Grammatical Annotation Research Articles

Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna. O lematyzacji tekstu staropolskiego

Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna. O lematyzacji tekstu staropolskiego

Unearthing the latent assumptions inscribed into language tools: the cross-cultural benefits of applying a reflexive lens in co-design

ABSTRACT Language technology tools provide a promising way to teach, share, retain, and curate under-resourced language learning materials in community. The inclusion of language teachers working with communities increases the potential for designed tools to be adopted by those groups. However, there is little research concerning the adaptation of tools designed with one community to other languages. To identify the implications for such scalability, we ran workshops with the ‘Record and Write’ tool, developed as a versatile format for collection, curation, and use of under-resourced language learning materials in community. The process enabled teachers of languages with varying availability of teaching materials to reflect on some of the embedded complexities of adapting the tool to their context. This paper critically reflects on the design process of the tool and design lessons learned relating to language governance, the reflection of culture in database tools, conversational learning support, and differentiated needs for grammatical accuracy and annotation. Methodologically, the paper proposes a reflexive lens on co-design in cross-cultural contexts, identifying some of the latent assumptions embedded in technologies that emerge when tools are transposed to different language and learning contexts.

Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna

OLD POLISH LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION: TENSE AND MOOD CATEGORIES This article is dedicated to the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The problem with the annotation of tense and mood in medieval texts has been discussed. It results from the absence of the verb as a grammatical class, the varied ways of constructing the forms of tense and mood, and the mobility of the elements of these forms. Due to the difficulties related to the material studied, as well as technical issues, it was necessary to implement an additional level of annotation. The article discusses the rules of the second annotation, and identifies forms and constructions that are problematic to interpret in grammatical and syntactical basis. Differences in the way of understanding of agglutination category have been shown (in relation to other corpora of historical and contemporary texts). The work on the preparation of the “Tense and Mood” search engine has demonstrated that Old Polish apocryphal texts document the development of Polish verbal inflection.

Moon Imagery and Poetry Emotions: A Corpus-Based Analysis from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor

The moon is abundant in imagery, and Chinese poets have expressed various emotions via this imagery. Based on the BLCU Corpus Center (BCC), this paper used the conceptual metaphor framework to analyse the moon imagery and emotions expressed in randomly selected 220 Song Cis. The author counted the frequency of different emotions, grammatical and lexical annotations, and analysed the imagery using specific conceptual metaphors (i.e., structural metaphor, orientation metaphor, ontological metaphor, and container metaphor). The paper also analysed the distribution of different emotions in the poems selected from the corpus using chi-square tests. Through the analysis, the author found that more negative emotions than positive ones were expressed in the selected Cis and that there were more Cis that express personal emotions and fewer that express concerns about society and changing dynasties. This paper draws on the structural, directional and ontological metaphors of conceptual metaphor to analyse the relationship between lexico-grammatical features and emotions expressed in Song Cis. The results revealed that poets used adjectives frequently in expressing different emotions and that more negative emotions were expressed by poets regardless of the dynasties in which those poets lived. This study has implications for future corpus-based analysis of typical imagery in classical Chinese literary works from the perspective of cognitive linguistics.

Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna. O potrzebie nowych wartości kategorii

OLD POLISH LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION: ON THE NEED FOR NEW CATEGORY VALUES The paper is focused on the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The authors discuss the necessity to use unusual grammatical category values: 0 and X. It occurs when any of the values is impossible to determine (e.g. due to damage to the manuscript or insufficient syntactic/semantic context) or a word takes no value in a given category (e.g. an unstated adjective). The article presents factors influencing the choice of 0 and X values. It shows those grammatical classes and categories in whose annotation the use of these values has been highly significant.

