Verbal Aspect Research Articles

A self-paced reading study of context effects in the processing of aspectual verbs in Mandarin

Abstract Research in the past few years has investigated the semantic complexity of expressions with aspectual verbs followed by entity-denoting complements such as finish the book that led to processing costs cross-linguistically. The Structured Individual Hypothesis (SIH) proposes that aspectual verbs lexically encode a function whose value (dimension) must be resolved. This ambiguity resolution is hypothesized to occur at the verb’s complement, where a specific dimension is selected based on context (Piñango & Deo, 2016). In light of the critical role of the context in SIH, recent research (Lai et al., 2023; Lai & Piñango, 2019) has investigated how the interpretations of sentences with aspectual verbs were affected by biased contexts in an offline sentence acceptability judgment study and an online eye-tracking study. However, results of the two studies showed that biased contexts disambiguated the interpretations of aspectual verb expressions offline while processing costs in biased contexts were not found to attenuate costs in real time. The reason why conflicting results were found offline versus online and the timecourse of context effects remain unclear, but in our view it may be due to pragmatic contexts, i.e., descriptions of the utterance context used to infer the salient reading of the utterance. We used grammatical contexts – two classes of adverbs – in a self-paced reading study to examine context effects for sentences with aspectual verbs in Mandarin. We found that biased grammatical contexts not only affected the interpretations in the offline task, but crucially facilitated processing in the online experiment as well. We conclude that biased grammatical contexts predetermine the interpretations of aspectual verb expressions immediately in real time.

Selection of best enterprise resource planning system by using Hamy mean operator with complex spherical fuzzy information

Numerous fuzzy structures have been created and studied up to this point in order to investigate objects under ambiguity. Among them, the structure of complex spherical fuzzy set is significant because it can define the four prospective aspects of an expert's viewpoint using the membership degree, non membership degree, abstinence, and rejection in a two-dimensional space. It is never easy to aggregate information, particularly when the input arguments are connected. In order to handle such situations, the goal of this study is to create the idea of the Hamy mean operator because it integrates data in ambiguous environments and takes into account the relationships between the input arguments. In this manuscript, we investigated the notion of Hamy mean and dual Hamy mean operators in the setup of complex spherical fuzzy sets and described their applications for engineering activities. We created the complex spherical fuzzy Hamy mean (CSFHM) and complex spherical fuzzy Dual Hamy mean (CSFDHM) operators and looked into the validity of each. To assess the effectiveness of the enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems using complex spherical fuzzy data, we created the multi attribute decision making technique based on the CSFHM and CSFDHM operators. The impacts of the related parameters are examined using a numerical example to assess the effectiveness of ERP systems. In comparison to conventional aggregation operators, the recommended aggregated results utilizing CSFHM and CSFDHM operators are observed to be reliable because they consider the interdependence of the input data. The suggested operators are compared in this study as well.

Analisis kesesuaian gambar ilustrasi dengan teks narasi pada buku bahasa indonesia lihatlah sekitar kelas 4 sd

<em><span lang="EN-GB">This study aims to analyze and describe the alignment between illustrative images and narrative text in the Indonesian language book "Lihatlah Sekita" from the grade 4 elementary school. This research is a type of document analysis with a qualitative descriptive approach. The research data consists of an analysis of the alignment of visual aspects in illustrative images with verbal aspects in narrative text based on Allan Paivio's dual coding theory. The data analysis technique used is the interactive description analysis model by Miles and Huberman. The results of this study show that there are high percentage of alignment between illustrative images and narrative text. The percentage of alignment between illustrative images and narrative text in the book is as follows: story 1 at 100%, story 2 at 94.12%, story 3 at 95%, story 4 at 100%, story 5 at 94.74%, story 6 at 100%, story 7 at 100%, story 8 at 100%, story 9 at 100%, story 10 at 87.5%, story 11 at 100%, story 12 at 100%, and story 13 at 100%. Essentially, the alignment between illustrative images and narrative text can influence students' comprehension of the narrative text content.</span></em>

STYLISTICS ANALYSES OF 'ONE ART', 'DO NOT GO GENTLE INTO THAT GOOD NIGHT', AND 'VILLANELLE OF SPRING BELLS'

