Grammatical Evidence Research Articles

Grammatical Evidence for the Present Tense in Sahih Al-Bukhari (a descriptive and analytical study)

Grammatical Evidence for the Present Tense in Sahih Al-Bukhari (a descriptive and analytical study)

Evidentiality, discourse prominence and grammaticalization

Abstract This paper seeks to answer three questions: (1) What is the difference between grammatical and lexical indications of information source? (2) What qualifies an element for grammaticalization as an evidential? (3) How can we identify grammatical evidentials and instances of evidential grammaticalization? The answers proposed are as follows: (1) The difference between grammatical and lexical indications of information source is a difference between indications conventionalized as discourse secondary and indications conventionalized as potentially discourse primary. (2) A candidate for grammaticalization as an evidential must (i) have propositional scope, (ii) belong in the conceptual domain of information source, (iii) be frequent enough to pass the threshold for conventionalization, and (iv) be discourse secondary, but not by convention. (3) Grammatical evidentials and instances of evidential grammaticalization can be identified based on focusablity, addressability and modifiability.

Context and its Role in Explaining The Significance of Structure

For the context of both types of language with its potential within the context of the text and the current context, with its multiple capabilities that determine its significance, including the speaker's intention or habit of speaking, or his form, his shape, features, signs, and gestures, all of which are elements of the context of the situation. All these elements, all of which are elements of the context of the situation, in addition to the elements of the linguistic context, are of great importance in demonstrating the significance of the structures by structures here I mean (the plural of the structure) of sentences or sentence as a full-fledged construct. If this is determined, can the semantics of some structures indicate a certain meaning, while the context indicates linguistically, currently, or both, that this structure has another meaning or connotation other than this semantics, Can the significance of a sentence with a single syntactic form differ as it moves its text from one context to another? These are two important things that these lines of this research will examine, explaining before that what the linguistic context and the current context are. This research will follow the descriptive approach and the analytical method. The research came in a preamble and two sections followed by a conclusion including the results of the research. The research included several results, including: To uncover the meaning, it is necessary to know the speaker's intention through the various indicators, because the significance of words is not inherent in themselves, but is dependent on the speaker's purpose and will. The text alone does not indicate the meaning, but it is necessary to discern other evidence that represents what we call the speech context with its different elements. This context includes studying the speaker's personality and the circumstances of the speech. The research included a number of Recommendations, including: 1- Readers, critics, and researchers should rely, in their reading, studies, and interpretation of the text, in poetry or prose, on everything that can be relied upon in reading the text, including what we call the verbal stance with its various elements. This stance includes a study of the personality of the speaker and the circumstances of speech. Relying in reading and interpreting the text on the presumption of the context as it is the major grammatical evidence, and studying the text based on that, a study that reveals the meanings within it. The first section was entitled: the concept of context and its types, and the second section was entitled: the linguistic and current context and their role in the statement of the significance of the compositions, and then comes the conclusion including the results of the research.

Use of the Quranic Texts in the Footnotes Authors of Sibawayh's Kitab

This study deals with the use of Qur'anic Arabic grammar by the authors of the Hawashi Sibawayh book. The Qur'anic concepts of grammar are the basis for the origin of the Arabic language and play a pivotal role in verifying and documenting it. The Holy Quran is the closest linguistic text in the Arabic language, hence, the main reason for the emergence of grammatical studies. It is feared by Muslim scholars that the wrong pronunciation of Qur'anic verses can lead to a critical misinterpretation of Qur'anic concepts and change the judgments derived from them. Therefore, scholars have now turned to studying the language, narrating the poems, and classifying the linguistic material in the Holy Qur'an and adjusting its texts and correcting its readings. In this study, we try to highlight the use of the Qur'anic grammar by the first scholars and indicate their interest in employing it. It was found that the authors of the Hawashi Sibawayh employ a large number of Qur'anic verses to prove the grammatical rules and sometimes cite poetic evidence and then document it. They have adopted the division of the Sibawayh, so they do not deviate from its classifications, however, some authors of the book disagree with Sibawayh in the permissibility of kindness in conjunction with two factors, and employed the Qur'anic evidence to show the frequent omission of the verb of saying in the Holy Qur'an. The study also proves that Abu Bakr al-Sarraj authorized the distinction to be one or plural, as the distinctive was not a number. Abu Ali al-Farsi employed Qur'anic evidence to prove the validity of Sibawayh's argument that (or), be in the sense of (and). This research is an important study as it highlights the use of Qur'anic grammatical evidence in the books of leading Arabic scholars.
 Keywords: recruitment, evidence, grammar, Qur'an, language

