Verbal Aspect Research Articles

Actuality Entailments

In 1999, Rajesh Bhatt observed a curious interaction between modality and grammatical aspect: Under imperfective marking, ability modals describe “pure,” potentially unrealized abilities, but their perfectively marked counterparts instead describe actual events. These apparently nonmodal interpretations are known as actuality entailments. The effect has resisted straightforward explanation on standard semantic approaches to both aspect and modality: Perfective aspect is typically taken to introduce a bounded or episodic temporal perspective, and there is no obvious reason that this should erase the core contribution (i.e., hypotheticality) of a modal predicate. This article discusses the scope and distribution of actuality entailments, including their extension to nonabilitative and necessity modals. I survey a number of proposed accounts of the phenomenon, focusing in turn on the structural (compositional) interaction between modality and aspect and on the individual semantic contributions of the implicated elements. I conclude by noting some aspects of the phenomenon that—despite a wealth of literature—have yet to be thoroughly explored and may thus help to adjudicate between existing analyses.

Verifying the morpho-semantics of aspect via typological homogeneity

Abstract This article investigates grammatical aspect in Slavic and non-Slavic languages, starting from Slavic languages, by providing crosslinguistic evidence for the presence of the so-called concept-dependent default aspect. This line of research builds on and extends accounts that draw a parallel between the structure and semantics of aspect. I show that structural simplicity (relating to whether the imperfective or the perfective is the derivation base for the respective reverse form) corresponds to prominence in meaning. More precisely, I assume that (im)perfective basic morphological or syntactic representations are indicators for primary interpretations. By building upon existing studies in typology, I introduce typological homogeneity as a criterion for the establishment of a form-meaning (in Slavic morpho-semantic) relationship within (im)perfective realizations of a particular verbal concept. This criterion complements high frequency and preferred choice in associative experiments as properties of aspectual alpha-verbs. In this paper, I discuss typological homogeneity by using the primary example of verbs of evidence collection, also called reveal-type predicates, and by additionally discussing manner-of-speaking and speech act verbs. These novel data provide evidence of typological homogeneity in the aspectual representation.

Softskill Base Arabic Language Teaching Model in Improving Talaqul Kalam for College Student in Universitas Sains Al-Quran Jawa Tengah Wonosobo

Arabic language learning has a major problem related to its renewal. Arabic language learning is always identical with grammatical (Qawa’id) aspects which seem to be rigid, complicated, and confusing. There are two major Arabic language learning orientations: as body of knowledge and mastery. The purpose of this research is to produce an Arabic language learning model based on soft skills to effectively improve the students’ Talaqah al kalaam at Universitas Sains Al-Qur’an (UNSIQ), Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. This research was considered as a field study in the form of Research and Development (R&D) involving students from each faculty of Universitas Sains Al-Qur’an (UNSIQ), Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. The research data were collected through observation, in-depth interview, questionnaire, test, and documentation. The collected data were then analyzed through several stages: (a) initial-product test analysis, (b) limited data trial result analysis, (c) extensive data trial result analysis, and (d) student learning response analysis. The research results showed that the Arabic language learning model based on soft skills had fulfilled the validity elements through Expert Judgment method and been considered very effective proven by the significant improvement in post-test results. This model was also proven practical proven by the test results showing that the supporting instruments, such as Course Learning Unit, Learning Module, Semester Learning Plan, Test Instrument, and Learning Implementation Sheet, were very good.

What drives paradigm change? Analogy, deponency, and verbal aspect in the history of dati / dajati / davati

What drives paradigm change? Analogy, deponency, and verbal aspect in the history of dati / dajati / davati

Exploring Subtitling Strategies and Pronoun Translation in “Sang Pemimpi” (The Dreamer) Movie Subtitle