Stylistic elements play crucial roles in poetry writing, particularly for making poems sound more pleasing and meaningful. This paper, accordingly, aimed to find out the phonological, graphological, and grammatical features in villanelles,19-line poems with six stanzas, entitled One Art, Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night, and Villanelle of Spring Bells. This study employed a descriptive-qualitative method with the data in the forms of 52 prepositional phrases. The findings indicate that, there are two main phonological features in the villanelles, namely consonance and assonance. Aside from that, each villanelle shows graphological features in the forms of different punctuation marks that reflect various meanings. There are also the uses of capital letters at the beginning of each stanza. Regarding the grammatical aspects, prepositional phrases have the highest frequency with the total of 52 occurrences in all the three villanelles. The use of these stylistic elements facilitates the readers to understand the messages of literary works. The readers could gain knowledge of the phonological, graphological, and grammatical features of villanelles by studying the stylistic elements in these three villanelles.

Comparative Analysis of Grammatical Aspects of Contemporary Russian and Czech Style of Exact Science (in the Field of Geology)

Abstract The author’s dissertation deals with the contemporary styles of Russian and Czech scientific prose in natural sciences. The aim of the research is to provide a detailed description of the language means of functional-semantic categories such as objectivity, abstractness and generality, logic and accuracy, and compression. The research material includes texts from the field of natural science, research articles, and monographs from geology and paleontology. The methods of investigation are a combination of descriptive and comparative methods, complemented by a statistical method. The conducted analysis shows that functional-semantic categories are extensively applied in texts in both languages. The more distinctive differences in quality and quantity are related to objectivity, impersonality, and syntactic compression.

A Study of English Writing Teaching under the Guidance of Memetics

English writing is a fundamental skill in todays globalized world. Teaching English writing effectively involves understanding not only the grammatical and structural aspects but also the cognitive and sociocultural factors that influence language use. This paper delves into the application of memetics in the domain of English writing teaching. Memetics, a field that explores the transmission and evolution of ideas and behaviours, offers a unique lens to understand the processes underlying the acquisition and development of writing skills. This study aims to examine the potential benefits of integrating memetics into English writing instruction, exploring its implications for enhancing creativity, engagement, and overall proficiency in English writing.

Research on Bilingual Acquisition Based on Ambiguity Sentences

Language ambiguity is one of the difficulties in learning a language. Chinese is one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn because of its various ambiguities. This paper mainly explores the phenomenon of ambiguity in Chinese, and summarizes the research status of ambiguity among domestic and foreign scholars. The phenomenon of ambiguity is analyzed by reading literature and searching example sentences in the corpus. First of all, through reading the literature to understand the definition and classification of ambiguity. Then the impact of ambiguity on bilingual learners from the phonetic, lexical and grammatical aspects is analyzed. Among them, the grammatical aspect is further divided into the ambiguity of the syntactic plane, the ambiguity of the semantic plane and the ambiguity of the pragmatic aspect; finally, corresponding suggestions for teaching Chinese as a foreign language are put forward from the aspects of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. For teachers, it is not only necessary to help students establish a correct attitude to deal with ambiguity, but also to avoid strange phenomena through some teaching methods such as pinyin or Chinese characters. And to help students develop good study habits, second language learners should really understand the meaning of the sentences, not just memorize each sentence mechanically. At the same time, teachers can create various contexts to help bilingual learners understand sentences and eliminate ambiguity.

Implementation of Communicative and Action-oriented Approaches in Teaching French for Tourism for the Indonesian Public Level A1/A2

Teaching French as foreign language (FLE) in tourism polytechnic is unique. The NHI Bandung Polytechnic of Tourism aims to train young professionals in the three sectors of tourism: hotels, travel management and tourism management. The aim of teaching French at school is to provide basic knowledge of French and to train students to be able to use French in a professional environment. French lessons at NHI Bandung Polytechnic of Tourism are taught in a classic way and focus on the grammatical aspect rather than on the communicative function. The problem of the lack of interactivity between the students and the teacher is considered as a hypothesis of the research. It is necessary to carry out an active pedagogy to invite the pupils to react during the lesson, to push them to participate. Based on this reflection, the author therefore decided to set up active pedagogy by using the communicative and action-oriented approach in the teaching of professional French for tourism

A Cross-Sectional Study of Omani EFL Students’ Competency in Using English Grammatical Aspect Categories

