Grammatical Deviations Research Articles

A Stylistic Analysis of Joe Biden's Inaugural Political Speech

In this paper, a stylistic approach has been used to investigate the linguistic features of President Joe Biden's inauguration political speech. Special importance is given to its linguistic characteristics that affect the structure of the selected political speech. This paper is an attempt to highlight the political language of Biden’s political speech. The aim is to seek out how political speeches are packaged to persuade citizens and readers and how stylistic analytical tools assist readers in interpreting the language of Biden in the selected speech. The data has been collected from Time Magazine. The data selection is restricted to Biden's inauguration political speech and has been chosen based on certain foregrounding features that indicate a powerful stylistic effect on readers. The qualitative method has been used to analyze the selected data. In the analysis, some linguistic features, such as graphological, syntactic, grammatical deviations, transitivity, and modality have been used to investigate the style of the selected speech to reveal persuasion. The findings show that Biden's inauguration political speech achieves power, and persuasion through the use of certain stylistic features including lexical and grammatical categories such as abstract nouns, personal pronouns, mental processes, and certain modal auxiliaries. It is concluded that the lexical items that Biden uses are crucial in passing his message to his nation. However, the tendency to use distinctive foregrounding features in the consistent repetition of lexical items and sentence structures are stylistic technique used by Biden for the sake of persuasion.

Grammatical Deviations in Philippine Phishing Emails

Just as language is proven to be useful in making day-to-day life convenient, some situations have also demonstrated the possibility of language being used to deceive people. One instance is the proliferating use of phishing emails. Given this occurrence, a riveting endeavor in the concept of actual language utilization is the study of grammatical deviations in phishing emails. Employing error analysis, this study sought to determine how a grammar study can be helpful in the examination of the imposters’ language, specifically in the case of phishing emails. The purpose of this research was to document the dominant errors that appeared in Philippine phishing emails and to explain how grammatical deviations can give away deception. The result of this research showed that of the fifteen collected phishing emails, all or 100% contained usage errors. This means that of the fifteen phishing emails in this study, each one has errors. The most frequent of these errors are errors in capitalization, punctuation, and word forms. This result implies that although imposters pretend to be legitimate, they cannot imitate and copy the language of authentic emails. This may be because when legitimate institutions and organizations like banks, schools, or establishments release official emails, they do so after thorough proofreading and editing. Phishers, however, may not have the same mechanisms to ensure grammar correctness and accuracy. Based on these findings, the researcher infers that with good grammar skills, one can have a larger inclination to distinguish phishing from genuine emails. Contrariwise, those who do not have profound knowledge of grammar conventions may have a larger possibility of falling into the phishing trap.

Grammatical Deviations in the Lesson Plans Among Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) English Students

This study sought to analyze the grammatical deviations from the collected lesson plans of BSED English students. It also describes the types and causes of grammatical deviations that occur in their lesson plans. The data were taken from the 41 collected lesson plans of BSED English students who were enrolled during the second semester of the school year 2022-2023. The qualitative-descriptive research method was used to substantially analyze the grammatical deviations within the content of the collected lesson plans. The researcher and three validators checked and reviewed the generated data to ensure that the grammatical deviations were accurately identified. The Grammatical deviations that were found in the lesson plans among BSED English students across all year levels were: subject-verb agreement and verb form. The findings revealed that subject-verb agreement had the highest occurrences of deviations due to the influence of their language transfer, which often had distinct systems and patterns, while the verb form had moderate occurrences. The findings transpire that BSED English students are not merely regarded as grammatically incompetent, just because of grammatical deviations found in their lesson plans. Nonetheless, they should be understood that their grammatical deviations are influenced and shaped by the sociolinguistic reality, language variations, and cultural backgrounds. Which can still be used as a medium in delivering the lessons, and likewise influence the learners’ academic development.