The study of pronoun translation in subtitle is crucial to give insight for subtitler for maintaining the producing accurate, respectful, and culturally sensitive translations, ensuring effective communication across different languages and cultures. This research aims to identify pronoun translation in the Indonesian-English movie subtitle of Sang Pemimpi (The Dreamer) movie. This study was designed as qualitative research, with content analysis as a method of collecting the data. The analysis focused on how the pronoun in the subtitle translated from SL to TL, what are the cultural reasons of using pronoun and what are strategies used by the translator with considering grammatical and socio-cultural aspects in both the Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL). The findings reveal three categories of pronoun translation occur in subtitle, they are pronoun to pronoun, pronoun to reference, and pronoun to omission. A total of 680 pronouns were translated, with 521 (77%) translated as pronoun to pronoun, 152 (22%) as a pronoun to omission, and 7 (1%) as a pronoun to reference. These results underscore the diverse background factors influencing why pronouns are translated, including socio-cultural and grammatical considerations. There are several subtiling strategies used by translators to translate the sentences, including genralization, direct translation, explicitation, and subtiution. These strategiess are employed to ensure fidelity to the original meaning while adapting to linguistic and cultural nuances in the target language.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

In this article, the use of modal verbs in Uzbek and English is analyzed on the basis of their presentation in school textbooks. Important aspects of modal verbs in two languages are compared and discussed with exercises and examples based on the texts given in the textbooks. Also, the influence of modal verbs on the meaning of the sentence and the specific characteristics of modal verbs are explained based on examples. Analysis, comparison, comparison, proof methods were used in the work.

Aspectual Coercion and Lexical Semantics

Abstract In many traditions of aspectual analysis, verbs (or, rather, predications) are sorted into Aristotelian types, and grammatical aspects are seen as operators that (a) take tenseless propositions as arguments and (b) change the eventuality type of the proposition. This tradition tells us little about how state and action clauses mean what they mean, because it does not explain how aspectual markers affect the meanings of verbs with which they combine. In the present framework, aspectually sensitive constructions selectively bind to componential verb representations, permuting them. In part 1 of this series (Michaelis, 2022), I argued that by viewing such permutations as operations on a verb’s Aktionsart structure, we can explain the relationship between input and output situation types of aspectual mappings effected by verbal morphosyntax. In this article, part 2, I apply this framework to type shifts performed by the English Perfect and Progressive constructions, as well as past and present tenses.

Structural types of sentences in Kosovo police communication centers

In this paper it will be analyzed grammatical and dialectal aspect of structural sentences of Albanian language used in six Kosovo Police Communication Centers. This paper includes: types of sentences used in Communication Centers separately; enhancing sentences, declarative sentences, declarative-exclamatory sentences and declarative-imperative; imperative sentences; - affirmative and negative sentences. All sections of this paper are illustrated with tables and charts, including number of used sentences and percentage of usage, to present the current situation of use of structural types of sentences in the Kosovo Police Communication Centers. Based on the results from six Communication Centers, which we have analyzed and treated separately, we have come to conclusions of the analysis of the grammatical and dialectal aspects. In Kosovo Police Communication Centers, within the category of declarative sentences, we find positive and negative sentences, which are formed by positive and negative particles, as: Poziiv (Positive), Negativ (Negative), Negativ niher (Negative for now), Po (Yes), Jo (No), veç çka po vrehet n’pamje t’jashtme (only what can be seen from outside), etc. In six Kosovo Police Communication Centers, the affirmative sentences are mainly formed through affirmative particles, as: pozitiv (positive), pranim (copy), po, po – po (yes, yeas – yes), u ba (done), ani faleminderit (OK thank you), n’rregull (alright), e kjart osht n’rregull (it’s clear alright), u kry (done), etc.

Hybrid ‘sledom’ [follows] in Area of Interaction of Nouns and Adverbs: Semantics and Grammar

This article presents the results of a study on the process and outcome of the stepwise adverbialization of the instrumental case of nouns in the Russian. The relevance of this work is underscored by the attention to the interaction between grammatical and semantic aspects within lexical units subject to transposition at the level of parts of speech. The aim of the article is to elucidate the specifics of hybrid structures formed as a result of the functional adverbialization of nouns in the instrumental case. The material used consists of contexts from the Russian National Corpus featuring substantive word forms like ‘sledom’, demonstrating various stages of adverbialization. An interdisciplinary approach is employed, utilizing methods of oppositional analysis, indexing, linguistic experimentation, as well as elements of componential and distributional analysis. Using the word form ‘sledom’ as a case study, the primary stages of adverbial transposition of nouns in Russian are identified. The analysis reveals that within the hybrid zone, the word form ‘sledom’ exhibits 55 % correspondence with the features of its original noun (‘sled’) and 60 % correspondence with the characteristics of a core adverb (‘sledom’). Lexicalization of the word form at this stage of adverbialization is not observed; it continues to function within the semantic domain of the original substantive lexeme. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to the development of a general theory of transitivity and syncretism in the grammatical structure of language, as well as the potential application of the proposed methods of oppositional analysis and indexing in studying other types of transpositional transformations within the system of parts of speech in the Russian.

