Grammatical Attributes Research Articles

Algorithm Design and Application of Grammatical Structure and Function Learning in Chinese Writing for Intelligent Analysis

Abstract This study utilizes the Larsen-Freeman three-dimensional theory of grammar teaching to quantitatively analyze the grammatical attributes “form”, “meaning” and “usage” in the Chinese writing process. The study uses the PCFG model to extract the syntactic dependency tree and represents the features of the tree structure with the help of TF-IDF. Meanwhile, the Transformer model extracts the semantic and syntactic features of sentences. At the same time, the positional encoder is removed to ensure that the model obtains information from the syntactic level. Further, an unsupervised method for generating grammatical textual recapitulation for Chinese Writing is proposed, as well as a Grammar Tree Generator for generating recapitulated sentences, which efficiently extracts the features of the input grammatical sequences. In addition, the study also includes writing feature analysis based on grammatical function matching, using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to analyze the similarity of 60 grammatical functions. Finally, validation was performed on 30 Chinese writing text collections, each containing 10 compositions, and the results showed high accuracy of unlabeled grammatical function recognition. The LDA model determined the optimal number of writing topics to be 150. This study highlights the potential application of intelligent analysis techniques in improving the quality of Chinese Writing. It provides new perspectives for an in-depth understanding of the interplay between grammatical structures and functions in the Chinese writing.

Професор І. К. Кучеренко в історії українського мовознавства: класифікація частин мови

The article is devoted to the grammatical study of the parts of speech of by outstanding domestic scientist – Professor I. Kucherenko. Professor I. Kucherenko laid out the key points of this teaching in the fundamental two-volume treatise “Theoretical Issues of the Grammar of the Ukrainian Language: Morphology”, where he substantiated the logical grammatical paradigmatic system of the Ukrainian language with impeccable clarity, while at the same time proposing to solve the most difficult and controversial issues in the field of semasiology, syntax, and communicative linguistics. Having been printed in early (the 60s of the 20th century), this work became a significant achievement of Slavic linguistics and largely determines the development of grammatical thought in Ukraine to this day. The scientist’s classification approach is focused on the “unequivocal (monistic)” criterion, namely the lexical meaning of the word, which the scientist sometimes calls “real”. The lexical meaning of a word reflects the conceptual, communicative and cognitive nature of a linguistic sign and determines its grammatical attributes, not vice versa. The use of a multi-valued criterion, which is widespread in grammars to this day, turns into a gross violation of logic, makes it impossible to clearly differentiate common and distinctive, basic (generic) and secondary (specific) features of word classes. As a result, words are forced into categories where they are “foreign”, such as, for example, participles among verbs. Professor I. Kucherenko is the first to substantiate the feasibility of considering participles, as well as so-called ordinal numerals, as well as adjectival classes of pronominal words in the adjective category. The lexical meaning of a word determines its typified function in a sentence, which (sentence), according to the scientist, is not only the main unit of syntax, but also a “real unit” among the rest of the linguistic units. The scientist interprets the concept of “real” as something that does not exist in registers or nomenclature, but provides communication and knowledge. Thus, while developing theoretical grammar, Professor I. Kucherenko showed foresight in terms of the categories of cognitive linguistics and communicative syntax, many decades ahead of his contemporary scientific thought. Approaches to the so-called service parts of speech are significant in the paradigmatic teaching of Professor I. Kucherenko. The scientist rejects the terminological dichotomy “meaning-bearing / non- meaning-bearing”, justifiably believing that there is no primary and secondary in the lexical material. It visualizes the understanding that prepositions, conjunctions, particles ensure the movement of thought from sensual contents to the sphere of abstract thinking, reflecting the facts of human mental activity, which is the same reality as the naming of visible (gross) material objects of the world. In this connection, the scientist develops the proposal about synsemantics and three levels of semantics (defined, generalized, generalized and indicative).

GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF PROPER NAMES

Despite the availability of a sufficient number of studies, there is still no comprehensive work that would summarize information about the grammatical features of proper names of the Ukrainian language. However, there is an indisputable need for such conclusions, which determines the relevance of the topic of our scientific article. The purpose of the study is to systematize the morphological and syntactic features of the proprietary units of the Ukrainian language. Methods of classification and systematization (to group proper names), descriptive method using stratigraphic, genetic, etymological, word formation, formant, comparative and other methods (to characterize the Ukrainian onomastіcon) and the method of quantitative calculations (to determine the productivity of different types of proper names) were used in the work. The study found that the grammatical attributes of onyms are inextricably linked with similar features of common names, but it is appropriate to emphasize their specificity. In particular, proper names have a number of differential characteristics in the definition lexico-grammatical and grammatical categories, and the main types of word change are declension (noun and noun-adjective), declension-invariant (construction “noun + noun”) and invariant (especially when the proper name is combined with an appellative indicating a denotation). We often record the transition from a proper name to common names, less often – the pluralization of onyms. The syntactic role of simple subjects, objects, attributes, appositions, adverbial modifiers of place and direct address is dominant for onyms (according to semantic-syntactic criterions – substantial subject, object and addressee and secondary attributive, vocative and adverbial locative syntaxes). Compound models, in particular phrases and predicates, are specific to proper names. Phonetic, lexical and other features of proper names can be described in more detail in the following generalized articles.

Grammatical Attributes in the Language of Communication: Conceptualization of Time, Tense and Aspect in English

Time is a concept which is related to our perception of reality. A vast majority of languages have mechanisms which enable the speakers to express time. Many languages have grammatical means that make it possible for users to express the time when an action or event occurs. Among these languages, most of them also express time with a verb, and more specifically, with various verbal tenses. The verbal tense, a grammatical category which differs significantly from one language to another, may also be considered a grammatical component of time. Verbal tense can provide us with a particular kind of insight into our perception of chronological time which is expressed with and within the tense of the verb. Tense is concerned about how events are located, perceived and referred to along the past-present-future timeline. Aspect is about the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded. In general linguistic approaches, tense and aspect are treated as complementary ways of encoding time. They relate the happening described by the verb to time in the past, present or future. However, tense differs from aspect in showing the time reference, while aspect shows how the action or state of the verb is envisaged or seen as happening or occurring. Time, tense and aspect are inter-related concepts; time is usually perceived in relation to tense and aspect. In the current paper, it is the author’s conviction that knowledge in the distinction between the three concepts (time, tense, aspect) will enable English speakers to communicate better, grammatically. Keywords : Time, Tense, Aspect, Grammar, English, Communication. DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/92-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2020

Grammatical Attributes in the Language of Communication: Conceptualization of Time, Tense and Aspect in English

Grammatical Attributes in the Language of Communication: Conceptualization of Time, Tense and Aspect in English

Willemsen Antropofágico: o criador da literatura brasileira na Holanda

Na leitura dos posfácios do tradutor August Willemsen presentes nas obras de alguns dos maiores escritores brasileiros publicados na Holanda, fica clara a noção de fidelidade que orienta seu trabalho de tradução. Willemsen reafirma sua promessa de fidelidade, seja quando justifica o que faz, seja quando confessa sua impotência em repetir o que julga ser o sentido do original. Neste texto, que faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa de pós-doutoramento, minha proposta é introduzir uma reflexão no campo da Linguística Aplicada Crítica em torno do tema da fidelidade, conceito tão caro aos Estudos da Tradução e que, invariavelmente, envolve as questões da língua em seus vários funcionamentos: semântico, fonológico, sintático e cultural, ou seja, em todos os aspectos do uso da língua e de seus atributos linguísticos e culturais. No caso específico do trabalho de Willemsen, a reflexão aborda a promessa de fidelidade do tradutor, também declarada em entrevistas e ensaios, e as traduções criativas que, de fato, produz. A tese que anima essa abordagem é de que, mesmo declarando sua fidelidade aos autores que ama e traduz, considerando-se a visão tradicional de fidelidade como repetição da totalidade do sentido, Willemsen e seus protocolos tradutórios estabelecem com a língua da tradução os mesmos mecanismos criativos que o autor estabeleceu com a língua do original. Nesse sentido, as traduções criativas de Willemsen sinalizam para uma noção de fidelidade que foge à expectativa de apagamento autoral do tradutor. Avançando na ousadia da análise, não é difícil articular a proposta tradutória de Willemsen com o conceito de transcriação - concepção de tradução criativa antropofágica elaborada por Haroldo de Campos.

Generation of Attributes for Bangla Words for Universal Networking Language(UNL)

The usage of native language through Internet is highly demanding now a day due to rapidly increase of Internet based application in daily needs. It is important to read all information in Bangla from the internet. Universal Networking Language (UNL) addressed this issue in most of languages. It helps to overcome the language barrier among people of different nations to solve problems emerging from current globalization trends and geopolitical interdependence. In this paper we propose a work that aims to contribute with morphological analysis of those Bangla words from which we obtain roots and Primary suffixes and developing of grammatical attributes for roots and Primary suffixes that can be used to prepare Bangla word dictionary and Enconversion/Deconversion rules for Natural Language Processing(NLP).

