Grammatical Categories Research Articles

THEMES OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS IN THE NOMINATIVE SYSTEM

The grammatical phenomenon of transforming a grammatical form into a new topic, as arepresentative form of speech or as a topic within a paradigm, we will call grammatical thematization. Thisphenomenon has been quite widespread in the historical development of the morphological structure ofAlbanian language. It is spread throughout the morphological system of variable parts of speech.Thematizations of grammatical forms are new linguistic states obtained for psychological, social, and linguisticreasons. In the noun system, the most numerous and obvious cases of thematization of grammatical forms areobserved in the grammatical category of number. The most common process has been to use many grammaticalplural forms as singular. These conversions from the plural form to the singular are generally calledsingularized plurals. Due to the occurrence of this phenomenon in different periods - often even in very oldperiods - they have completely replaced the singular and formed a new plural. The thematization ofgrammatical forms should not only be ascertained but should also be followed historically. However, the paperdeals with special issues that can serve as a starting point for further studies and in-depth studies.

Entity, event, and sensory modalities: An onto-cognitive account of sensory nouns

Nouns in human languages mostly profile concrete and abstract entities. But how much eventive information can be found in nouns? Will such eventive information found in sensory nouns have anything to do with the cognitive representation of the basic human senses? Importantly, is there any ontological and/or cognitive motivation that can account for this noun–verb dichotomy via body-and-world interactions? This study presents the first comprehensive investigation of sensory nouns in Mandarin Chinese, examining their qualia structures formalised in the Generative Lexicon Theory, as well as the time-dependent (endurant–perdurant) properties encoded in their sensory modalities. This study fills the gap in sensorial studies by highlighting the pivotal position of nouns in sensory experiences and provides insights into the interactions between perception, cognition, and language. Further, it establishes, for the first time, the cognitive motivation of the categorial noun–verb bifurcation without presupposing any a priori knowledge of grammatical categories.

Variant Meaning Realization of Past Tense in English Language

Past Tense is a strong grammatical category. It  is realized by four aspect-tense forms: Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous. The following temporal-aspect variants of the past tense are discussed in the article: Past Tense of a Separate Action, Correlative Past, Iterative Past, Prospective, Exclusive and Inclusive. The compositional and stylistic functions and their characteristics are also discussed in the article. The variants of the verbal forms are defined according to their compositional - stylistic functions such as: narrative, descriptive, dramatic, retrospective and consequent. All the above-mentioned functions are characteristic features of the texts which are given in the past tense. Each variant meaning has its specific role to frame the content and helps to state the inner linguistic relations inside the text. According to the classification of Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous, we can state their compositional and stylistic potential. The qualitative description of the subject, the creation of the additional time sphere, representation of consequent, retrospective and prospective functions.

Multi-Class Document Classification Using Lexical Ontology-Based Deep Learning

With the recent growth of the Internet, the volume of data has also increased. In particular, the increase in the amount of unstructured data makes it difficult to manage data. Classification is also needed in order to be able to use the data for various purposes. Since it is difficult to manually classify the ever-increasing volume data for the purpose of various types of analysis and evaluation, automatic classification methods are needed. In addition, the performance of imbalanced and multi-class classification is a challenging task. As the number of classes increases, so does the number of decision boundaries a learning algorithm has to solve. Therefore, in this paper, an improvement model is proposed using WordNet lexical ontology and BERT to perform deeper learning on the features of text, thereby improving the classification effect of the model. It was observed that classification success increased when using WordNet 11 general lexicographer files based on synthesis sets, syntactic categories, and logical groupings. WordNet was used for feature dimension reduction. In experimental studies, word embedding methods were used without dimension reduction. Afterwards, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) algorithms were employed to perform classification. These studies were then repeated with dimension reduction performed by WordNet. In addition to the machine learning model, experiments were also conducted with the pretrained BERT model with and without WordNet. The experimental results showed that, on an unstructured, seven-class, imbalanced dataset, the highest accuracy value of 93.77% was obtained when using our proposed model.

Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna. O potrzebie nowych wartości kategorii

OLD POLISH LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION: ON THE NEED FOR NEW CATEGORY VALUES The paper is focused on the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The authors discuss the necessity to use unusual grammatical category values: 0 and X. It occurs when any of the values is impossible to determine (e.g. due to damage to the manuscript or insufficient syntactic/semantic context) or a word takes no value in a given category (e.g. an unstated adjective). The article presents factors influencing the choice of 0 and X values. It shows those grammatical classes and categories in whose annotation the use of these values has been highly significant.

Morphological Analysis of "The Flag of Albania" in the Context of Linguistics Development of Nineteenth-Century. The Case of Pronouns

The newspapers of late nineteenth-century are considered an important vector in Italian linguistic history due to their undoubted impact on the common language. What characterizes the journalistic prose of the time, valid to a certain extent even today, are the great heterogeneity of the expressive registers on the one hand and the linguistic homogeneity on the other. In this context, the journalistic language must undoubtedly be placed on the tracks of the literary language of tradition, that’s why our morphological analysis in this article is in full harmony with the developments of the contemporary literary language. The linguistic analysis of the examined journal, «The flag of Albania», will prove to be true. Our analysis will not be broad-based grammar, but will only touch the grammatical category of pronouns. We will examine the most salient forms of personal, indefinite, demonstrative, relative and interrogative pronouns accepted by the author in various contexts of use, explaining the reason for this choice and why one form is more frequent than the other.

Contrastive Focus Reduplication in Kuwaiti Arabic

Abstract This study examines a case of total reduplication in Kuwaiti Arabic known as contrastive focus reduplication (i.e. complete copying of words or phrases). For example, tišrab čāy ḥalīb willa ČĀY–čāy? ‘Would you like to drink tea with milk, or TEA–tea’ [denoting black tea as opposed to karak chai]. The study explores the morpho-semantic properties of this construction in the dialect, shows the different meanings it allows and how it elucidates the permissible lexical units that can be reduplicated. The reduplication of a lexical item can be applied to a range of grammatical and lexical categories. Over 150 samples were collected by observing contrastive focus reduplication from participants’ (male and female native Kuwaiti speakers in their twenties and seventies) natural speech in everyday conversations. This study contributes to research on the prosody and grammar of the dialect and the theory of semantics, thereby enhancing understanding of reduplication and repetition in Semitic dialectology.1

A quaternary epistemic code

Abstract Evidentiality has often been described in narrow terms as an independent grammatical category denoting an overt source of information (e.g., perception, inference, assumption and hearsay). Drawing on fieldwork data, this paper explores how evidentiality is encoded at the copula level in Chhitkul-Rākchham (West Himalayish). In doing so, it is argued that the relevant evidentials, part of a comparatively complex scheme consisting of nine elements, together with a negative sub-system, fall under the broader umbrella of epistemic modality. The contention finds an illustration in an egophoric marker following two inflectional tracks with two resulting degrees of assertiveness, and in a handful of combinatorial constructions. Evidentiality as expressed by copulas points to the self, which builds bridges with the study of consciousness. The latter term is underappreciated within linguistics and this work emphasizes the need for a broader cross-disciplinary outlook.

Paradigms as second-order schemas in English noun-participle compounding

Abstract In Cognitive Linguistics, the noun-participle compound is a grammatical category with instances of different degrees of membership. The purpose of this study is to explore the categorization processes and schematic networks in noun-participle compounding. Working with the data of noun-participle compounds from COHA, we identified three types of participles: deverbal, denominal and ambicategorical. Two schemas [Nj-Vk-ed]A and [Nj-Nk-ed]A are established as generalizations of compounds of deverbal (e.g. man-made) and denominal participles (e.g. life-sized). Compounds of ambicategorical participles (e.g. snow-covered), are sanctioned by two schemas simultaneously, which give rise to ambiguous morphological readings. This study confirms the labor division between mother-daughter links and sister links in a schema network. The higher-level generalization is encoded by paradigmatically-related sister schemas, with the sister relations built on the shared structure links and a bi-directional conversion of the stem of ppl (i.e., noun-to-verb or verb-to-noun). The sister schemas as a paradigm is a more parsimonious generalization of the compounds, than the posited mother schema.

