patterns «child – parent» interaction, the functioning of linguistic means in the process of text formation. The empirical material analysis has shown that the main lexical and grammatical features include legal terms, cultural names, localities, collateral service unions and bundles, digital registry, temporary constructions.

《黄金史》语言后置词的语法特点

《黄金史》语言后置词的语法特点

Research on Extraction Method of Financial Knowledge Based on How Net

Abstract In order to obtain the knowledge information of financial texts more efficiently and make the extracted information such as entity relation attribute more accurate, this paper studies the grammatical features of financial news texts and the semantic features of How Net, and puts forward the scheme of financial information extraction based on How Net. First, the phrase matching is carried out in the dictionary. Then the neural network is used for weighting, BiLSTM is used for character vector feature enhancement training, and then conditional random field (CRF) is used to complete named entity recognition, and then the relationship extraction of entity pairs from the dependency syntax is carried out to complete the research on the construction method of knowledge extraction of text in the financial field. The experimental results show that this model is superior to the other three models in entity recognition, and the overall performance is improved by about 1.2%. In relation extraction, the accuracy and recall rate of the model algorithm adopted in this paper are improved by 5% and 1.5% respectively, which shows that the improvement of the algorithm is effective.

Morphological Adaptation of the Latest Borrowings in the Russian Language System: System-Grammatical Aspect

The article studies the morphological assimilation of new foreign words, mainly nouns, which entered the Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century, and consistently implements a systematic grammatical approach. 384 borrowed words are analysed. Systemic grammatical characteristics are determined: part-of-speech attribution of borrowed vocabulary, implementation of categories of gender and number. It has been established that the development of the latest anglicisms is the result of the systemic mechanisms of the grammar of the Russian language.

Genre-Based Approach and Digital Flashcard: Enhancing Pre-service English Teacher Students’ Speaking Capability

In 2020, the Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia published the newest curriculum, Kurikulum Merdeka, which demands EFL teachers implement a genre-based approach during teaching and learning. In response to this call, this research aimed to investigate the implementation of a genre-based approach to enhance EFL pre-service English teacher students’ speaking ability. This research employed classroom action research to investigate whether the approach could improve students’ speaking ability. This research was conducted at STKIP Al Hikmah Surabaya, and the participants of the research were selected through purposive sampling. In order to answer the research questions, the researcher used a post-test, an interview, a questionnaire, and an observation as data collection techniques. Furthermore, the interactive data analysis model proposed by Miles and Huberman was implemented to analyze the data. The study concluded that the genre-based approach can improve EFL pre-service English teacher students' capability in speaking. The pre-service English teacher students’ significant enhancement in their speaking capability is exhibited by the generic structure of the descriptive text, such as the social function, the organization, and grammatical features. All informants could fulfill relatively all parts, which is fundamental to composing a descriptive text.

Difficult cases of using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe- with indefinite meaning among the Iranian audience

This article is dedicated to examining the difficult cases of the transmission of the indefinite meaning with the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with the affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe- among Iranian audiences. The indefinite pronouns and adverbs are a group of words with a specific meaning and usage that express the category of indefiniteness. This topic is important because among the Iranian students learning Russian the use of indefinite pronouns and adverbs with these affixes is a most difficult problem. It is not due to the grammatical features of the pronouns and adverbs mentioned, but due to their dependence on semantic subtleties and the insufficient number of theoretical works analysing the errors made by foreign, including Iranian, students when using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with the mentioned affixes. The first problem that Iranian students face is the use of the indefinite pronouns and adverbs in the Russian language when in Persian their formal indicator is the indefinite article. The purpose of this article is to study the complicated cases of using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe- with indefinite meaning in the Iranian class and to consider how this group of the indefinite pronouns and adverbs is used in speech and text. The novelty of this article is in the fact that for the first time in the Russian studies of Iran, the difficult cases that Iranian students often encounter when using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe-, are analyzed and specified. In addition, principles have been developed to optimize the teaching process of this category of pronouns and adverbs among Iranian students. The results of the article can be used to eliminate the mistakes of Iranian students of Russian when using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with the affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe- with the indefinite meaning, as well as to improve teaching Russian as a foreign language in the Iranian audience.