Some Proposed Standard Models for Bangla Dictionary Entries of Bangla Morphemes for Universal Networking Language

The Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a world wide generalizes form of human interactive language in a machine independent digital platform for defining, recapitulating, amending, storing and dissipating knowledge or information among people of different affiliations. The theoretical and applied research associated with this interdisciplinary endeavor facilitates in a number of practical applications in most domains of human activities such as creating globalization trends of markets or geopolitical interdependence among nations. In our research work we are presenting a pioneer work that aims to contribute with Development of Models for Bangla Dictionary Entries and Analysis of Grammatical Attributes of Bangla words such as Bangla Roots, Krit Prottoy and Kria Bivokti which will help to create a doorway for converting the Bangla Sentence to UNL and vice versa and subside the barrier between Bangla to other

Grammatical approaches to engineering design, part II: Melding configuration and parametric design using attribute grammars

Parametric design tools are applicable in engineering design when the configuration is known a priori. Grammatical approaches to design, on the other hand, are useful for considering a range of configurations but do not accommodate the consideration of engineering parameters and design requirements. We discussattribute grammars, which were developed for the semantic analysis of computer languages, and show how engineering design can be facilitated by modest extensions of the attribute grammar formalism. We demonstrate with examples how a component-based design artifact language can be augmented with engineering parameters and how such a language can be parsed to evaluate conformance with design requirements. We also demonstrate how grammatical attributes can be used to represent design requirements and can direct the generation of design alternatives.

Motion analysis of grammatical processes in a visual-gestural language (abstract only)

Movement of the hands and arms through space is an essential element both in the lexical structure of American Sign Language (ASL), and, most strikingly, in the grammatical structure of ASL: it is in patterned changes of the movement of signs that many grammatical attributes are represented. These grammatical attributes occur as an isolable superimposed layer of structure, as demonstrated by the accurate identification by deaf signers of these attributes presented only as dynamic point-light displays. Three-dimensional computer graphic analyses were applied in two domains, to quantify the nature of the 'phonological' (formational) distinctions underlying the structure of grammatical processes in ASL. In the first, we show that for one 'phonological' opposition, evenness/unevenness of movement, a ratio of maximum velocities throughout the movement perfectly captures the linguistic classification of forms along this dimension. In the second, we map out a two-dimensional visual-articulatory space that captures in terms of signal properties, relevant relationships among movement forms that were independently posited as linguistically relevant. The fact that we are finding direct correspondences between properties of the signal and properties of the 'phonological' system in sign language, may arise in part because in sign languages, unlike in spoken languages, the movements of the articulators themselves are directly observable, and, also in part, because of the predominantly layered 'phonological' organization of sign language.

Processes controlling human movement: neuromotor constraints on American Sign Language.

The study of sign languages provides a promising vehicle for investigating language production because the movements of the articulators in sign are directly observable. Movement of the hands and arms is an essential element not only in the lexical structure of American Sign Language (ASL), but most strikingly, in the grammatical structure of ASL: It is in patterned changes of the movement of signs that many grammatical attributes are represented. The "phonological" (formational) structure of movement in ASL surely reflects in part constraints on the channel through which it is conveyed. We evaluate the relation between one neuromotor constraint on movement-regulation of final position rather than of movement amplitude-and the phonological structure of movement in ASL. We combine three-dimensional measurements of ASL movements with linguistic analyses of the distinctiveness and predictability of the final position (location) versus the amplitude (length). We show that final position, not movement amplitude, is distinctive in the language and that a phonological rule in ASL predicts variation in movement amplitude-a development which may reflect a neuromuscular constraint on the articulatory mechanism through which the language is conveyed.

Simultaneous interpretation: qualitative and linguistic data.

This paper presents qualitative data in relation to a previously reported study on simultaneous interpretation (Barik, 1973). The interpreter's version of a passage may reveal omissions, additions and substitutions or errors of translation. Several categories of each type of event are noted and related to temporal and grammatical attributes of the input material. Other linguistic observations are also made. One critical factor in interpretation is the interpreter's ability to segment the incoming message at linguistically appropriate locations. Failure to do so can lead to a number of difficulties and to inadequate performance. Examples are given.