This cross-sectional study has been launched to explore the Omani EFL students’ competency in using English grammatical aspect categories. It determined the most challenging aspect category and differences attributed to the study level and gender. The sample of the study consisted of 120 students representing the four levels of a four-semester General Foundation Program (GFP) at the English Language Unit, Center for Preparatory Studies, University of Technology and Applied Sciences (UTAS) in Salalah, Sultanate of Oman. Data were collected via a competency test and analyzed statistically using SPSS (Version 26.0). Findings showcase great variations in the competency of the learners across the four levels. The lowest scores of competencies were relevant to the first two levels of the program. The students in the third level scored higher, but the highest competency was evident in the scores of the fourth-level students. Concerning gender, there is no significant difference in the level of competency in aspect categories among male and female students at the four levels. The present perfect tense had the lowest competency across all four levels. Hence, it is considered the most problematic grammatical aspect because, unlike Arabic, English has numerous verbal tense and aspect categories that demand detailed knowledge, and this poses difficulties for Omani EFL learners at the entry-levels of the General Foundation Program. Learners at the entry-level seem to be more influenced by their mother-tongue (Arabic) grammatical system. This study can be used as a roadmap to tackle areas of difficulty in learning the English grammatical system, specifically the aspect categories.

Aspectual Errors in Romanian and Serbian ESP Learners Majoring in Tourism and Hospitality Management

Abstract This paper examines the interference of the mother tongue, Serbian and Romanian, in the case of students of English for Tourism and Hospitality Purposes (ESP) at the university level in the field of verbal aspect. The first part of the paper focuses on the ways in which the category of aspect is defined and expressed in Serbian and Romanian in comparison to English. It was hypothesised that the native speakers of these three languages may conceptualize verbal aspect rather differently, especially given their inherent relevant linguistic differences, particularly with Serbian having a more complex system of grammaticalized aspectuality than English and Romanian. This paper analyses the difficulties that Serbian and Romanian ESP learners might encounter in attempting to comprehend the features specific to aspect in English and in capturing the different aspectual uses of English verbs. For this analysis, a study was carried out featuring a questionnaire on the specific context of aspectual uses, which was completed by the participating Serbian and Romanian ESP students.

Perbandingan Social Media Engagement pada Konten Instagram Universitas di Indonesia dan di Luar Negeri: Peran Visual Aesthetics dan Message Orientations

This study’s objectives are (1) to compare the effectiveness of Indonesian (versus overseas) universities in managing their Instagram content; indicated by level of social media engagement with the content, and (2) to answer these following questions: whether it is visual aspect (visual aesthetics) or verbal aspects (message orientation) of the content is more powerful in determining social media engagement with social media content. There are 20 universities; the top 10 Indonesian and top 10 overseas universities based on Webometrics rankings; observed. A content analysis was conducted to analyze all data using ANOVA. There were 7,483 data in photos and videos was taken from all Instagram contents on those 20 universities’ Instagram accounts posted between 1 January and 31 December 2022. Findings suggest that Instagram content of Indonesian universities are most likely to gain stronger engagement if classical aesthetics and task-oriented message were adopted as a combination for their content strategy. However, for overseas universities, stronger engagement was obtained when task orientation was adopted than when the other two orientations were implemented. Meanwhile, visual aesthetics didn’t have any significant difference on social media engagement for overseas universities.

Past and future time reference processing teased apart in Paiwan, an endangered Formosan language

AbstractHow the time reference of a sentence is processed based on the grammatical marking of the verb has already been explored in several languages with grammatical tense and aspect. It can also be grammatically expressed according to the reality status of the event (whether the event exists in time,realismood, or not,irrealis). This study reports results from an acceptability judgment experiment in Paiwan, a Formosan language which exhibits a realis-perfective/irrealis distinction. By placing realis-perfective and irrealis markers after deictic past or future time adverbs and manipulating the grammaticality of the sentences, we asked which temporal concord violation (i.e., realis-perfective or irrealis) was harder to detect. The temporal concord violation of the realis-perfective marker induced greater processing difficulties (interactions between time reference and mood marking revealed lower accuracy rates and longer reaction time), but not the irrealis marker, in line with previous hypotheses. These processing difficulties may be partly due to the Paiwan realis mood marker which also encodes perfective aspect meaning. The reanalysis of the design of previous studies indicates that the interaction with perfective aspect also led to additional processing cost, suggesting that perfective aspect marking plays a crucial role in the processing of time reference.