Порушення словотвірних і морфологічних норм у медійних текстах (на матеріалі стрічки новин УНІАН)

The ability to present information clearly and competently is one of the mandatory requirements for qualified journalists. Violation of language norms, in particular those of word formation and morphology, reveals the incompetence and unprofessionalism of specialists who spread incorrect forms among their audience through their texts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to draw attention to the non-normative word-formation models and declension forms that are not inherent in the Ukrainian language, but are actively used in journalistic materials, in particular in the UNIAN news feed. The following methods were employed in the course of the study: at the data collection stage – the method of linguistic observation was used to identify erroneous word and form formation of lexemes and to record them; the method of distributional analysis was imple- mented to identify the non-normative use of word and form affixes and to further systematise errors; the method of contextual analysis and the descriptive method were applied to identify grammatical deviations when analysing the collected and classified language material. The systematisation of errors gives grounds to assert that word-formation deviations arise under the influence of the Russian derivational system, which is especially noticeable in suffix word formation. Deviations from the morphological norm are mostly caused, first, by the excessive use of uncodified active present participles (30.2 % of all morphological anomalies), second, by the erroneous use of prepositions (17.1 %), and third, by the non-normative formation of nouns (16.6 %). Based on the systematisation of grammatical deviations, it can be argued that the jour- nalists of the analysed media outlet need to improve their professional competences, in particular in the field of language norms.

Discriminación y limitaciones en el uso de la lengua española: el fetiche de la norma en Twitter (X)

This paper discusses the restrictions that the standard norm of Spanish imposes on speakers. T he analysis has been based on opinions expressed on the social network Twitter regarding memes that present spelling or grammatical deviations from the standard norm of Spanish. Firstly, some terms are discussed to contextualize this phenomenon, such as linguistic profiling and linguistic discrimination (linguicism, accentism, and glottophobia). After that, a corpus of one hundred comments collected from Twitter between November and December 2022 is analyzed. This corpus serves as textuality to illustrate how society reproduces discriminatory patterns based on the assumption of regulations understood in terms of command and prestige. The main conclusion of this research is that the restrictive nature of the languages governed by normative institutions limits the innovative practices of a linguistic community and encourages discriminatory and classist practices.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF UNPUBLISHED CHAGATAI-PERSIAN DICTIONARIES OF THE 16th–18th CENTURIES: LEXICOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS

The investigation delves into Chagatai-Persian dictionaries from the 16th to the 18th centuries, preserved in the Central Library of Punjab University. The article aims to study the structural features of these dictionaries in the context of their sociocultural significance and influence on the further development of Turkic languages. These invaluable medieval artifacts underwent detailed scrutiny using multiple methods, encompassing structural, lexical, codicological, lexicographic and sociocultural analyses. Within a single manuscript cover, there exist six treatises on the Turkic-Persian lexicon alongside a textbook elucidating Turkic language grammar. These are inscribed in the Perso-Arabic script, a writing system employed for the Chagatai language. The chief lexicographic design integrates headwords and their explanations in couplets, avoiding any typographic or grammatical demarcation. The artful use of rhyme schemes is evident in the systematic arrangement of headwords. A thorough scrutiny of these medieval Chagatai-Persian dictionaries brings to light their distinct lexicographical framework, crafted meticulously to support linguistic conservation. These works capture a wide spectrum of vocabulary from different Turkic territories, underlining the endeavor to encapsulate a broad cultural legacy. Elements such as rhyming masnavi-inspired explanatory sentences, thematic clusters, and dedicated segments on commands and equine terminology are observed. Notably, the integration of Persian elements, especially in the form of auxiliary verbs, symbolizes a fusion of languages. The dictionaries showcase an emphasis on practical vocabulary acquisition through the harmonious pairing of headwords with poetic contexts, devoid of typographic or grammatical deviations. Despite the headword’s seamless integration, there is meticulous attention to maintaining rhyming continuity. The rarity of prefaces is counterbalanced by the richness of colophons, which offer vital details about the manuscript. Though the Chagatai language receded over time, the indelible mark left by these dictionaries endures, with remnants identifiable in modern Turkic vocabularies. A more exhaustive comparative exploration of these works could further deepen insights into Chagatai linguistics and lexicographic practices during the medieval period. This study also triggers broader reflections on the pivotal role of bilingual lexicons in safeguarding vulnerable linguistic treasures. By methodically presenting and analyzing these linguistic gems, the investigation facilitates their appreciation within scholarly circles, underscoring the Turkic cultural legacy. This also solidifies their recognition as prime examples of the mutual literary interplay between Turkic and Persian traditions, a relationship rooted in the medieval timeframe.