Language classification in Western Amazonia

The languages of the Pano and Takana families exhibit a considerable number of lexical and structural affinities that cannot be ascribed to mere chance and are not readily detectable instances of borrowing. After the comparative studies by Key (1968) and Girard (1971) the proposal of a genetic relationship between these two families was generally accepted (e.g. Loos 1973, 2005; Suárez 1973; Kaufman 1990; Campbell 1997). Without solid argumentation, however, this classification was later put into question (Fabre 1998; Loos 1999; Fleck 2013) and, even today, there is no full consensus as to whether the observed similarities are due to genetic inheritance or long-term language contact. The present paper offers lexical and grammatical evidence in support of the hypothesis that Pano and Takana are genetically connected. Comparing for the first time what can be considered Proto-Pano and Proto-Takana reconstructions, it is shown that 18 of the 40 items in the basic vocabulary list proposed by the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (asjp) (Holman et al. 2008) might be cognate; this includes 9 body-part terms. Also, a set of alleged grammatical cognates are assembled, and shared constructions involving motion verbal morphology, intransive and transitive auxiliaries, transitivity harmony restrictions, and switch-reference are discussed.

THE SYNTAX BOOKS OF THE HOLY QUR’AN IN THE PERIOD FROM 600 AH - 800 AH - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

-The seventh and eighth centuries AH represent a period of prosperity and maturity for all sciences, arts, and knowledge in general, and grammatical studies in particular. These two centuries also witnessed the emergence of distinguished scholars who participated in building the Arabic edifice and its completion. Among these scholars are Ibn Yaish, Al-Malqi ,Nazir AlJaish, Ibn Jaber Al-Ama and many others. -The purpose of authorship differed among the scholars of this period, as the writings of a single grammarian may differ in terms of the method of authorship according to the goal that he aims for, so we find - for example - by Ibn Hisham educational books such as Sharh Shadhur al-Dhahab, Sharh Qatr al-Nada, Sharh Jamal al-Zajaji, Ashthar al-Masalak, and AlJami al-Saghir in Grammar, expressing the rules of syntax, the objection of the condition to the condition, and other educational books. We also find by the author himself applied books that deal with grammatical rules through the linguistic text, such as the Qur’an, the noble hadith, and poetry. -Some grammarians in these two centuries were also dominated by other interests that were not directly related to Arabic grammar. For this reason, we find among them interpreters, jurists, theologians, philosophers, and rationalists, such as al-Razi Abu Musa al-Jazuli ,Ibn Malik , Abu Hayyan , al-Shatibi and others. This is based on their writings and the information they contained, and the mixing of grammar with other sciences, which led to a multiplicity of levels and confusion of information. -In these two centuries, the direction of applied grammar was evident, and it included the books of syntax of the Holy Qur’an, books of endowment and initiation, books of syntax of abnormal readings, books of syntax of noble hadith, books of syntax of grammatical evidence, books of syntax of poetry, books of riddles and grammatical riddles, and the field of syntax of the Holy Qur’an is considered the most applied grammar The grammarians cared more about the Qur’an in syntax and direction than their interest in other texts, and this will appear clearly during this research. Key words: The Syntax Books of The Holy Qur’an; Grammatical Studies

Proverbs according to Ibn Salam A study in light of context theory

Proverbs are a culture heritage and a picture of society, carrying with them customs, traditions, and customs that were passed down from generation to generation, as they are linguistic text and grammatical evidence that came as a result of certain events and context. Metonymy and the end of rhetoric, which is satisfactory to the public and the private, and because it is more used in conversations, and to be easy to trade The Arabs brought it out in the lightest of words and sentences, as it is full of meaning and suffices you. The statement, which is also a summary of the people’s heritage, wisdom, and experiences, and since it is indicative of the society’s culture, language, events, and attitudes, its connection and Proverb adherence to contextual theory with its main axes, the linguistic and cultural context, and the situation, is inevitable. Except in the light of the relationships of its vocabulary to each other, the Arabs preceded the West in this, even if they did not call them by the same names. It has a figurative and contextual connotation as well, and since social conditions as well as language are the basis on which the proverbs are said, I chose Firth's contextual theory. To show the value of proverbs and the effect of paving and systems in their semantics, he did not talk about the meaning in its general form, but rather talked about the functional meanings of the compound buildings in sentences according to the linguistic levels of phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and semantic, as well as the lexical coherence and consistency that bring words together.