Lexico-Grammatical Analysis of Translated Japanese Immigration Law

Legal language is a specialized language. However, it is not universal, although its uniqueness and specialty in every legal language are ubiquitous. The lexical and grammatical aspects of legal texts have not been the subject of much attention as there is an evident dearth of research on this aspect of the legal language. The present study is, therefore, the first study that has looked at lexical and grammatical features of the Japanese immigration law, which has been translated into English. The sum of 70,000 words in selected immigration acts, which were translated from 2020 to 2021, was used as data set in the present study. The result reveals that lengthy sentences and nominalized sentences along with verb discontinuities were prevalent in the present study. An interesting finding in the present study is the existence of fewer binominal and multinominal phrases, which contradicts the results from previous studies. The robust phenomenon of plain English movement may play a role in less frequent occurrences of multinominal phrases in the present study. This study provides some future pedagogical implications for legal texts that have been translated.

ЗэраIуатэ тешэр къэбэрдей-шэрджэсыбзэм зэрыхэтыр

The article presents a detailed analysis of the indicative mood in the Kabardino-Circassian lan-guage. In the study's course, a comparative-historical method was used with the involvement of the language material of the closely related Adyghe language. The study was carried out based on the author’s monographic work “Semantic and grammat-ical characteristics of the mood category in the Kabardian-Circassian language”, where the indica-tive expressing indicative semantics is characterized, considering such universal categories as modality and temporality. In the list of indirect moods, the indicative mood is distinguished by the greatest completeness of the system of word-change forms and expresses the reality of the action in all tense forms. The methods used in the work are based on the tradition of synchronous description, as well as on the theoretical understanding of the category of mood and modality in the works of re-searchers working in Iberian-Caucasian linguistics. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the indicative in tandem with the cat-egory of time with the definition of morphological indicators. It is concluded that besides the main modality inherent in these forms out of context, Kabardian-Circassian verbs in the indicative mood can have various modal shades that characterize the action from the point of view of its re-lation to reality. An important innovation of the article is the use of a new national linguistic terminology developed by Doctor of Philology B.Ch. Bizhoev.

Linguistic and Cultural Differences Influencing Thai to English Translation: On the Qualitative Data Suggesting Techniques Employed by Third Year Students, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Thailand

Linguistic and cultural differences between Thai and English underlie expected errors through both formal and informal observations of language productions in the Thai context. In a Thai-to-English translation task by 138 participants, contrastive analysis is used to analyze the structural similarities and differences between the source language and the target language together with error analysis and interlanguage theories (Spolsky, 1979; Lennon, 2008; Gass & Selinker, 2008; Kantè, 2014; Kantè, 2015) attempting to investigate the interlanguage system of the participants while dealing with the task in hand. With the use of formal cooperative learning groups under the Cooperative Language Learning method (Richards & Rodgers, 2001: 192-201) outside of the classroom for data collection, this 7-week long group work project of short story translation was assigned to third year students to see types of errors produced. The qualitative data indicate sources of L2 productions including direct translation, a lack of knowledge on grammatical features of lexical choices, overgeneralization of and innovations in culture-specific items, and rare exposure to target choices. The findings further suggest that the participants were prone to rely heavily on online translation machines or software and either online or printed dictionaries where all possible choices are provided without looking more carefully at which choices are appropriate for a certain context. In addition, for a task outside of the classroom in the digital age with easy online accessibility and distant teachers’ supervision, the ethical issue on plagiarism is to be intensively emphasized.

TECHNOLOGY AND PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATIC LINGUOANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF WORDS

The article discusses the technology of the morphological analyzer, which implements the program of morphological markup in the National corpus of the Kazakh language. The introduction of morphological markup is the most basic and important linguistic analysis of the National Corpus. It is also considered how language units in the intermediate layer are differentiated in the dictionary of basic words and the dictionary of grammatical forms (word forms) that we are developing. It is difficult for a computer to automatically divide words into roots and affixes and describe the relation of words to parts of speech and grammatical characteristics of affixes. However, in agglutinative languages, such as Kazakh, it is easier to automatically separate words and automatically analyze the composition of words than in inflectional languages. This is due to the fact that in agglutinative languages affixes are added in a certain system. The formal model of word forms is more understandable. The article discusses some difficulties of automatic parsing and analysis of words in the Kazakh language. The article also discusses problematic issues of functional affixes in the modeling of the morphological system of the Kazakh language, as well as issues related to categories and conditionally accepted codes included in the grammatical dictionary.