Translingualism and intercultural narratives in Kiana Davenport’s “House of Many Gods”

Language and culture contacts resulting from the migration of population, as well as current geopolitical and technological processes, enhance the increase of translingual works that reveal symbiotic phenomena of languages and cultures in contact. However, there are still many unsolved problems in defining the translingual discourse and linguistic devices for creating it. The article discusses intercultural narratives in a novel by Kiana Davenport, an American author of Hawaiian descent, whose literary creative translingual work is enhanced by intercultural phenomena related to the contacts of American English, Hawaiian, and Russian languages. The article aims to describe linguistic devices for creating translingualism and to characterize the processes that take place in assimilation and language alteration in contact situations. The research has revealed that translinguality characterizes not only texts that are written in a second language, as is a traditional point of view, but also writings of a bilingual with two native languages enhanced by a third one. Translinguality can be reached by various linguistic tools comprising lexical borrowings, including endonymic toponyms and culture-specific concepts, loan translations, allusions, as well as pidginization of speech and some others. The findings showed that pidginization of speech of different characters results in stylized dialogues with deviated articulation of English words, intentional grammatical deviations, set expressions from Hawaiian Pidgin and wordplay. The results of the paper expand the idea of translingualism and intercultural communication and can be used for further research into linguistic and cultural contacts.

Spoken Speech and Spontaneous Discourse: Buryat Language

Nowadays spoken speech is of great interest to researchers, because modern linguistics aims not only to describe normative, as a rule, written speech, but also to explain the causes of grammatical deviations appearing in spoken speech. The urgency of the article is due to the absence of the term “oral spontaneous discourse” in the theoretical literature. The purpose of the research is to attempt to get a holistic view of spoken spontaneous discourse as an object of scientific research and to make up a possible version of definition of this concept based on the data of scientific works in the field of neuropsychology by A.R. Luria, in the field of psycholinguistics by A.A. Leontiev and in the field of discourse analysis by A.A. Kibrik. The article explores main features of spoken spontaneous speech and discourse, and special attention is paid to the concept of spontaneity of speech. There is a brief analysis of examples of spoken monologue speech (not spontaneous and spontaneous) in Buryat language, which was made by an auditory voice analysis and with use of computer program “Speech Analizer”, the article formulates a variative and relatively precise definition of spoken spontaneous discourse.

A socio-stylistic analysis of Death in Dickinson’s and Whitman’s selected poems

This paper attempts a socio-stylistic analysis of four well-known American poems by focusing on their treatment of death as a central theme. The poems are “Because I Could not Stop for Death,” “There’s Been A Death in the Opposite House” by Emily Dickinson, “Pensive on Her Dead Gazing,” and “Vigil Strange” by Walt Whitman. The poems are analysed for their use of grammatical stylistic devices and the extraction of general grammatical deviations. The strength of the paper lies in its integration of the aforementioned stylistic devices in a way that is consistent with the linguistic variable of gender. Therefore, a poet and a poetess were selected to compare and contrast the two poets’ styles and perspectives. Whitman’s poems employ a greater variety of stylistic devices than Dickinson’s. Dickinson employed a wide range of stylistic devices, many of which appear multiple times. While Whitman’s work frequently recycles the same devices and their variants. Examining the poems in this way lends credence to the paper’s argument that language and gender are intricately intertwined in the presentation of such a massive topic as death, which leads each gender to express death from their perspective as well as their surrounding society.

