Grammatical Categories Research Articles

Old grammatical nomenclatures as a source of grammatical knowledge

The subject of the analysis are terms recorded in the 17th–19th-century grammar nomenclatures. The most numerously represented ones were terms from the field of inflection (naming parts of speech and grammatical categories), there were few terms from the field of phonetics and word-formation, and terms from the field of sentence syntax had not appeared in glossaries until the 19th century. This share of terms from various branches was determined by the utilitarian nature of grammatical works: they were intended for learning Polish or foreign languages. It was assumed a priori, so to speak, that the learner already had the knowledge of the rules of Latin grammar, and the point of reference for Polish terms (or German ones, as in Dobracki’s grammar book) was the Latin terminology. The outcome of the development of grammatical knowledge is the redefinition of grammar itself and its branches, the independence of the grammatical description of modern languages from Latin grammar, as well as the codification and standardisation of grammatical terminology.

A Contrastive Study of the Progressive Marker in English and Ikwerre Languages

The Ikwerre and English languages differ in some linguistic features due to their different linguistic backgrounds. One of such linguistic features is the inflectional markers/affixes which are used to mark different grammatical categories. These differences often create problems to the Ikwere learners of English as a second language. This paper, therefore examines the progressive markers in English and Ikwere languages so as to identify areas of differences in both languages that may pose problems to the Ikwere learners of English as well as areas of similarities that make the learning and proficiency in the use of the progressive marker in the target language easier. The data were collected from the language samples and analysed using the descriptive method. The theoretical framework adopted in this study is Robert Ledo’s contrastive analysis (CA). The findings of this study revealed that in both languages, the progressive inflectional markers are suffixes. The study also revealed that while English language marks the progressive verb form with the “-ing” suffix, Ikwere language marks the progressive verb form with the ‘-ga suffix. This paper further revealed that while English language marks the present progressive verb forms with the present forms of the auxiliary verb (be), main verb and the “ing” marker, the Ikwere language marks the present progressive form with the ‘ga’ suffix. This paper further observes that while English forms its past progressive forms with the past form of the auxiliary verb (be), the main verb and the “ing” marker, the Ikwere language forms it past progressive with the presence of the suffix ‘ga’ followed by the factative rV suffix. This paper therefore recommends that Ikwere learners of English should make conscious effort to master the areas of differences in the use of the progressive markers in both languages so as to avoid transfer of rules to the English language.

Most Frequent Multi-Word Expressions in English for Banking: A Corpus-Based Diachronic Study

The aim of the paper is to perform diachronic research in one segment of Business English – English for Banking to check the diachronic stability of its vocabulary. Therefore, an analysis of multi-word expressions (MWEs) in 15 syntactic categories in annual reports of four biggest US banks for fiscal years 2006 and 2021 was made. More precisely, the diachronic changes comprising the span of time of 15 years were analysed in both the frequency of the occurrence of MWEs across the 15 analysed syntactic categories and in their percentage relationship to the scope of the corpora. The corpus analysis made it possible to extract real language in use, enabling the author to determine diachronic changes in vocabulary across categories, thus bridging the gap between the existing knowledge of vocabulary in English for Banking and the current situation. The research showed that there is a high statistical significance of changes in both the frequency of the occurrence of MWEs across the 15 analysed categories and in their percentage relationship to the scope of the corpus in the period over 15 years. The research findings might be useful for both Business English lecturers and their students, due to the various possible pedagogical implications of the results. The research might function as an impetus for linguists doing research in corpus linguistics to undertake further research in other areas of Business English to determine and describe possible changes in the language used. These areas could include: international trade, logistics, wholesale, retailing, industry, business media, leadership, management, marketing or investing.

Adjectives and Adverbs in Arabic

This paper discusses parts of speech in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic (‘Arabic’ for short), with a particular focus on the categories of Adjective and Adverb. Throughout the paper, we argue that there seems to be no distributional criteria that set adjectives or adverbs from substantives. In particular, neither morphological nor syntactic criteria can be used successfully to isolate a class of items used exclusively for noun or verb modification. The words used for these two functions seem to be part of the class of nouns and only semantic constraints determine which can be used as noun modifiers or as verb modifiers. Therefore, a theory that uses gross distribution only to identify syntactic categories must lump these together in a single class of substantives, as traditional Arab grammarians do.