Anotacja gramatyczna tekstu staropolskiego – problemy i wyzwania

GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION OF AN OLD POLISH TEXT: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES ABSTRACT The paper is focused on grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts The authors discuss the prob-lems faced by the annotator in creating an annotation tool suitable for the analysis of texts written during the period of intensive changes in the Polish language The article presents the main assump-tions of grammatical annotation developed under the grant: The origins of Polish language and reli-gious culture in the light of the medieval apocrypha of the New Testament. A universal tool for the study of Polish apocryphal texts, as well as the system of classes and categories developed in the course of the research on Old Polish apocrypha The functionalities of the tool for the linguistic research are also presented: a grammatical and lexical search engine and a grammatical commentary.

Transitivity Analysis Annotation Scheme and Its Application to CQPweb: A Study on Stephen King’s Carrie

In this study, I aim to create a Transitivity Analysis Annotation Scheme (TAAS) within which, process types and clause patterns are taken into account. Once created, TAAS is applied to a corpus data, obtained from a novel entitled Carrie [8]. The scheme is manually implemented using XML format. The XML formatted corpus is converted to a format accepted in CQPweb [6], a corpus query tool. The corpus is tokenised using the Perl tokenizer, in TreeTagger [10]. Once tokenised, the corpus is tagged using English TreeTagger [10], which supplies two grammatical annotations (Part of Speech and Lemma). The annotated corpus is then indexed to CQPweb. Once indexed, users are able to search the annotated corpus using transitivity analytic labels, POS tags and lemma, in CQPweb. Keywords: transitivity analysis; annotation; corpus linguistics; CQPweb

Bread and wine in Lycian poetry. A contextual interpretation of TL 44c

Abstract In the following paper, new meanings for the Lycian B words waxssa, mur(i)- (and murei(je)-) and tubur(i)- are suggested using the combinatorial and etymological methods. Additionally, a new translation of a large part of the mythological poem on the north side of the funerary pillar in Xanthos (TL 44c) is offered, including a grammatical annotation and a linguistic commentary. Subsequently, the repercussions on the military deeds of the Lycian king Gergis as well as on his relationship with the gods are addressed.

A Novel Parts of Speech (POS) Tagset for morphological, syntactic and lexical annotations of Saraiki language

One of the important resources required for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications like machine translation, information retrieval and text mining, is annotated text corpora. Text corpora annotation process requires parts of speech (POS) tags to mark different parts of text with grammatical annotations in order to identify linguistic properties of a word, sentence or discourse. The process of marking text items is based on two main features 1) grammatical category and 2) context of text (word, sentence or discourse) i.e. relationship with adjacent and related text. Saraiki being one of oldest languages is still resource scarce language in recorded literature as well as in computational context. According to our study, at present, there is no tagset defined for Saraiki language. This work presents first hierarchical POS (MPOST) tag set for the Saraiki language which is designed to be used in morphological, syntactic and lexical annotations of Saraiki language corpora.

A Novel Parts of Speech (POS) Tagset for morphological, syntactic and lexical annotations of Saraiki language

One of the important resources required for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications like machine translation, information retrieval and text mining, is annotated text corpora. Text corpora annotation process requires parts of speech (POS) tags to mark different parts of text with grammatical annotations in order to identify linguistic properties of a word, sentence or discourse. The process of marking text items is based on two main features 1) grammatical category and 2) context of text (word, sentence or discourse) i.e. relationship with adjacent and related text. Saraiki being one of oldest languages is still resource scarce language in recorded literature as well as in computational context. According to our study, at present, there is no tagset defined for Saraiki language. This work presents first hierarchical POS (MPOST) tag set for the Saraiki language which is designed to be used in morphological, syntactic and lexical annotations of Saraiki language corpora.

Troubles on the Border

This paper aims to determine the extent and effects of the phenomenon of inconsistent case-particle boundary marking in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. It is focused on establishing what represents ‘inconsistent boundary marking’, how it is dealt with in informational terms, what effect it has on communication, and why it should be avoided. To this purpose, I will first build a typology of the tokenization strategies in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. I will then individuate several forms of inconsistent boundary marking and, more in general, of poor grammatical annotation, and discuss them according to the types of inconsistency and their different epistemic effects.