The Greater West Bomberai Language Family

This paper demonstrates the existence of the Greater West Bomberai family, bringing the Timor–Alor–Pantar language family of the Lesser Sunda islands into a genealogical unit with the Papuan languages of the western part of the Bomberai peninsula in New Guinea. Applying the comparative method to the increasingly available data from these languages, we demonstrate their relatedness on the basis of forty-seven lexical cognate sets with largely regular sound correspondences. Grammatical evidence in the form of pronouns is invoked to further demonstrate the relatedness of these languages. Loans from Austronesian languages have been identified and eliminated from our comparisons. Establishing the family has repercussions for our view of Island Southeast Asian prehistory, entailing the existence of maritime Papuan-language-speaking groups from an early time.

Narrative Elicitation as Ethnography: Methodological Insights From the Examination of Children's Perspective Marking in Amdo Tibetan.

This paper employs a case study with Amdo Tibetan children to demonstrate the benefits of narrative elicitation for ethnographic language socialization research in under-studied languages. Primarily by examining spontaneous verbal interaction, existing language socialization research has demonstrated how salient grammatical resources shape children's understanding of cultural belief systems pertaining to sociality and the appropriate display of emotion. However, spontaneous data do not always capture children's full linguistic repertoires and competencies, and may therefore present a partial picture of their mastery over particular grammatical systems. One such area that remains to be studied is how children use interactional cues to build their emerging knowledge of grammatical perspective marking in Tibetan languages. This paper integrates narrative elicitation with ethnographic methods from language socialization to examine how Amdo Tibetan children mark perspective using evidentiality, the grammatically-obligatory encoding of knowledge source, an area not frequently documented in language socialization studies. Language socialization research involved 15-months of participant observation, audio-video recording, and analysis of spontaneous interactions with children aged 1–4. This ethnographic research found that adults' narratives highlighted local theories about the importance of compassion (Tib. snying rje) by using grammatical evidentiality to emphasize characters' direct experiences in the story-world. However, grammatical evidentiality was under-represented in children's spontaneous talk. To provide further insight into children's mastery of evidentiality in this culturally salient communicative genre, I conducted narrative elicitation tasks with seven Amdo Tibetan children, aged 2–7. By framing narrative elicitation tasks as forums for social interaction in family homes, I adapted a method traditionally used in experimentation to complement the study of naturalistic interaction. Interaction analysis of the elicited narratives found that family members positioned young children as novice narrators, leading to dialogic rather than monologic narratives. Young children co-constructed shared perspectives on narrated events, and used evidentiality in conventionalized ways by mirroring the grammatical forms of adults' previous utterances. By adapting narrative elicitation tasks to language socialization's ethnographic methods, this paper models how qualitative researchers can locate patterns in children's experiences of language across complementary settings of data collection, an endeavor that is particularly important to research with child speakers of under-documented languages.

Evidentiality and Mirativity in Traditional Negev Arabic: Morphological, Lexical and Discourse-Syntactic Strategies

Abstract Evidentiality as a typological category pertains to the source of information from the speaker's point of view without specifying it. This information may be conveyed as non-witnessed, inferred or surprising (mirative), among other possibilities. Evidentiality strategies and mirativity strategies are usually secondary extensions of other primary functions, such as resultativity. These strategies may be grammatical, syntactic or discursive, and I also include here lexical items with no other function. In Traditional Negev Arabic, as spoken by elderly Bedouin in Southern Israel, grammatical evidentiality was noted in 1992. Since then, however, evidentiality in Arabic has only been recognized in some peripheral dialects in contact with evidential languages. This study analyses the interaction and pragmatic-rhetorical effects of three strategies for evidentiality and mirativity in oral narrative texts in Traditional Negev Arabic: a grammatical strategy via the evidential participle; a lexical strategy via evidential particles; and a discourse-syntactic strategy via presentatives, combining visual evidence with mirativity and often inference. These strategies tend to cluster together in narrative peaks, creating saturated environments of high dramatic tension. Their complex interaction is highly effective in focalizing and achieving pragmatic and rhetorical ends in this under-studied and rapidly disappearing oral narrative tradition.