To the question of androcentrism of the grammatical category of gender in Italian language

The article analyses the processes of feminisation of some nouns occurring in the Italian language in connection with the struggle against the manifestations of masculine mentality. The asymmetry of feminine and masculine genders in the declension of nouns and adjectives is fixed in the Italian language at the grammatical level. However, in recent decades, due to the growth of feminist sentiments in the world and the increasing attention to social gender, this grammatical norm has caused more and more disputes in Italian society, the use of the masculine gender is undergoing a kind of gender censorship. The established gender hierarchy of language has been perceived by some politicians and cultural figures as incorrect, disadvantaging the representation of women in discourse, especially when it comes to the so-called "nomi di ruolo" - nouns denoting staff positions (mayor, councillor, chairman, prime minister, judge). Gender markers, which are natural for the language, receive additional connotative meaning, their semantic significance expands: along with the grammatical category, they begin to express the speaker's social position, his views on the political agenda in relation to feminist sentiments. The paper will examine gender in Italian as a grammatical category, then highlight the main grammatical tools that Italian linguists propose to use in order to equalise the asymmetry of femininity and masculinity in modern Italian. Different perspectives of native Italian speakers on such grammatical changes in the category of gender will be presented and possible options for levelling the asymmetry towards androcentrism will be analysed.

Syntactic Category based Assamese Question Pattern Extraction using N-grams

Syntactic categories are important because they play a major role in analysis of sentences. Assamese is a versatile language added with diversified linguistic features. Analysis and manipulation of such a rich language in terms of its vocabulary is really challenging. It requires incorporation of syntactic level annotations like Parts of Speech (PoS) tags into the text for the purpose of efficient and effective processing for different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Our research mainly focuses on extraction of patterns of syntactic categories in Assamese question sentences. We have also worked on extracting the Bi-grams and Tri-grams of these patterns so that analysis and processing can be done on more basic level. In this paper, we have tried to focus on extraction of PoS tag based Assamese question patterns. We also have tried to generate the Bi-grams and Tri-grams with their frequencies of occurrences throughout the patterns. The work is a noval attempt in modeling question sentence patterns with the embedded PoS patterns.

Types of use of peripheral forms of the creative case in the aspect of adverbialization (the substantive word form "in a whisper")

The stepwise nature of adverbial transposition of nouns without prepositions is investigated. The object of study is the forms of the creative case of nouns without prepositions, representing the first stage of transposition into adverbs, the subject of consideration is combinatorics and the proportion of substantive and adverbial features in the structure of word forms of the "whisper" type, functioning in the zone of the periphery of the noun class. The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop such a field of scientific research as the transpositional grammar of the Russian language, as well as to identify patterns of functioning of linguistic units in transitional zones between parts of speech and interparticle semantic and syntactic categories. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of substantive word forms that demonstrate different degrees of manifestation of signs interacting with the functional adverbialization of nouns and adverbs on two stages of the noun zone. Within the framework of the proposed approach to syncretic formations, methods of oppositional analysis (with an adverbial scale), elements of component, distributive analysis, and linguistic experiment are used. The novelty of the study consists in the description of a formalized methodology for establishing the stages of adverbialization of substantive word forms, demonstrating a different degree of departure from nouns and approximation to adverbs. It is established that the substantive word form "whisper", for example, is characterized by a multi-stage transposition into an adverbial class. In the zone of the periphery of nouns, she makes the first, actually syntactic step towards adverbs. It is associated with its use first in the syncretic function of complement and circumstance, and then only in the function of circumstance. The presence of dependent words in the form of adjectival and subsubstantial distributors, as well as the function of object complement, restrain the further advancement of the word form "in a whisper" towards the class of adverbs. The loss of object meaning in the word form under consideration is associated with a shift at the level of verbal subordination: weak control as a way of connecting the word form "in a whisper" with the main word is replaced by case adjunction. Object-circumstantial relations are transformed into circumstantial ones. But the main categorical features of nouns in the zone of the periphery of this class of words are preserved. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it contains an understanding of transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech in a systemic linguistic aspect. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of applying its results in teaching linguistic disciplines – Russian, general linguistics, theoretical grammar.