Development and Validation of Instructional Material in Nihongo

This study aimed to develop and create a module for teaching Japanese among university students of the Bataan Peninsula State University by taking into account the students’ proficiency level and the challenges they have encountered. In addition, the developed module has undergone expert validation. The study utilized a quantitative method, specifically the descriptive design, to assess instructional material development in Nihongo. The findings highlighted that the students indicated moderate competence in writing and speaking and lower proficiency in reading, listening, and grammar, particularly a weak grasp of grammatical aspects. Furthermore, the module evaluation highlighted high language clarity but identified a need for format improvement. Therefore, this study calls for tailored approaches addressing the challenges of demographic representation, academic diversity, and nuanced language learning in Japanese instruction. Although the developed module has revealed effective, refining each aspect is essential for the learning objectives, learning content, language, format, presentation, and usefulness.

Reflection of the concept of “SUPERSTITIONS” in the linguistic picture of the world of the Spanish, French, British, Americans and Russians

The article is devoted to studying the specifics of implementation of the concept «SUPERSTITIONS», which is an integral part of the national and cultural identity of any ethnic group, in Spanish, French, British, American and Russian linguocultures in the modern period. The analysis of the language material shows that this phenomenon is widespread in modern Spanish, French, English and Russian. The main function of superstitions - prognostic, predictive - is manifested both at the national and international level. The article examines the content of superstitious views of Spanish, French, British, Americans and Russians, analyzing ways and means for representing the concept of «SUPERSTITIONS» in the linguistic cultures, and highlights the common and distinctive features of this concept in the Spanish, French, British, American and Russian language pictures of the world. The authors of the research used methods such as theoretical literature review, comparative analysis, continuous sampling, as well as observation and generalization. The novelty of the research is to carry out comparative analysis of various aspects of the concept «SUPERSTITIONS» in the material of Spanish, French, English and Russian languages, as well as to identify the dynamics of functional development of this concept in Spanish, French, British, American and Russian world pictures. The study showed that although the grammatical aspects of the expression of the concept «SUPERSTITIONS» are comparable in modern Spanish, French, English and Russian languages, however, there are marked differences in the interpretation of the consequences of the same events and phenomenon in the different linguistic pictures of the world being studied. The results of the study in a practical plane can be used to solve a wide range of problems related to the characteristics of intercultural interaction of Spanish, French, British, Americans and Russians.

Independent Effects of Age, Education, Verbal Working Memory, Motor Speed of Processing, Locality, and Morphosyntactic Category on Verb-Related Morphosyntactic Production: Evidence From Healthy Aging.

This study investigates the role of locality (a task/material-related variable), demographic factors (age, education, and sex), cognitive capacities (verbal working memory [WM], verbal short-term memory [STM], speed of processing [SOP], and inhibition), and morphosyntactic category (time reference and grammatical aspect) in verb-related morphosyntactic production (VRMP). A sentence completion task tapping production of time reference and grammatical aspect in local and nonlocal configurations, and cognitive tasks measuring verbal WM capacity, verbal STM capacity, motor SOP, perceptual SOP, and inhibition were administered to 200 neurotypical Greek-speaking participants, aged between 19 and 80 years. We fitted generalized linear mixed-effects models and performed path analyses. Significant main effects of locality, age, education, verbal WM capacity, motor SOP, and morphosyntactic category emerged. Production of time reference and aspect did not interact with any of the significant factors (i.e., age, education, verbal WM capacity, motor SOP, and locality), and locality did not interact with any memory system. Path analyses revealed that the relationships between age and VRMP, and between education and VRMP were partly mediated by verbal WM; and the relationship between verbal WM and VRMP was partly mediated by perceptual SOP. Results suggest that subject-, task/material- and morphosyntactic category-specific factors determine accuracy performance on VRMP; and the effects of age, education, and verbal WM on VRMP are partly indirect. The fact that there was a significant main effect of verbal WM but not of verbal STM on accuracy performance in the VRMP task suggests that it is predominantly the processing component (and not the storage component) of verbal WM that supports VRMP. Lastly, we interpret the results as suggesting that VRMP is also supported by a procedural memory system whose efficiency might be reflected in years of formal education.