Exploring Cultural Dynamics: Comparative Analysis of Argumentative English Essays Among Pakistani and Chinese Learners using Multidimensional Analysis

This study aims at exploring comparative linguistic variation across Pakistani and Chinese learners’ English argumentative essays using a multidimensional analysis (MDA) approach. This study uses a quantitative approach to describing co-occurring linguistic features. The corpus comprising 400 Pakistani and Chinese learners’ essays used in this study has been electronically derived from an online source, ICNALE. The representative corpus has been tagged and analysed through MAT tagger. This study addresses how the language of Pakistani and Chinese learners vary comparatively linguistically; it also explores their linguistic characterization which distinguishes their variety through their co-occurring linguistic features using MD analysis by utilizing five dimensions. The study is restricted to only two countries i.e., Pakistan and China, and the size of the data is considerably more restricted to one sub-register of essay writing, namely, argumentative essays. The results indicate that the language of Pakistani learners’ essays is informational but Chinese learners’ essays are involved in dimension 1 Chinese learners’ essays are narrative whereas Pakistanis learners’ essays are non-narrative on dimension 2. Dimension 3 specifies that Pakistani learners’ essay writings implement that the text is independent of context and contains significant nominalizations while Chinese learners’ essay writings are context-dependent in nature. Dimension 4 indicates that Chinese learners’ essay writings are more explicit and persuasive specifying extensive use of modal verbs than Pakistani learners’ writings. The nature of Chinese learners’ essays is abstract, formal, and technical while Pakistani learners’ essays are non-abstract, objective, and natural on Dimension 5. This study has shed light on how learners acquire new words and expressions from reading different texts that identify various lexical grammatical aspects writers employ and serve as the fundamental source of variety in their language. The categories of dimensions are developed based on particular linguistic features that are over- or under-utilized by assessing the statistical data.

Revisiting Passive Participles: Category Status and Internal Structure

This article challenges the view that eventive and stative passive participles are verbs and adjectives, respectively. Instead, I argue that existing diagnostics are sensitive to the eventive/stative contrast and to independent restrictions on word order. I show that both eventive and stative participles in Serbo-Croatian have the external syntax and morphology of adjectives, and propose that passive participles in various languages are adjectives that embed varying amounts of verbal structure. Finally, I contend that agentive phrases are always available with stative participles that entail a prior event in languages that obligatorily express grammatical aspect on the verb stem.

Aspectual-Actional Functions of Spatially-Orientational Meanings of Preverbs in the Ossetian Language (in Comparison with the Russian Language)

The content of this article continues the topic of aspectual inconsistency, namely, the lack of an imperfective aspect pair in a large group of Ossetian verbs. Two previous articles in thе Bulletin of the NOSU are devoted to this topic [20, pp. 169-181; 21, pр.95-108]. The material presented in the publication indicates that the reasons for the aspectual inconsistency of Ossetian verbs (perfectiva tantum) can be not only aspectual-actional meanings, meanings of certain Aktionsarts, but also the spatial-orientational semantics of certain prefixes, which, when combined with verbs expressing local manifestation actions, allow or do not allow to indicate the perceptual nature of the action (its perception, observability of its development in the middle of the flow, between the beginning and the end). Accordingly, that part of prefixed verbs, the spatial-orientational semantics of which does not allow the designation of perceptuality, does not have an imperfective pair. Meanwhile, it is the semantics of perceptuality that is the core of the specific process meaning of the imperfective verbs in the Ossetian language, as well as in the Russian language. From the point of view of typological similarities and differences, the linguistic facts analyzed in the article are interesting for general and comparative aspectology also because it is in the circle of Ossetian prefixed (limiting) verbs with the semantics of the local manifestation of the action that the formation of the specific process meaning of the imperfective verbs begins similarly to the processes of the emergence of the grammatical category of the form and in modern Russian at the junction of the categories of limiting and a certain direction of action in the group of verbs of movement-displacement. The development of the aspect category in the modern Ossetian language due to the action of such factors as the limit denoted by prefixed verbs, the possibility of expressing the perceptual action in verbs with the semantics of the local manifestation of the action, as well as the implementation of the patterns of typological development proves that the grammatical category of aspect is the property of not only Slavic languages, that in one form or another aspectual semantics is expressed in different languages of the world. Establishing the boundaries of the sphere of Ossetian verbs of only the perfect form in comparison with the Russian language with a detailed description of the reasons for their aspectual inconsistency, of course, can be used as a demanded educational material when studying the topic “Verb aspect as a grammatical category” in educational institutions of all levels, both in the North, and in South Ossetia.