The impact of the development of water transport routes on linguistic dynamics

The article has provided an analysis of the problem of parts of speech in modern linguistics, addressing the linguistic criteria for identifying parts of speech, the composition of parts of speech in specific linguistic types, and the grammatical categories inherent to particular parts of speech within specific linguistic types, and emphasizes the relevance and importance of their issues in the current field of linguistic research. The mention of prominent scientists and their contributions to the field adds historical context and demonstrates the development of the study of parts of speech over time. Recognizing the methodological challenge with describing faced in studying parts of speech, noting the three main principles used in linguistics: semantic, morphological, and syntactic. It is concluded that it is impossible to apply all these principles simultaneously and sets the stage for further exploring the intricacies of parts of speech in linguistic research.

ПРАГМАТИЧНА СКЛАДОВА ІСПАНСЬКОГО НЕОЗНАЧЕНОГО АРТИКЛЮ В КОНТЕКСТІ МОВНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧІВ

Вackground. The article examines the pragmatic functions of the indefinite article in Spanish with a view to its teaching to students of translation studies at higher educational institutions. The study focuses on the fact that the Spanish article is capable not only of indicating the uncertainty of the subject, but also of conveying various pragmatic information or even acquiring metaphorical meanings depending on the existing communicative situation. The didactic goal of the study is to develop students' ability to perceive the grammatical category of the article from the point of view of a native Spanish speaker, which will improve its understanding for use and further reproduction in Ukrainian translation. Methods. A number of methods have been used to highlight the problem, namely descriptive method, contrastive or comparative method, the methods of linguistic and contextual interpretive analysis, as well as the method of generalization of the data. The article is of a review nature with the aim of generalising the issue. Results. The main cases of the use of the indefinite article in Spanish are analyzed for the presence of pragmatic functions, in particular, its use to indicate uncertainty or quantity of a noun, to introduce new information, to indicate belonging to a certain group, to add characteristics to an object or phenomenon, as well as for emphasis. The article reveals the pragmatic potential of the article in the original, which is important and sometimes necessary to preserve in the target text during translation. It is established that the translation transformation of deleting the article without adding lexical means in the target text due to the absence of this category in Ukrainian grammar is an ambiguous decision, which leads to the loss of the pragmatic component in the Ukrainian translation or even to a change in the content of the Spanish message. Possible ways to solve the problem of reproducing different meanings of the indefinite article are proposed, including the addition of appropriate lexical and lexico-grammatical means, changing the order of words in a sentence, transposition or explication. Conclusions. The grammatical category of the article in Spanish has a wide potential for expressing additional pragmatic meanings that have semantic, stylistic, emphatic, expressive, evaluative or metaphorical load. In Ukrainian translation, the reproduction of additional pragmatic meanings of the article is difficult, which leads to certain losses in the target text. To ensure an adequate reproduction of the Spanish message, the translator must acquire sufficient linguistic competence to understand the nature of the Spanish indefinite article and see it from the point of view of a native Spanish speaker. This will allow them to identify pragmatic meanings in the text and reproduce them in Ukrainian.