The Grammatical Deviations in The Arabic Debate Competition in Indonesia

This study aimed to describe the form of Arabic grammatical errors that occur in the Arabic debate competition in Indonesia both off-line and on-line, the factors, the impact, and solutions for grammatical errors. The material object of this research was the video of the Arabic debate competition in Indonesia. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach to grammatical errors in the video of the Arabic debate competition in Indonesia. The results showed that 29 grammatical errors were found in syntax errors and 18 morphological errors. From the 47 errors found, the factors were inter-language errors or interference and intra-language errors. These factors have an impact on changing the meaning of a sentence and also have an impact on misunderstanding communication between speakers. The solutions offered to improve and reduce the error are the need for good preparation in syntactic and morphological aspects for debaters before competing, conducting intensive training, and increasing seriousness in exploring and understanding Arabic debate.

Joint embedding VQA model based on dynamic word vector.

The existing joint embedding Visual Question Answering models use different combinations of image characterization, text characterization and feature fusion method, but all the existing models use static word vectors for text characterization. However, in the real language environment, the same word may represent different meanings in different contexts, and may also be used as different grammatical components. These differences cannot be effectively expressed by static word vectors, so there may be semantic and grammatical deviations. In order to solve this problem, our article constructs a joint embedding model based on dynamic word vector—none KB-Specific network (N-KBSN) model which is different from commonly used Visual Question Answering models based on static word vectors. The N-KBSN model consists of three main parts: question text and image feature extraction module, self attention and guided attention module, feature fusion and classifier module. Among them, the key parts of N-KBSN model are: image characterization based on Faster R-CNN, text characterization based on ELMo and feature enhancement based on multi-head attention mechanism. The experimental results show that the N-KBSN constructed in our experiment is better than the other 2017—winner (glove) model and 2019—winner (glove) model. The introduction of dynamic word vector improves the accuracy of the overall results.

Linguostylistic and linguopoetic analysis of E. E. Cummings’ i carry your heart with me (i carry your heart with me)

Article deals with linguostylistic and linguopoetic analyses, which emerged in the middle of the previous century and were developed by the world’s leading linguists. Linguostylistics and linguopoetics are interdependent branches of linguistics. The first one consists of three levels: semiotic, metasemiotic and metametasemiotic. At first literary text is examined at phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels, where each word is considered as an independent part of speech. The second level analyses each language unit in combination with others. At this point attention is drawn to metaphors and other figurative expressions. Metametasemiotic level is also known as linguopoetic analysis of the literary text. It is a vertical analysis, which identifies main tools for creating the aesthetic effect of poetry on reader. E.E. Cummings is an American poet, essayist, and playwright. His poetry is known for the frequent use of graphic, lexical and grammatical deviations, as well as phonetic and lexical parallelism. In this article the author offers an outline of linguopoetic and linguostylistic analyses of E.E. Cummings’ poem i carry your heart with me (i carry it in according to the described system at semiotic and metasemiotic levels. The results of linguostylistic analysis describe elements that draw readers’ attention. Hence, the main tools the author uses at semiotic level are decapitalization, assonance and alliteration, which create rhythm in the poem. Enjambment compensates for the lack of punctuation. Metasemiotic analysis singles out metaphors based on the comparison of the you-character with symbolic images of the sky, heart, tree and others. Linguopoetic analysis outlines elements that draw readers’ attention and bring forth aesthetic function of the poem.

An Investigation into Linguistic Deviation in the Students’ Translation of “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost

Poetic diction has its own characteristic features and anyone engaged in translation of a poem should have a sufficient understanding. According to Leech (1969), what causes linguistic deviation in translating poetry is that the poet manipulates the general language rules in his poem as a means of creating artistic beauty. Since the form and the meaning in a poem are inseparable, a translator of a poem should do his best to transfer these two aspects as otherwise he/she produces some linguistic deviations in the translation. So far little attention has been paid to linguistic deviations in translation of English poems. This study is intended to investigate such matter by analyzing the linguistic deviations in the translations of the poem “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost. Ten students of sixth semester of English Education Department of Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya (UWKS) participated in the study. The result of the analysis showed that although the students have passed two obligatory subjects exams, Vocabulary and Structure, both lexical and grammatical deviations are still two most dominant compared to other aspects. Findings also suggest that the subject of Translation should be more intensified and include literary texts in its weekly meetings.