The Greater West Bomberai Language Family

This paper demonstrates the existence of the Greater West Bomberai family, bringing the Timor-Alor-Pantar language family of the Lesser Sunda islands into a genealogical unit with the Papuan languages of the western part of the Bomberai peninsula in New Guinea. Applying the comparative method to the increasingly available data from these languages, we demonstrate their relatedness on the basis of 47 lexical cognate sets with largely regular sound correspondences. Grammatical evidence in the form of pronouns is further invoked to demonstrate the relatedness of these languages. Loans from Austronesian languages have been identified and eliminated from our comparisons. Establishing the family has repercussions for our view of Island Southeast Asian prehistory, entailing the existence of maritime Papuan-language speaking groups from an early time.

The Grammatical Sources Of Ali Bin Suleiman Al-Mansouri (Died:1134 Ah) In His Book “Sharah Mandhoomat Al Far’ad Al Wafiyia Bi Thikir Ma Lam Tahwehi Al Alfiyia”

This research dealt with an aspect of the grammatical thinking of the scholar Ali bin Suleiman Al-Mansoori، one of the scholars of 12th century AH. Since the adoption of grammatical origins was a factor revealing grammatical thinking in the ability to employ grammatical evidence and its sources in explaining and discussing issues، so this research attempted to reveal the extent Al-Mansouri’s ability to deal with grammatical origins، and his method of displaying and employing them. In this we relied on his book: (Sharh Manzumat Alfarayid Alwafiat Bidhikr Ma Lam Tuhuih Al'alfiatu)، which is still a manuscript book that we have accomplished a part of it. We have presented the grammatical sources that he mentioned in this section. The research reached a number of proven results at the end.

Някои наблюдения върху усвояването на евиденциалността в българския език като втори от носители на английския език

Second language acquisition of grammatical evidentiality in Bulgarian is studied through analyzing the spoken language use of a number of native English speakers. The category is found unstable at the higher levels of language proficiency, which indicates incomplete acquisition. There are cases of probable full acquisition which the current analysis cannot confirm. Suggestions regarding the role of the linguistic worldview are put forward.

When the owner of information is unsure: Epistemic uncertainty influences evidentiality processing in Turkish

This study deals with the extent to which epistemic uncertainty influences processing of grammatical evidentiality – the linguistic reference to information source – in Turkish native speakers. Across a series of sentence reading experiments administered to groups of Turkish adult native speakers, this study showed that indirect evidentiality in firsthand witnessing contexts evoked greater post-interpretive disruptions (Experiment 1), and were found largely unfavourable (Experiment 2), suggesting that in Turkish, speaking about one's own information with indirect evidentiality leads to an inherent effect. Furthermore, a first-person's witnessed information marked with direct evidentiality is found to be rather unacceptable or unsettling under low epistemic certainty conditions, where the speaker is unsure of his/her own witnessing (Experiment 3), whilst a non-first-person's information blends well with uncertainty constraints for which, Turkish readers strongly favour the assumption marker (Experiment 4). This study indicates that Turkish speakers’ sensitivity to uses of evidentiality is influenced by the ‘uncertainty of information owner’. There is a semantic overlap and a complex interface between evidentiality and epistemic modality in Turkish, and this interface is mediated by the ownership of information (first-person versus non-first-person) and the owner's uncertainty about his/her information. Further implications are discussed.

الشواهد النحویة فی الأحادیث النبویة فی کتاب سبیل الهدى بتحقیق شرح قطر الندى لمحمد محیى الدین عبد الحمید