Troubles on the Border Marking Japanese Case-Particle Boundaries in Grammatical Annotation

This paper aims to determine the extent and effects of the phenomenon of inconsistent case-particle boundary marking in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. It is focused on establishing what represents ‘inconsistent boundary marking’, how it is dealt with in informational terms, what effect it has on communication, and why it should be avoided. To this purpose, I will first build a typology of the tokenization strategies in the grammatical annotation of Japanese. I will then individuate several forms of inconsistent boundary marking and, more in general, of poor grammatical annotation, and discuss them according to the types of inconsistency and their different epistemic effects.

‘Atticismo’, excerpta lessicografici e prassi didattiche in età paleologa

Abstract The search for purity of language during the Palaeologan age has often been regarded as a revival of the Atticist movement of the second century AD. Students who had access to the higher education aimed at mastering this new form of Attic Greek: a large set of ancient authors deemed to be models of language and style served as repositories of lexical materials. Within this framework the need of school handbooks, dictionaries is quite understandable. In the first section of the paper I offer an overview of the multifarious typologies of scholarly texts largely used in the first Palaeologan age. Then, I focus more specifically on some miscellaneous excerpts merged into anthological manuscripts, by taking into account a largely overlooked series of grammatical and lexical annotations on Lucian. Differently from what is often stated in the catalogues, I show how the order of the items follows closely Lucian’s texts. These annotations could be the transcription of teachers’ notes and/or lecture notes taken during collective/private readings of texts.

Looking into the Operational Modalities Adopted in Some of the POS Tagging Tools in Identification of Contextual Part-of-Speech of Words in Texts

Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is an indispensable method of text processing. The main aim is to assign part-of-speech to words after considering their actual contextual syntactic-cum-semantic roles in a piece of text where they occur (Siemund & Claridge 1997). This is a useful strategy in language processing, language technology, machine learning, machine translation, and computational linguistics as it generates a kind of output that enables a system to work with natural language texts with greater accuracy and success. Part-of-speech tagging is also known as ‘grammatical annotation’ and ‘word category disambiguation’ in some area of linguistics where analysis of form and function of words are important avenues for better comprehension and application of texts. Since the primary task of POS tagging involves a process of assigning a tag to each word, manually or automatically, in a piece of natural language text, it has to pay adequate attention to the contexts where words are used. This is a tough challenge for a system as it normally fails to know how word carries specific linguistic information in a text and what kind of larger syntactic frames it requires for its operation. The present paper takes up this issue into consideration and tries to critically explore how some of the well-known POS tagging systems are capable of handling this kind of challenge and if these POS tagging systems are at all successful in assigning appropriate POS tags to words without accessing information from extratextual domains. The novelty of the paper lies in its attempt for looking into some of the POS tagging schemes proposed so far to see if the systems are actually successful in dealing with the complexities involved in tagging words in texts. It also checks if the performance of these systems is better than manual POS tagging and verifies if information and insights gathered from such enterprises are at all useful for enhancing our understanding about identity and function of words used in texts. All these are addressed in this paper with reference to some of the POS taggers available to us. Moreover, the paper tries to see how a POS tagged text is useful in various applications thereby creating a sense of awareness about multifunctionality of tagged texts among language users.

Integrated Language and Knowledge Resources for a Bulgarian-Centric Knowledge Graph

This paper reports on the integration of language and knowledge resources within CLaDA-BG infrastructure. The idea is to encode linguistic knowledge on all levels of language starting from text, grammatical annotation and lemmatization to semantic and conceptual annotation. Our goal is to support conceptual annotation of various research objects (mainly texts). One of the main applications will be the management of a Bulgaria-centric Knowledge Graph.

Metoda wyodrębniania odtwarzalnych konstrukcji werbo-nominalnych języka rosyjskiego z korpusów tekstowych

The article describes an extraction method of Russian verbal-nominative structures from electronic texts with the use of grammatical annotation and regular expressions syntax. The stages of the retrieval process are outlined. The list of extracted structures can be subsequently verified for the presence of reproducible units (phrasems).