Comparison Results of Google Translate and Microsoft Translator on the Novel Mughamarah Zahrah Ma'a Ash-Syajarah by Yacoub Al-Sharouni

This research aims to compare the translation results of Google Translate and Microsoft Translator based on grammatical aspects devoted to fi'il ma’lum-majhul, zaman al-fi'l, and dhamir. This type of study is qualitative, comparative, and descriptive. The main source of data in this research is the novel Mughamarah Zahrah Ma'a Ash-Shajarah by Yacoub Al-Sharouni. Secondary data sources are literature related to Arabic grammatical rules, google Translate translation, and Microsoft translator. The data collection technique is translating a novel by a sentence from Arabic to Indonesian using Google Translate and Microsoft Translator and then recording it. Data validation techniques are performed by triangulation of data and time. Data analysis techniques use data reduction techniques, data presentation, and conclusions. The result of this research is that Google Translate produces good translations in terms of fi'il ma'lum-majhul. Google Translate and Microsoft Translator are inconsistent in translating zaman al-fi'l, while Microsoft Translator produces good translations in terms of dhamir.

Diminutive forms in the aspect of intercultural communication

The article represents the essential features of diminutives in the Russian and English languages and their impact on intercultural communication. We analyze the types of diminutives in English and Russian, the specifics of their perception and interpretation by representatives of the two cultures, as well as their influence on the communication of speakers of different languages. The article contains examples of diminutive forms’ functions in speech, which demonstrate how these forms affect the perception and understanding of information. The article defines such key concepts as “intercultural communication”, “diminutive forms” and presents the characteristics of the forms in English and Russian in their lexical and grammatical aspects, illustrated by examples. The article considers cases of intercultural communicative failures associated with ignorance of the specifics of the word-formative forms’ functions, diminutives in particular, and their cultural context. Diminutive forms are a kind of special emotionality indicators inherent in the nature of the Russian people, therefore, when teaching Russian as a foreign language, it is necessary to pay special attention to the word-building forms that have additional connotations. The results of our research can be used by linguists, teachers of foreign languages and anyone interested in the issues of intercultural communication.

Analisis Wacana Cerpen “Bersiap Kecewa Bersedih Tanpa Kata-Kata” Karya Putu Wijaya Terhadap Aspek Konteks Situasi Serta Penanda Kohesi Gramatikal Dan Leksikal

The purpose of this research is to find out the grammatical and lexical aspects of the short story “Being Disappointed, Grieving Without Words” by Putu Wijaya. The method used is descriptive method, qualitative in the form of words. The results of the research show the following things. First, the grammatical aspect which consists of references, subtitutions, conjunctions, and ellipsis. Second, the lexical aspect which consist of repetition, synonymy, antonym, and collocation.

Grammatical and Pragmatic Aspects of Slovenian Modality in Socially Unacceptable Facebook Comments

This paper investigates the grammatical and pragmatic uses of epistemic and deontic modal expressions in a corpus of Slovenian socially acceptable and unacceptable Facebook comments. We propose a set of modals that do not interpretatively vary in their modality type in order to enable robust corpus searches and reliable quantification of the results. We show that deontic, but not epistemic, modals are significantly more frequent in socially unacceptable comments, and specifically that they favour violent discourse. We complement the quantitative findings with a qualitative analysis of the discursive roles played by the modals. We explore how pragmatic communicative strategies such as hedging, boosting, and face-saving arise from the underlying syntactic and semantic properties of the modal expressions, such as the modal force and clausal syntax.

French ingressives and (phasal) aspect: A frame-semantic corpus-based analysis

AbstractThis article compares the usage of commencer à ‘to begin’+Vinf. and se mettre à ‘to start’ + Vinf. in modern French. Using a corpus sample of 2000 observations, we examined the effect of Adverbial complementation, of Event type (aspect), and of Tense. Based on a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, we found evidence for Event type, where se mettre à is associated with activities, and Tense, where se mettre à seems to be associated with passé simple, futur proche and subjonctif present. On the other hand, commencer à is associated with plus-que-parfait and indicatif imparfait. We discuss the results in the frame-semantic model of Croft (2012). We make the case that commencer à can have the profile of an achievement or that of an accomplishment, while se mettre à manifests only one profile, that of an achievement. Our results support a one-component approach to aspect in which the result of the interaction between grammatical aspect and lexical aspect can be attributed to the same aspectual contour.