Difficulties Faced by Iraqi EFL learners in Using Past Tense

Iraqi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners typically spend around eight years studying English before entering university. During the last four years of high school, students get frequent and rigorous instruction in English tenses. In addition, when they Upon entering the institution, students enroll in the English department where they engage in a rigorous four-year study of the English language. The curriculum is built with a focus on teaching tense. Grammar is taught for a total of three hours each week over a span of thirty weeks per year during these four years. However, Iraqi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners have significant difficulties in many grammatical aspects, particularly in the understanding and use of tenses. This article is a data analysis research that seeks to detect grammatical mistakes, including their nature, kinds, and origins. It is presumed in this context that you are now experiencing a difficulty, and I would want to know what specific issue you encountered in the past. The Past tense is used to describe previous activities that occurred either at a precise point in time, which may be indicated by a time phrase or inferred from the surrounding context. The past continuous tense is used to depict acts or occurrences that occurred at a period prior to the present moment.

Academic writing assessment in the Iranian expanding circle context: any trust in local criteria?

ABSTRACT The present study set out to find out how Iranian EFL writing raters as a particular non-native speaker (NNS) group in an expanding context perceive the construct of writing as they rate the essays. For this aim, a body of 15 experienced raters were asked to verbalize their thoughts while rating the essays. Upon a rigorous content analysis of the raters’ protocols, it was found that the majority of the raters prioritized mechanical and grammatical aspects of the texts when assessing the texts. In fact, the raters equated writing with a small and superficial set of criteria. The findings revealed that, despite the pluralization of language needs and contexts in the Iranian EFL context, language testing practice is still norm-dependent. The study also warns that such a limited conception of writing construct should be given a second thought in a time when local non-native criterion are encouraged.

Lexicographical Study on the Verbal Aspect of the Matigsalug Language

It cannot be denied that the Philippines is rich in language and culture. One of them is the Matigsalug language. This study focuses on the lexicography of the Matigsalug language focusing on the verb aspect. The main participants of this study are five selected Matigsalug who have skills and sufficient knowledge in speaking and writing the Filipino and Matigsalug languages. The instrument used in the research done is the translation of the list or table of words written in the Filipino language that are in the verb aspect. In this study, the researcher used a qualitative design and the ethnographic method of study that represents a broad research method and design to develop a dictionary. For a more extensive and meaningful interpretation and study of the data, the researcher used Descriptive Linguistics Analysis or descriptive language analysis. Based on the results of the study, it was proven that many verbs are used by the Matigsalug. There are additions to the perfective, imperfective and contemplative aspects, exchange of graphemes, use of hyphens, and writing and pronunciation methods in the Matigsalug lexicography. The implication of this study will help develop teachers’ understanding and guidance to Matigsalug students.

Students’ Grammatical Mistakes on the Use of Language Features in Composing Narrative Text

A narrative text with several grammatical and linguistic aspects is one of the texts learned in senior high school. In fact, according to the researcher's prior observation, students faced numerous challenges when attempting to write it, especially grammatical mistakes in using language features. This study aims to detect grammatical errors in the utilization of language elements in narrative texts produced by students, as well as to determine the underlying reasons contributing to these errors. The recent research employed a descriptive qualitative methodology. Eight of the eleventh-grade students studying Online Business and Marketing major in SMK Negeri 1 Kota Sorong have been selected as the participants in this research. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation which restricted social interactions, only those students than could be reached out to gather data. The data was derived from a writing exam and a semi-structured interview. Upon analyzing the student's writing, it was discovered that they made errors in utilizing the simple past tense and action verbs. Simultaneously, the interview data indicated that the causes contributing to grammatical errors in using language features in this study were limitations, lack of attention, and carelessness. This research finding implied that the teacher must identify the most effective technique to engage the student's attention and enable them to concentrate on acquiring language skills for future use in creating narrative texts.