Grammatical category versus comparative concept in missionary grammars of Tamil (16th-18th centuries): the description of the relative clause

ABSTRACT Linguists today presuppose that for both description/analysis and comparison of languages, there is a substantial set of universal crosslinguistic categories. In the same way, in the grammaticisation of non-European languages, missionaries took the grammatical categories elaborated for Latin as a set of universal crosslinguistic categories. One could assume that they fell into the trap of transferring time-tested terminology from traditional Latin grammar adapting it to the description of a language with rather different structural properties without really capturing its ‘genius’. Even if this assumption may certainly be true to some extent, it does not present the whole picture and it does not do justice to the efforts missionaries made in describing new languages. Therefore, focusing on how missionaries understood and described the Tamil relative clause and relativiser marker, this paper aims to discuss the tension arising in grammatical descriptions between language-particular categories and crosslinguistic conceptual transfer. The paper thus demonstrates how missionaries did not limit their accounts to the transfer of a priori grammatical categories, tailored for Latin and applied to Tamil, but rather how they refined their descriptions through a crosslinguistic conceptual transfer that may be considered the first step towards comparative concepts.

The curious case(s) of the Hebrew article: on a conflated grammatical category and how it emerges from sixteenth-century student notes

ABSTRACT When Hebrew appeared at the linguistic horizon of western humanists at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the first Hebraists tried with difficulty to render its grammatical knowledge into Latin and Latinate terminology. One such issue was created by the Hebrew definite article. Greek grammar disposed of a separate part of speech for this feature, viz. ἄρθρον (árthron), which was translated into Latin as articulus – even when Latin lacked the definite article. In Hebraist grammars, the article is often treated together with prepositions to represent a Hebrew case system in which ‘articles’ would indicate the case instead of a morphological ending. In this contribution, I aim to shed light on how sixteenth-century Hebraists based in Louvain dealt with this challenging problem, since many Hebraists were educated at the city’s Collegium Trilingue (‘College of the Three Tongues’, founded in 1517). In addition, evidence of lessons given at the Trilingue (specifically course notes) offers additional information on how Hebrew grammar, including the article, was taught in this period. These sources have thus far been neglected by research in the history of linguistics and they offer an alternative perspective on the treatment of challenging grammatical concepts.

Introduction: the crosslinguistic application of grammatical categories in the history of linguistics

ABSTRACT In the present introduction, I aim to provide some general context for the case studies in this special issue by introducing some recent developments in linguistics that inspired them (in particular the Haspelmath – Newmeyer debate) and by roughly sketching tendencies in the long history of linguistic description. I argue that the crosslinguistic application of linguistic categories is an old phenomenon, going back two millennia, that offers an entire array of research opportunities. This introduction also surveys the papers in the special issue, embedded in the aforementioned historical sketch, and the principal questions to which they offer some first tentative answers. I lay particular emphasis on the interplay between linguistic historiography and linguistics, advocating the view that conceptual-historical criticism should be part and parcel of the linguist’s modus operandi.

Structural and semantic features of verbs of interpersonal relations in Russian and Chinese

The subject of the study is the structural and semantic features of verbs expressing interpersonal relationships in two different-structured Russian and Chinese languages. The purpose of the work is to provide a comparative description of the structure of verbs and their semantic features, as well as to identify the specifics of grammatical categories and compare the word-formation types of verbs in two languages. The following methods were used in this article: descriptive method, comparative method and component analysis method. From the point of view of the structural-semantic approach, the verbal vocabulary of the Russian and Chinese languages expressing interpersonal relations still remains insufficiently studied, so research in the field of verb semantics is relevant. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that for the first time the common and unique features of the analyzed verbs are considered in comparison. It is shown that an important feature of Russian verbs is that they have many forms of word change with different meanings, whereas in Chinese the verb has no forms of word change and semantic diversity. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching lecture courses on comparative lexicology of Russian and Chinese languages; when reading special courses in cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, intercultural communication. The conclusion of this research is that compared with Russian verbs, which are characterized by a wealth and variety of affixes, Chinese verbs do not have possibilities of word formation for expressing different grammatical meanings. These various structural and semantic features of Russian and Chinese verbs complicate the understanding of the text and create significant difficulties in translation, as well as in the practice of teaching these languages as foreign.