GD Usernames and Euphemism: A Morphosemantic Analysis

Gamedesire (GD), a free online gaming website, is a rich resource for language research on Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC). GD raises a number of linguistic inquiries on written English. This paper analyzes the morphosemantic mechanisms of forming euphemistic GD usernames. A dataset of two hundred usernames has randomly been selected and tested against Warren’s (1992) model. The study demonstrates that a plethora of GD usernames carry dysphemistic connotations that are denotatively euphemized with linguistic and paralinguistic mechanisms, including word formation, orthographic modification, borrowing and semantic innovation. Some of the dataset usernames could not be subsumed under the selected model, necessitating the addition of new devices and the development of a new rendition of the model. The study reveals that GD users employ several processes for creating their usernames, which are characterized by grammatical, lexical, phonological, graphological, and semantic deviations from language norms.

Study of Linguistic Deviations Used in Advertising Slogans of Confectionery and Beverages in India

A slogan becomes a mode of identification for any product, in the minds of the consumers, when a brand or company uses it consistently to represent or to advertise that product. Primary aim of a slogan of advertisement is to attract attention and the copywriters who create them use various devices to achieve this purpose. One of the predominant device used by them is liberal use of linguistic deviations. The catchy slogans captivate attention of every consumer segment especially children. The studies investigating the creative aspect of ads dealing with products related to children is very scarce. This paper aims at carrying out the content analysis of different types of linguistic deviations used in advertising messages of confectionery and beverages in India. This investigations reveals that grammatical deviations are majorly used as it provides ample creative liberty to create catchy and innovative slogans. Overall all the types of deviations are found in every advertising slogan.

DEVIASI GRAMATIKA DALAM TULISAN MAHAHASISWA JURUSAN BAHASA INGGRIS DI STKIP MUHAMMADIYAH BULUKUMBA

The reason for conducting this research was based on consideration that university students majoring in English should be at the level where their English is good. Unfortunately, students still made grammatical deviations in both spoken and written form. In this study, 30 students of STKIP Muhammadiyah Bulukumba University enrolled which were taken by random sampling method. This research is aimed to provide useful information particularly as reference for English teachers, lecturers and curriculum developers about grammatical deviations that affects the quality of students’ writing composition to minimize it. This research applied the qualitative research to analyze the data. The conclusion of the result shows that the students still have problems in making English sentences. They still make grammatical deviations in their composition. They were also not being able to construct words into sentences and arranged sentences into neat arrangements and coherent paragraphs.Further, syntactical area is the most frequent area where the students committed grammatical deviation. It is proven by the findings thatsyntax is considered to be more difficult than morphology. It appears that the students’ errors distribute to all students’ writings. They still make grammatical deviation, but the students do not always make grammatical deviations in the samesubcomponent.In terms of difficulties, the students admitted in interview that there are 3 main causeswhy the students tend to commit grammatical deviation in writing. Those are lack of practice of the target language, lack of source or books that they need, and the last is lack of grammar understanding.

Sentence judgments and the grammar of poetry: Linking linguistic structure and poetic effect