Valuing freedom of expression at the expense of linguistic aspect: The analysis of Kaur's selected poems

As a well-known poet, Rupi Kaur has written several poems which attract worldwide accolades. The present study explores several important aspects of her selected poems, such as feminism, humor, and irony. It was conducted qualitatively. In this case, the researchers acted to analyze and collected the data consecutively. The findings indicated that the concepts of feminism described in her poems tend to be more liberal and radical. The use of crude language to depict women as "male objects" plainly supports this notion. Furthermore, Kaur employs filthy language to prick the reader's conscience and make them aware of the societal critique offered in her poems. The element of Humor identified in the poems is used to portray the injustice of societal rules that restrict women. Despite showing poor grammatical aspects, such as the use of proper subject, the poem strives to vividly criticize the role of women, which is commonly valued solely on their physical looks, dismissing their worth and complexity as humans.

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF PREDICTED FAILURES IN THE USE OF RUSSIAN VERB TYPES BY CHINESE STUDENTS

In Chinese, verb aspect is expressed by verbs in combination with various linguistic means. Based on the difference between the verb aspect system of Russian and Chinese languages and the possible expressions of verb aspect in Russian, this paper aims to predict possible errors in the use of Russian verb aspect. In order to check the correctness of our analysis, a special diagnostic test was conducted. The test results show that the errors made by Chinese students primarily do not stem from the influence of their native language, but from the fact that students are not able to assess the situation, cannot find or even see certain reference points, available signals, directly indicating the use of this or that verb aspect. Errors are explained by elementary ignorance of the verb forms, especially in such cases as брать — взять, ловить — поймать and ignorance of the formation of the verb form itself, for example, the formation of the imperative form, etc. This is the result of insufficient training of students. In this case, the problem is not in students, but, firstly, in the complexity of the topic itself, and, secondly, in the method of teaching. We believe that it is necessary to give students a clear scheme of verb aspect meanings and identify those signals that can help students choose the type of a verb adequate to the situation of communication; the course of studying the verb aspect should be long enough, because strong and stable skills of the correct use of verb aspect are formed only as a result of gradual and regular work on the types of the verb, made over a long period of time. The results of this work can also serve as a starting point for determining not only the content of verb types teaching exercises, but also for developing methodological recommendations for them.

Expressing Politeness in English and Romanian – Some Grammatical and Pragmatic Aspects

The English and Romanian languages are quite different, with dissimilar historical backgrounds and with no genetic relatedness. Yet, as far as linguistic politeness is concerned, we may encounter a number of similarities between the two languages. Our survey will highlight the fact that, even if the resemblance between Romanian and English, from the grammatical point of view, is not so evident, yet, there are many similarities as far as the pragmatic view on politeness is concerned. We might speak of a certain constant when referring to the common characteristics of the two languages, of a common universal factor that characterizes the communicative competence of the people.

Zoometaphors of multiple: substantive and adverbial semantics

The article describes semantic, pragmatic, and derivational characteristics of zoonyms denoting sets: выводок, гурт, караван, косяк, отара, помёт, рой, свора, стадо, стая, табун (11 lexemes). In the existing explanatory dictionaries, their secondary meanings are presented inconsistently and incompletely. In particular, adverbial uses of metaphorical meanings that actually function in the modern Russian language are not noted. Such metaphors mainly denote the movement and movement of large masses of objects, most often people. Based on the material of explanatory dictionaries and the Russian National Corpus, methods and formulas are proposed for correcting and unifying the lexicographic description of Russian lexemes with the meaning of ‘many animals,’ as well as introducing special pragmatic labels to differentiate their use. A multidimensional analysis of the units of the microgroup “Animal Groups” clearly demonstrates the process of complex interaction between semantics and grammar in the processes of metaphorization and adverbial conversion. The sample size includes 638 contexts with set metaphors associated with the class of counter words in the grammatical aspect and the thematic field of zoonyms in the lexical aspect.