A Minimalist Analysis of Scrambling in Central Kurdish

This study characterizes the descriptive and theoretical properties of scrambling in Central Kurdish. Scrambling denotes a phenomenon or a process by which constituents of a clause are displaced from their original and unmarked positions and are placed in other positions in the sentence. Following the tenets and concepts as currently assumed in work within the framework of the Minimalist Program, the study answers questions that are related to the types of constituents that may undergo scrambling in the language, the nature of the movement types and positions involved, and the semantic-discourse import of scrambled constituents. Arguments and adjuncts in Central Kurdish may undergo displacement as a result of scrambling, and the syntactic categories affected by scrambling are DP, PP, VP, and adjunct CPs. As the language displays all three of short-distance, mid-distance and long-distance scrambling, several diagnostic tests such as binding, crossover effects, and parasitic gaps were applied to find out the nature of movement for each type of scrambling. In terms of the semantic-discourse import, it was found that scrambling in Central Kurdish does not alter the compositional semantics of the sentences, but it gives rise to new discourse interpretations. five keywords or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas.

Sociolinguistic perception of lexical and syntactic variation among Persian-English bilinguals

This study examines the relationship between sociolinguistic perception and Persian language variation. Prior work has shown that preconceived notions about how speakers use language and what kind of language they produce can affect listeners’ perceptions (D’Onofrio 2016; Hansen Edwards et al. 2019; Mack & Munson 2012; Niedzielski 1999). However, many questions remain unanswered regarding how social meaning is applied in contact situations, especially among self-identified native and heritage speakers. Within Persian language studies, some work has observed linguistic practices among both native and non-native speakers, finding that both vary significantly in their production patterns of certain syntactic and lexical features (Megerdoomian 2020). I ask whether Persian-English bilinguals associate non-standard forms with certain social personae categorized by linguistic background. Sixteen bilingual Persian-English speakers participated in an online survey with the task of matching standard and non-standard written productions to a pre-defined linguistic persona. Results so far suggest that Persian-English bilinguals actively construct associations between language use and speaker personae, with specific grammatical categories appearing more likely to index a non-native speaking identity. This brings up further questions about how bilinguals navigate sociolinguistic ideologies tied to speaker identity, and how heritage speakers and learners approach these notions. This study adds to the growing literature on bilingualism and sociolinguistic perception, with implications for critical discussions surrounding the various ideologies that place communities of multilingual speakers into strict social categories.

Phonetic differences between nouns and verbs in their typical syntactic positions in a tonal language: Evidence from disyllabic noun–verb ambiguous words in Standard Mandarin Chinese

This study investigates how word categories, namely noun and verb, influence acoustic realizations (duration, F0, intensity) in Standard Mandarin Chinese, a language having phonemically distinctive tones and a simple morphological system. Noun-verb ambiguous words were selected and presented in the final positions of typical syntactic contexts in order to avoid the interference of prosodic boundary, syntactic complexity, contextual predictability, tonal environment, F0 range and syllable properties (consonant, vowel, tone, syllable length). Linear mixed models were fitted to duration, and generative additive mixed models were fitted to F0 and intensity. The results showed that phonetic differences between nouns and verbs were still evident in duration, F0 and intensity after lexical frequency, speech rate and some other related factors were taken into consideration in the models. The second syllables of nouns were longer than those of verbs, and both syllables of nouns were higher in F0 and greater in intensity than those of verbs. Since the prosodic boundary, frequency and other factors were controlled for, the phonetic differences between nouns and verbs might be attributed to their differences in information load and number of syllables. This study provided evidence that phonetic differences between nouns and verbs might be driven by the grammatical classes themselves and is not an epiphenomenon of other processes.