LINGUISTIC MEANS OF SPEECH MANIPULATION IN MODERN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE FOREIGN POLICY MEDIA DISCOURSE: SYNERGISTIC APPROACH

The modern realities confronting the world are a reflection of human activity – engine of progress and development. Any system, be it linguistic, political, or otherwise, functions as a mechanism designed to achieve specific goals or to support existing circumstances. Language, in particular, is a crucial component of the political system, as throughout history and across all nations, politicians have pursued their objectives through the utilization of this universal tool. The political system is a complex mechanism in which language plays a significant role. The focal point of the article is the elucidation of linguistic means employed in the expression of speech manipulation within the modern English-language foreign policy media discourse. This analysis is conducted with reference to the three-level model of information and communication influence, encompassing micro-, meso-, and macro-levels. It has been substantiated that linguistic devices such as euphemisms present in political speeches not only impart emotional nuances to the text but also exert a significant manipulative influence on the audience of listeners and readers. It has been elucidated those linguistic strategies such as hedging and the grammatical category of modality (in our case – the conditional mood) are actively employed by political leaders, serving as tools for the accomplishment of their own intentions. Additionally, the communication hierarchy of the political agenda is addressed, which is shaped by politicians to achieve their set objectives. Furthermore, certain aspects of implementing such a political strategy have been delineated. The research findings attest that comprehending the mechanisms of linguistic manipulation contributes not only to a critical understanding of information but also to the development of media literacy. We envision the perspective for further scholarly investigations in the elaboration of a methodological framework for analyzing modern English-language foreign policy media discourse based on the principles of linguistic synergy as an interdisciplinary (and more broadly, transdisciplinary) direction within the field of philological scientific inquiry.

Towards a typology of demonstrative verbs

Demonstratives have traditionally been recognized as a semantic category in which different members are classified as belonging to certain lexical or syntactic categories. Current research suggests there are at least 7 different distinct lexical categories: determiners, pronouns, adverbs, non-verbal predicators, verbs, adpositions, and articles. This study looks at one of the aforementioned category of demonstratives, demonstrative verbs, based on a sample of 101 languages with demonstrative verbs out of a total of 1182 languages examined. We present a typological classification of demonstrative verbs based on semantics, an exploration on the morphosyntactic properties of demonstrative verbs and their use in different pragmatic functions, and vast illustrative data in support of our analysis.

An Analysis of Oral Reading Miscues for the English language and Retelling Comprehension of Fifth Preparatory Graders in Thiqar, Iraq : Psycholinguistic Study

This study is an attempt to identify and analyze the oral reading miscues (30) students,(15 males and 15 females) are chosen randomly from fifth Preparatory graders in Thiqar. The teachers choose the students as being remedial readers and those who are identified as being exceptionally good readers are excluded from the population of the study for the purpose of having a sample very much of average readers.The reading miscues inventory which is first developed by Goodman, is used to code and analyze in depth the students' miscues with respect to how these miscues relate to their counterparts in the text. They are classified under graphic, sound, syntactic and semantic categories. This analysis also shows the effect of these miscues on the students' comprehension: meaning and grammatical acceptability.The study shows the high percentage of correction attempts made by the male readers. This high percentage of correction attempts shows that the fifteen females' readers are successful in their oral reading.The results of this study also reveal that the females' readers are syntactically and semantically acceptable. The results also show that the readers are strong comprehenders while the male readers' miscues are not syntactically and semantically acceptable. Thus, this study applies the psycho-linguistic reading process, which is illustrated by comparing unexpected and predicted reading-related responses. An extensive analysis of the phenomenon of oral reading is possible with the help of this taxonomy of reading errors and signals. This taxonomy is developed in close proximity to the theory and has been improved by use in an ongoing series of thorough studies on oral reading.

ChatGPT의 영어 문법성 판단에 근거한 타당성 검증

The present study is aimed at validating the efficacy of ChatGPT based on its explanations of grammatical concepts. Given the fact that more and more English teachers refer to ChatGPT for the purpose of judging grammaticality, this study attempts to probe the potentials and challenges of ChatGPT for English education and assessment. ChatGPT’s explanations of 140 paired sentences from 11 grammatical categories including sentence types, verbs, verbals, passive voice, subjunctive mood, relatives, special structures, conjunctions, nouns-articles, adjectives-adverbs, and prepositions were collected and examined to identify the extent to which the information was valid. The results were then compared against such authoritative corpus resources as the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and Google Books Ngram Viewer (GBNV). The results revealed the average accuracy of the explanations provided by ChatGPT was approximately 73%. While some grammatical explanations of ChatGPT were accurate, 27% of explanations included misleading or even self-contradictory information. According to the survey, the majority of teachers think somewhat favorably of ChatGPT’s potential for teaching and testing, but they are aware of its inherent inaccurate information. Overall, the findings suggest that even ChatGPT’s state-of-the-art technology has yet to meet the adequacy of grammaticality for teaching and testing and that it be supplemented by authoritative English corpora.