МОВОЗНАВЧІ ПОГЛЯДИ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА НА ПОНЯТТЯ «ПОРЯДОК СЛІВ» КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ФОРМАЛЬНО-ГРАМАТИЧНОЇ ТА КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ

The article grounds the relevance of the regularities of the construction of sentence structure in accordance with the peculiarities of word order with the help of intonation, the speaker’s communicative intent, and the grammatical laws of the Ukrainian language. The main attention is focused on the fact that the interpretation of the sen-tence order of the Ukrainian language as fl uent seems to be incorrect. It is ap-propriate to use the concept of «direct word order» and «indirect word order» (inverse word order»). The origins of the formation and development of the outlined concepts date back to the birth of the formal-grammatical paradigm of language research (Ivan Ohiienko’s reasoning), which later received a broader interpretation in the communicative paradigm (the modern stage of the develop-ment of the Ukrainian language).The following conceptual provisions regarding the given issue are high-lighted in Ivan Ohiienko’s linguistic legacy: all syntactic components of a sen-tence are assigned a certain place in a sentence, the position of sentence compo-nents is caused by the intonation of the speaker and the grammatical laws of the Ukrainian language, inversion is a stylistic aspect of using an unusual word or-der. In addition, the linguist points out such grammatical categories and concepts as valence («words are paired»), semantic approach («the meaning of a word in a sentence»), the identifi cation of grammatical features of the Ukrainian language (the change in the semantic and syntactic meaning of a word according to its place in a sentence). All these testify to the linguistic talent of Ivan Ohiienko and the fact that the linguist was ahead of his time.The linguist pointed out the melodiousness of the Ukrainian language. In the linguist’s opinion, inversion is ordinary and unusual. Ivan Ohiienko believes that ordinary inversion is used only in artistic speech, while unusual inversion should be eradicated from speech. The linguist proved the limited possibilities of a logical approach to the analysis of syntactic units, and thus substantiated the formal-grammatical paradigm

Stylistic features of the Chinese-language artistic and scientific Internet discourse

The article examines stylistic features of Chinese-language fiction and scientific Internet discourse. It considers the concept of "internet discourse", as well as the concepts of "fiction discourse" and "scientific discourse", gives an explanation of certain lexical and grammatical features of the Chinese language. Their manifestation in the considered types of Internet discourse is analyzed. It is noted that the vocabulary of fiction Internet discourse tends to simplification, abbreviations, the use of idioms and catchphrases for greater concentration of information. The authors also use onomatopoeia to imitate the sounds of the surrounding reality by phonetic means of speech. It is shown on examples how, in contrast to popular science texts, the authors of fiction works use reduplication much more often, thereby creating a language more favorable for communication. It is explained why there are quite a lot of slang words in the artistic works of online discourses, which decorate and distinguish the work of the authors. This phenomenon reflects the existence of many dialects and changes in the language, the use of slang words depends on the origin of the author, as well as the emotional color that the author wants to reproduce. The use of linguistic stylistic means is highlighted on the examples of popular scientific and fiction texts. The lexical and grammatical means of expressiveness of the Chinese language of the texts published on the Internet are analyzed. It is indicated that an important feature of Internet works is the use of emoticons and various signs in the texts (smiley of tears, emoticon of shyness, etc.). The functioning of linguistic and stylistic means in the scientific and artistic type of Internet discourse is shown in the comparison. At the grammatical level, fiction and popular science texts are almost the same, there is the use of exclamation points for greater unity between the author and the reader, but in popular science texts they are more restrained and occur only when the author quotes his clients. There is a significant difference between popular science text and fiction. It is noted that the authors of the fiction discourse try to have more contact with the readers, conditionally involve them in the creation of the finale of the fiction work.