An Analysis Of Grammatical Errors In Writing Descriptive Text

Grammar error is one of the difficulties experienced by students in the writing process. This study conducted in order to investigate the grammatical errors in writing descriptive text made by the students of English Department of FKIP USI. This research aimed to know the grammatical errors that happen in writing class made by students of the second semester. In this study, the writer used Qualitative analysis, while the general pattern or the research design used by the researcher is a case study. This study found that the students make the grammatical error in writing descriptive text. Population taken in second semester of English student department. Purposive sampling is used in taking sample from the population. The researcher uses document papers as the instrument. The finding of this study showed that there are 6 types of grammatical error found namely: tenses, preposition, articles, voices, morphological, and verbs errors; the dominant grammatical error found is tense errors which has total occurrences of 75 (26.31%) specifically the use of past tense; the reason why students‟ made dominant error in using specifically past tense is the students‟ are lack of understanding the linguistic features of descriptive text. Based on the result, it is figured out that the students still have difficulties in applying grammatical structures in writing. In order to avoid the students in making another grammatical error, the researcher has suggested taking out remediation based on each problematic area of grammatical error categories

Fungsi, Kategori, dan Peran Sintaksis Bahasa Indonesia dalam Kalimat Efektif Teks Cerita Anak yang Berjudul “Berbeda Itu Tak Apa” pada Buku Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas Satu Sekolah Dasar Kurikulum Merdeka

Children's story text is an event based on the time sequence experienced or in the form of imagination that tells the world of children. This story text can improve the process of language skills in children by reading. The children's story text entitled "Different It's Okay" has an interesting story to be studied, namely effective sentences that will be analyzed using syntactic functions, roles, and categories. This research aims to classify words in the Indonesian language textbook for grade one of the independent curriculum elementary school. This research analysis uses a qualitative descriptive method. The techniques used to collect data in this research are reading and note-taking techniques, or listening. The results of this study can be found in the role, function, and syntactic category in the Indonesian language textbook for grade one of the independent curriculum elementary school. This research is useful for helping students in the process of analyzing syntactic structures.

Grammatical categories of the English noun and their expressing in the sentence

Grammatical categories of the English noun and their expressing in the sentence

Особенности выражения значения результативности глаголами специально-результативных способов действия в современном осетинском языке (в сопоставлении с русским)

The study of expressing the effectiveness of an action in the modern Ossetian language shows that Ossetian prefixal verbs can denote not only the effectiveness of an action, but also various aspectualactional shades of effectiveness, which are denoted by verbs of special effective Aktionsarten. Similarity in terms of aspectual-actional meaning is observed in the verbs of the following Ossetian and Russian special effective Aktionsarten derived from telic verbs: distributive-total, cumulative, total, and softening. In the above semantics in both languages, verbs of the following Aktionsarten derived from atelic verbs coincide: inchoative, durative-limited, restrictive, semelfactive, and reiterative. A separate group of special effective Aktionsarten that distinguish Ossetian from Russian is formed by verbs with specific shades of effective actionality: partially effective, total-qualitative, instantaneously effective, thoroughly effective, intensively effective, normatively effective, and comparatively effective. A subject of particular attention in this article are the verbs with the fæprefix. An attempt is made to explain the reasons for the unlimited aspectual-actional activity of this prefix. According to the author, such activity is associated with the freedom of this prefix from the spatial-orientational semantics, which resulted in a later (than other prefixes) involvement in denoting the specific-process meaning of the imperfective aspect, or rather, the perceptivity of an action and, accordingly, other aspectual meanings. As a consequence, this prefix was in great aspectual-actional demand at the later stages of development of the aspect as a grammatical category in the Ossetian language. A comparison of functional and translational Ossetian and Russian aspectual-actional equivalents reveals both universal and idioethnic elements in assessing the nature of the progression and distribution of an action in time. Differences in this assessment (with similar perception by speakers of different languages of the same situations of extralinguistic reality) are of undoubted interest for Ossetian and Russian general and comparative aspectology.