L’Adjectif qualificatif : étude Contrastive en Français et en Arabe

The Adjective: Contrastive Study in French and in Arabic
 The lexical morpheme, variable in gender and number through linguistic agreement (AGR) or declension, holds a crucial position in the two inflected languages under examination: Arabic, an Afro-Asiatic language of the Semitic family, and French, a Romance language with synthetic characteristics. This study draws inspiration from the works of eminent linguists, including Blachère and Gaudefroy-Demombynes (1975), Béchade (1994), Al-Hakkak (1996), and others. It also incorporates insights from contrastive studies, a linguistic branch that emerged in the 1950s to enhance the teaching and learning of foreign languages by addressing language interference through the exploration of inter-linguistic structural differences. This study, designed to assist learners and translators in comprehending the affinities and deviations between French and Arabic, delves into the use of adjectives in context. It particularly focuses on the qualifying adjective as a discourse component falling within the class of apparent nouns, in contrast to implicit nouns. This lemma or lexical unit serves to describe, characterize, specify, and indicate certain properties of animate or inanimate beings. It represents the grammatical class bestowing identity upon a person, animal, or object, attaching a positive, negative, or neutral label that imparts a value judgment. In French, the qualifying adjective encompasses various types, including relational, nominal, compound, verbal, and syntagmatic. In Arabic, it takes on verbal and denominative forms, assimilated to the verb. Morphologically, French features prefixed, suffixed, and unsuffixed adjectives, while Arabic presents adjectives crafted from a multitude of forms. Regardless of the linguistic context, the qualifying adjective, matching in gender and number the noun or pronoun to which it refers, can assume multiple functions within morphosyntactic structures. It can act as an epithet, whether anteposed or postposed, with graphic, phonic, strict, or floating agreement or concord (instances of inflection), serve as an attribute linked to the subject by a copular verb, or be affixed. Additionally, qualifying adjectives can convey varying degrees of intensity using phrasal adverbs or adverbs of comparison.

Būdvardiškųjų žodžių derinimo ryšio įsisavinimas dvikalbystės sąlygomis

While studies on the acquisition of adjective agreement in the Lithuanian language are scarce, some research indicates that children face challenges in understanding morphosyntactic relationships, leading to errors in the use of adjectives and nouns in agreement. Consequently, children may switch less common inflections to more common ones, select declension paradigms based on analogy to other words, and exhibit errors in the grammatical category of gender. The present study investigates adjective agreement in bilingual children. Thirty-five bilingual children residing outside Lithuania completed a task based on a corpus of children’s and child-directed speech. The experimental task aimed to capture the diversity of adjective and noun paradigms. Test choices included, alongside the correct one, a paradigm error (a different paradigm inflection), a number error (a different number in the target paradigm), and a gender error (a different gender in the target paradigm). Results reveal that bilingual children encounter the most difficulty with agreement due to inflectional diversity, involving changes in inflection from unproductive to productive paradigms and copying noun inflections. Agreement errors in gender and number are also associated with paradigm diversity.

Роль категории глагольного вида в выражении взглядов Л. Толстого на исторический процесс (на материале романа «Война и мир»)

<p>The article uses the anthropocentric approach to the description of the grammatical category of the verbs aspects in order to consider how its use contributes to the creation of an image of the world in accordance with the creative intent of the author of the literary text. The main subject of the study is L.N. Tolstoy's novel «War and Peace». Applying the concept situation frame, the researcher analyzes how the writer overcomes the fragmentary image of events inherent in human thinking and creates a global view of the course of history as a linking of numerous actions of characters acts the background of a historical panorama. The article shows the specific choice of perfect and imperfect verbs in the novel, contributing to the creation of such an image of the historical process.</p>