عرض البحث للشواهد النحوية الواردة في الأحاديث النبوية في تحقيق محمد محيى الدين لکتاب قطر الندى المسمى سبيل الهدى بتحقيق قطر الندى ؛ لأهمية دراسة الأحاديث النبوية وما دار حولها من خلاف قديما وحديثا ولأنها تثري الدرس النحوي ؛ کما أن شخصية المحقق لها قدرها وشيوعها العلمي الذي يوجب علينا النظر في أعماله والإفادة منها، وقد قمت بدراسة المسائل النحوية في هذه الأحاديث النبوية من خلال التعرض للشواهد النحوية التي ساقها الشيخ محمد محيى الدين في الحديث فقط، حتى لا يتضخم البحث, و کان منهجي في هذا البحث، أن أذکر الحديث, وأخرجه من کتب الأحاديث النبوية، بعد أن أضع عنوانا للمسألة التي يدخل تحتها الحديث الشريف ، کما أني رتبت المسائل وفق ترتيب الألفية لأبواب النحو، ثم أذکر أراء العلماء فيها، ورأي ابن هشام، ثم رأي محمد محيى الدين, والشاهد النحوي في الحديث الشريف، ثم أذکر الرأي الراجح، فيما يبدو للباحث. وقد جاء البحث في مقدمة, وتمهيد, وخاتمة, وخمسة مباحث، أما المقدمة, فقد ذکرت فيها أسباب اختيار الموضوع، وأهميته، وخطة البحث، ومنهجي فيه, وأما التمهيد فقد عرفت فيه بابن هشام ، تعريفا موجزا، وبالشيخ محمد محيى الدين، وذکرت الاستشهاد بالحديث، وموقف العلماء منه، وموقف ابن هشام, ومحمد محيى الدين، وأما المباحث فهي کالتالي: المبحث الأول: تناول مسائل ( المعرب والمبني ) ،والمبحث الثاني في : (النکرة والمعرفة ) والمبحث الثالث: ( النواسخ ) ،والمبحث الرابع: ( إعمال المصدر، واسم الفعل ) والمبحث الرابع: ( الجوازم ). أما الخاتمة ، فقد ذکرت فيها أهم النتائج ، ثم ذيلت البحث بفهرس للموضوعات ، وثبت بالمصادر والمراجع ، والله من وراء السبيل. The Grammatical Evidence in the Prophetic Tradition in the Book “Sabil al-Huda” edited by “Qatr al-Nada” by Sheikh Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdul Hamid Khaled Abdullah Khudairi Yunus. Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah Abstract: This study is done due to the importance of studying The Grammatical Evidence in the Prophetic Tradition in the Book “Sabil al-Huda” edited by “Qatr al-Nada” by Sheikh Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdul Hamid, to refute suspicions occasionally raised around Prophetic Tradition in the past and present, to enrich grammatical lessons by making use of these Traditions, and to study the prolific works of Sheikh Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdul Hamid. I have studied the grammatical issues cited by Sheikh Muhammad Mohiuddin only in the Prophetic Traditions, so that the research will not be voluminous. My methodology in this research is to mention the hadith, and refer it to its original books of Prophetic Tradition, after I put a title to the issue under which the Noble Hadith is included. ،I also arranged the issues According to the order of Alfyatu-Ibn-Malik (the millennium) for the chapters of grammar, then I mention the opinions of scholars about it, the opinion of Ibn Hisham, the opinion of Muhammad Muhyiddin, and the grammatical witness in the Noble Hadith, then I mention what seems to me the most correct opinion. This study is in an introduction, a preface, a conclusion, and five chapters. As for the introduction, I mentioned the reasons for choosing the topic, its importance, the research plan, and my methodology in the study. As for the introduction, I introduced Ibn Hisham،s brief biography, and Sheikh Muhammad Mohiuddin and mentioned the Hadith verification, the position of the scholars on it, the position of Ibn Hisham and Muhammad Muhyiddin As for chapters of research, they are as follows: The first chapter: It dealt with the issues of (Al-Maarab and Al-Mabni) The second chapter: (Definite and Indefinite Noun), the third chapter: (The Nawasikh)،, the fourth chapter: (Transitive Infinitive and Present Participle). The most important results are summarized in the conclusion. The paper is entailed with index, bibliography.

الأسالیب النبویة والدراسات النحویة خطبة الوداع نموذجا

الملخص البحث الذي بين أيدينا بعنوان (الأساليب النبوية والدراسات النحوية -خطبة الوداع نموذجا) يشير إلى جانب من الدراسات النحوية ولفت الأنظار إليه بالبحث في خطب المصطفى صلى الله عليه وسلم ،وبيان أهميتها ، ومساهمتها في الشواهد النحوية ؛إثراء للدراسات العربية ، وجاءت خطبة الوداع مجالا لهذا البحث بإلقاء الضوء على جانب من الأساليب النحوية الواردة فيها ، وتطبيق المنهج الوصفي التحليلي عليها ، وإبراز ما في هذه الخطبة من الظواهر اللغوية التي لها أهميتها في الدراسات النحوية وبيان ما للأسلوب النبوي من تأثير في النفوس ودلالات في الاستعمال حتى أصبح کلامه صلى الله عليه وسلم خير شاهد على القواعد النحوية بعد کلام الله عز وجل وقد اشتمل البحث على مقدمة وتمهيد ومبحثين وخاتمة التمهيد : نبذة عن خطبة الوداع المبحث الأول : خطبة الوداع والدراسات النحوية. المبحث الثاني : خطبة الوداع والظواهر اللغوية ، ثم إطلالة على البحث مع أهم النتائج الواردة به . Abstract The research that we have under the title (Prophetic Methods and Grammar Studies - Farewell Sermon as an Example) Refers to an aspect of grammatical studies and draws attention to it by researching the speeches of Mustafa, peace be upon him, and explaining its importance, and its contribution to grammatical evidence; Enrichment of Arabic studies. It is necessary to shed light on the linguistic phenomena that are important in grammatical studies and explain the effect of the prophetic method on souls and the indicators used so that his words, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, become a better witness to the grammatical rules after the words of God Almighty The research included an introduction, an introduction, two articles and a conclusion Introduction: About the Farewell Sermon The first topic: Farewell sermon and grammatical studies. The second topic: Farewell speech and linguistic phenomena, then look at the research with the most important results contained in it.