An Analysis of Sindhi Annotated Corpus using Supervised Machine Learning Methods

The linguistic corpus of Sindhi language is significant for computational linguistics process, machine learning process, language features identification and analysis, semantic and sentiment analysis, information retrieval and so on. There is little computational linguistics work done on Sindhi text whereas, English, Arabic, Urdu and some other languages are fully resourced computationally. The grammar and morphemes of these languages are analyzed properly using dissimilar machine learning methods. The development and research work regarding computational linguistics are in progress on Sindhi language at this time. This study is planned to develop the Sindhi annotated corpus using universal POS (Part of Speech) tag set and Sindhi POS tag set for the purpose of language features and variation analysis. The features are extracted using TF-IDF (Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency) technique. The supervised machine learning model is developed to assess the annotated corpus to know the grammatical annotation of Sindhi language. The model is trained with 80% of annotated corpus and tested with 20% of test set. The cross-validation technique with 10-folds is utilized to evaluate and validate the model. The results of model show the better performance of model as well as confirm the proper annotation to Sindhi corpus. This study described a number of research gaps to work more on topic modeling, language variation, sentiment and semantic analysis of Sindhi language.

King’s pig: A story in Lhagang Tibetan with a grammatical annotation on a narrative mode

The article primarily provides one full narrative story named King’s pig with a grammatical annotation of Lhagang Tibetan, a dialect of Minyag Rabgang Khams, spoken in the easternmost Tibetosphere, i.e., Kangding Municipality, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. It also analyses a basic narrative construction and differences from general speeches, and shows that a narrative mode has an additional strategy regarding the evidential expressions as well as TAM marking which are observed neither in general conversations nor in elicitations. This implies a necessity of different descriptions depending on styles when one writes a reference grammar of this language.

The Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian as a Research Source of Natural Usage

The article describes the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, its structure, compilation stages (collection of the recordings, transcription, and grammatical annotation), and the methodology of data collection and digitalization; in addition, it discusses the possibilities of corpus application in the research of natural language usage and the research, which has already been carried out, using the corpus data.
 At present (2017), the corpus, which is freely accessible for internet users, contains 226,174 word forms. The users of the online corpus version can perform search of a word or a word form and obtain data on the frequency of the form in the whole corpus or its part as well as see grammatical information about it.
 In 2016-2017, the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian was supplemented by new data resulting from the implementation of the project “Contemporary Spoken Lithuanian: A Corpus-based Analysis of Grammar and Lexis” (LIP-085/2016) financed by the Research Council of Lithuania under the programme of the State Lithuanian Studies and Dissemination Programme for 2016–2024. The project will also create a new internet access, which will provide more possibilities for the users. The updated corpus consists of 256 conversations (383,587 words) produced by 1,086 speakers (659 females and 427 males), whose age ranges from 3 to 81 years. When developing the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, much attention was paid to its composition, i.e. the proportions of the corpus. In order to improve the universality and suitability of the corpus for a more varied analysis, the principle of a balanced corpus was maintained; therefore, several criteria were taken into consideration when collecting the data: the nature of spoken language (private vs public speech) and structure (dialogues vs polilogues), different communication situations (direct vs indirect (e.g. a telephone conversation), demographic indicators, and social relations among the interlocutors. Therefore, in 2018, users of the updated version of the corpus will be able to filter results according to different categories, such as gender, age, place and structure of the conversation, and perform a more detailed search. It is expected that when the users are provided with more possibilities to analyse corpus data on the internet, the amount of spoken language research will increase comprising different areas of lexis and grammar.

How to annotate morphologically rich learner language. Principles, problems and solutions

This article illustrates the grammatical and error annotations of a morphologically rich learner language with the help of the International Corpus of Learner Finnish (ICLFI). It especially focuses on problems and solutions in morphological and error annotation, both of which are challenging due to the rich morphological structure of the target language. The article also introduces existing Finno-Ugric learner data and their annotation schemes, and compares those with the ones used in ICLFI annotations. Learner data variables, taxonomy, and principles in grammatical and error annotation are also discussed with the help of the ICLFI in the present article.