The present article aims to show that the elicitation of intuitive literary-aesthetic sentence judgments taps into readers’ poetry-specific linguistic register, and how such judgment methods can be used to support and constrain future theory formation in experimental poetics. In two experiments, we examined effects of deviant and parallelistic linguistic features on readers’ grammatical and literary-aesthetic evaluation of single sentences.In Experiment 1, participants rated carefully selected and modified lines of German poetry for either acceptability or poeticity (n = 40 each) on a 7-point scale; original lines featured grammatical deviations that were absent in modified versions. All investigated deviation types reduced the acceptability of the lines, but only routine licenses of German poetry increased their perceived poeticity and showed moderate to strong correlations between poeticity and deviance (i.e., low acceptability).In Experiment 2, participants made forced acceptability (n = 120) or poeticity (n = 120) choices regarding two (out of four) syntactic variants of a single sentence; variants crossed syntactic canonicity (canonical/non-canonical) and sentence rhythm (alternating/non-alternating). Acceptability choices favored only canonical syntax; poeticity choices were sensitive to both variables, and favored non-canonical syntax and alternating sentence rhythms.Our results indicate that poeticity judgments reflect categorical and gradient genre-specific well-formedness (Exp. 1), and that poeticity criteria are similar for traditional verse and for regular sentences without salient genre cues (Exp. 2). The observed prosodic and grammatical preferences suggest that perceptual fluency and conceptual challenge are prototypical characteristics of poetry reading. We conclude that sentence judgments can reveal whether and to which degree specific features of linguistic structure contribute to poetic effects.

A Stylistic Analysis of Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness

Stylistic devices and grammatical deviations have been liberally employed by novelists and poets to bring in certain specific effects in the minds of the readers. Arundhati Roy in her novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness employs these devices liberally to bring in the same effects. This article explicates some of the deviations and devices employed by Roy. This is not an exhaustive detailing of the devices, but a mere snapshot of the conventions flouted and deviations deliberately induced by Roy.

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS’ GRAMMATICAL DEVIATIONS IN INDONESIAN – ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mendeskripsikan penyimpangan – penyimpangan grammar yang terdapat pada hasil terjemahan bahasa Indonesia kedalam bahasa Inggris mahasiswa tahun keempat yang terdaftar pada kelas translation tahun ajaran 2012/2013 di Jurusan Bahasa dan sastra Inggris UNP, (2) mendeskripsikan bagaimana kemampuan mahasiswa bahasa Inggris dalam menerjemahkan bahasa Indonesia kedalam bahasa Inggris dilihat dari penyimpangan grammar. Data dari penelitian ini adalah hasil terjemahan mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Inggris dari bahasa Indonesia kedalam bahasa Inggris. Sample penelitian ini adalah 27 orang mahasiswa yang terdaftar pada kelas translation di semester 7 tahun ajaran 2012/2013. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan tes translation yang berjumlah 2 teks tentang pendidikan dan bahasa. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penyimpangan grammar , mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa Inggris dalam menerjemahkan teks bahasa Indonesia kedalam bahasa Inggris sebagai berikut 16,96 % pada tipe omission, 5,16 % pada tipe addition, 21,97 % pada tipe misformation dan 55,89 % pada tipe misordering. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan menerjemah mahasiswa dilihat dari penyimpangan grammar berada pada level sedang. Key words: Deviation, Grammar, Grammatical Deviations, Indonesian – English Translation.

A Euphemastic Analysis of Selected Gamedesire Nicknames

Gamedesire (GD), as a meeting place for multilingual communities, is an inexhaustible resource for linguistic research on Computer-Mediated Discourse (CMD). GD remains linguistically under-researched though it gives rise to a plethora of linguistic issues relating in particular to written English. This paper is a seminal work that takes as its keynote the linguistic analysis of one key issue — namely 'euphemism of nicknaming'. The present study seeks to examine the various language tools users employ in their creation of their own nicknames on the URL http://www.gamedesire.com. A corpus of 200 nicknames has randomly been collected in 2008 and tested against an existing model of euphemism by Warren (1992) [7]. The study shows that a large number of connotatively dysphemistic nicknames are denotatively euphemized by deviating from language norms and employing a wide range of linguistic and paralinguistic devices, including word-formation, orthographic modification, borrowing and semantic innovation. Some of these nicknames were not subsumable under the original model and, therefore, necessitated developing a new rendition. The new rendition of the model created other mechanisms not developed by the original model. The study concludes that language users employ different styles of nicknaming marked by grammatical (change of word grammar), lexical (creation of new words), phonological (irregularity of pronunciation), orthographic (irregularity of spelling), and semantic deviations (transference of meaning).