Towards a New Proposal for Translating the Conjunction כי‎ in Deuteronomy 4.29

English translations almost universally understand the phrase כי תדרשׁנו בכל־לבבך ובכל־נפשׁך‎ in Deut 4.29 as a conditional statement: “if you seek him with all your heart and all your soul.” This article challenges the typical translation and argues that instead of expressing a condition, Deut 4.29 should be understood as the reason Israel will repent and turn to Yahweh. This argument is supported by the near context of Deut 4, as well as the remote context of Deut 29–30. In addition, the typical usage of כי‎ clauses in Hebrew grammar provides positive evidence for a causal understanding of Deut 4.29. In addition to the contextual and grammatical evidence, the LXX of Deut 4.29 and Jer 29.11 (36.13 LXX) demonstrates that the first translators of the text likely did not view this text as conditional. Thus, Deut 4.29 is best read as the reason for Israel’s latter-day return to Yahweh—Israel will find Yahweh because they will seek him with their whole heart.

Beethouche's evidence in the double prepositions in his book Care In the detection of sufficiency between grammatical thought and literary taste

Baytoushi's evidence in the double prepositions in his book ((Sarf u Alhenaya fe kashf u Alkyfaya) Between grammatical thought and literary taste There is no doubt that Abu Abdulla al-Baytoushi (1211 AH) was a grammarian scientist who edited a system in Arabic letters entitled adequacy of in the letters of meanings and then explained it with a great title ( Al Hyfya be Tawthih Al Kyffaya) and then he writes another book entitled (SarfuAlhenayafekashfuAlkyfaya). The interpretation of the of this book in verses of poetry organized by himself evidence of several grammatical issues concerning the of letters, and these verses are characterized by precision in the evidence, and easiness in his style , which raises the grammatical thought and literary taste at the same time, It combines deep grammatical thinking with sober literary style Poetic verses move the mind and passion together. The grammarians raises in two things: First: making himself a witness grammar, and this is what we find not only a little among grammarians. The second is to investigate literary taste when making grammatical evidence. In this research, we want to highlight the deep grammatical ideas possessed by Baytoushi in the systems of those evidences in the letters and the passionate emotion he possesses in their systems in a literary style. To combine the grammatical thought and literary taste.

A Thousand Times, No

One solution regularly offered to the problem of historically implausible numbers in Joshua – 2 Kings is that the term אלף , normally translated 'thousand', actually refers to a 'contingent of armed men'. This article argues that 'contingent' is not a plausible translation for אלף in the Deuteronomistic History. The argument focuses on grammatical evidence, as there are several unique ways that the term אלף behaves grammatically like a numeral when it is used in conjunction with other numerals, and comparative evidence, as other ANE battle narratives do not enumerate numbers of contingents when reporting numbers of troops and casualties.

English Evidential –ly Adverbs in Main Clauses: A Functional Approach

Abstract The present paper examines the distribution of English evidential -ly adverb in the scopal hierarchical framework that was presented by Hengeveld and Dall’Aglio Hattnher (2015) in their results of work on Brazilian grammatical evidentials. The analysis will constitute the categorization of eleven English evidential -ly adverb. The results will determine whether the analysis supports Hengeveld and Dall’Aglio Hattnher’s (2015) conclusion that evidential items with multiple meanings occur in adjacent positions within an FDG Level, and that they can occur on two Levels in the FDG framework. The data which was retrieved from recent UK newspaper articles in the BYU NOW corpus (News on the Web), comprise main clauses modified by an evidential -ly adverb. Categorization of the evidential adverbs in the FDG framework was determined by paraphrasing, and by applying diagnostic scope criteria. For the eleven evidential -ly adverbs studied, it is shown that non-reportative evidential adverbs with multiple meanings occur at adjacent FDG layers at the Representational Level, and that two adverbs occur at both the Interpersonal and the Representational Level.