Levels of Variation in Subordinates of Immediate Succession in Current Spanish

In this paper, I analyze, from a compositional perspective, the relevant features to construct the interpretation of immediate succession between a subordinate event and the event that takes place in the main sentence. Among all the components involved in the construction of the meaning of immediate succession, I focus particularly on the subordinators, which present a mosaic of variation in current Spanish. The key ideas that can be derived from the data analysis are the following. First: subordinators of immediate succession are the loci of variation of temporal subordinates. Second: a subordinator of immediate succession is a “linguistic variable” that can be syntactically materialized in different forms by applying general rules that do not change the meaning, although sometimes they do change the grammatical category. Third: in the diachronic evolution of Spanish, several patterns of internal structure have emerged for immediate succession subordinators. However, most of them have ceased to be productive, although some subordinators that were coined with these patterns have survived as fossils in the current language. Fourth: the only productive pattern in the present language can be reduced to the Adv (immediacy) + que scheme, which goes back to Late Latin.

"Language and its Role in Bridging International Communication"

The English language is in a continuous process of advancement as society evolves and people make distance irrelevant by communicating with each other in various ways. It is unquestionable that the development of technology has substantially improved the English language. Not only was it enriched, but it also became the official donner for many languages around the world. Words changed both their meaning and their grammatical category. A simple noun as text became the verb to text with the development of mobile phones. The word “google” started from the name of the search engine and developed into a transitive verb. The name of a company also converted into a verb and even more a concept uberization. Moreover, the association of two basic words such as face and book created a word that began to be used worldwide.

The Particle bal in Qur’anic Arabic

This paper provides a linguistic characterization of the particle bal, roughly translated as ‘rather’ in English, in Qur’anic Arabic. In the Qur’an corpus, which includes 77880 words, the particle occurs 121 times, and in its various occurrences, the particle does not have the same syntactic categorization nor the same semantic meaning or function. Therefore, the present paper explores the syntactic and semantic features of the particle alongside its uses in its varying positions. It examines the positions, distributions, semantic meaning and functions of the particle in different contexts. The paper also sheds light on the recurrent linguistic aspects that characterize the structures in which the particle occurs. The method employed involves distributional and qualitative descriptive techniques. The study shows that, in terms of positions, the particle either introduces a clause or occurs between two equal elements. In terms of functions, the study highlights that the use of the particle involves transitioning from and, in certain instances, invalidating the proposition expressed by the preceding clause as well as affirmation of and, in certain instances, an intensification of the proposition expressed by the following clause. The study also indicates the polysemy of the particle and that it can be synonymous with e.g. lakin ‘but’, bi-l-2aHra: ‘rather’, Haqqan ‘indeed’, badalan min ‘instead of’ and the emphatic particles 2inna and 2innama:. Moreover, based on the investigation of the features of the particle bal in its varying contexts, the study proposes a number of categories through which the particle can be analyzed, which include: an adversative coordinator, a conjunctive adverb, and a complementizer. The findings thus highlight the diversity in the syntax and semantics of a single particle that is realized as bal in the contexts of Qur’anic Arabic, and the paper makes a contribution to literature in the understudied area of the syntax and semantics of Qur’anic Arabic.

Odstępstwa od normy w zakresie fleksji imiennej w języku polskim młodzieży w Ukrainie Zachodniej na tle dyferencjalnych cech fleksyjnych polszczyzny wileńskiej

The author of the article makes an attempt to compare the types of deviations from the general Polish inflectional norm in the Polish language of young people of Polish descent from three regions of Western Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil) and the Vilnius Polish language. Based on thorough statistical research on the inflectional features of the Polish language of school youth in Ukraine, it is determined on the analysis of studies by researchers of the Vilnius Polish language, what is the range of differential common features in variants of Polish in Ukraine and Lithuania against the background of general Polish norm. The realisation of nominal (category of gender, case and number) grammatical categories is considered as well. In the analysis of inflectional phenomena, approaches to the interpretation of their genesis in the Polish language used in Ukraine and Lithuania have been taken into account.