Grammar Strategies Research Articles

EFL Grammar Learning Strategy Use: Utilizing Grammar Learning Strategy Inventory in an Arabic Context

This study attempts to replicate Pawlak’s (2018) Grammar Learning Strategy Inventory (GLSI). It explores the use of GLSI by Saudi students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in their college preparation year. The re-emergence of GLSI after a long period of neglect is a significant development in Language Learning Strategies. Consequently, due to the shortage of GLSI studies in Arab countries, this study was conducted. Participants were assessed using the GLSI with its four categories of metacognitive, cognitive, affective, and social strategies. 419 EFL students participated in this study. The findings generally showed a high use of grammar strategies in all four categories of GLSI among EFL learners. As a result, a strong, positive, and significant correlation was found between all the categories of strategies. Furthermore, students’ Grade Point Average (GPA) did not appear to affect their use of GLS.

Applying Story Grammar Strategy Combined with Google Classroom as a Media in Teaching Reading at SMKN 3 Parepare

Reading comprehension is such very essential to life. The readers who understand how a text is structured find greater success in identifying important information and relationships between ideas in the text. Based on the preliminary test (preobservastion) at SMK Negeri 3 Parepare, the collected data showed that students were not satisfied with their learning, in this case, the subject of reading. They were inactive students in the classroom, especially because they became lazier in reading any kind of text because the teacher used the silent reading method. The hardest part is when they cannot get the whole point of the text, likewise when they have a task or assignment from their teacher to answer. Therefore, the researchers found that the students’ had difficulty understanding the context and getting the information in the text. Story Grammar Strategy is a good way to improve students’ reading comprehension combined with google classroom as a media. By using this method, the researcher’s objectives are to help the students recognize the elements of narrative text and use these elements to improve their comprehension of the story. The data of the research are Pre Experiment of Quantitative Research. The design of this research is one group pre-test and post-test design with 34 total samples. The instrument of the research was a reading test using reading text. The reading texts were taken from the Step by Step Book. The total number of the test was 10 numbers, with 5 test items for true-false test and 5 test items for the essay test. The findings of the research showed that the story grammar strategy combined with google classroom successfully improved the students’ reading comprehension. As a fact, based on the findings, most students have a very good score on the post-test., which was 90,88. While the mean score of the pre-test was 44,55. It means that the treatment was successful in improving the student’s reading comprehension, and the students gave positive responses in the learning process.

Developing a Grammar Learning/Use Strategy Questionnaire: A Mixed Model

Despite the numerous endeavours made to develop questionnaires to assess learners' strategic behaviour in general and learning/use strategies across different language areas and skills, one can surprisingly find no inventories to address learners' grammar learning /use strategies. This study aims to validate a measure of additional language learners' grammar strategies. The validation of the instrument, grammar learning/use strategy questionnaire, involved three phases. To generate an item pool as the first phase, the researcher drew on Oxford's instructional modes of L2 learning, Oxford's strategic self-regulated model of learning, Larsen-Freeman's three-dimension model of grammar, grammar strategies in the inventories of language skills and Brigg's classroom task-based grammar learning strategies. The second phase of the study involved submitting the instrument to extensive piloting in an adequate sample, followed by the third phase, which comprised evaluating the psychometric properties of the revised instrument through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate that the developed instrument has satisfactory psychometric characteristics and that the hypothesized theoretical model has a great fit with the data. The article closes with some tentative pedagogical recommendations and implications as well as guidelines on how grammar learning strategies could be utilized and investigated.

Tangible insights on the strategizing of language learners and users

AbstractThis article presents reflections from 12 experts on language learners strategy (LLS) research. They were asked to offer their reflections in one of their domains of expertise, linking research into LLS with successful language learning and use practices. In essence, they were called upon to provide a review of recent scholarship by identifying areas where results of research had already led to the enhancement of learner strategy use, as well as to describe ongoing and future research efforts intended to enhance the strategy domain. The LLS areas dealt with include theory building, the dynamics of delivering strategy instruction (SI), meta-analyses of SI, learner diversity, SI for young language learners, SI for fine-tuning the comprehension and production of academic-level, grammar strategies at the macro and micro levels, lessons learned from many years of LLS research in Greece, the past and future roles of technology aimed at enhancing language learning, and applications of LLS in content instruction. This review is intended to provide the field with an updated statement as to where we have been, where we are now, and where we need to go. Ideally, it will provide ideas for future studies.

Learning Grammar Strategies Using by Student of STIT Ibnu Rusyd Tanah Grogot (Metacognitive and Cognitive Strategies)

This research was about the language learning strategies using student in bachelor degree to learn grammar. Grammar is the big issue for student to learning English as foreign language. Sometime students have problem to comprehend the grammar in English language and to get more understanding they try to find many strategies to cover the grammar in their knowledge. In this research, researcher applied descriptive qualitative to approach the data. There were 35 students involved in this research. The student concerned in English language program. The research used the questionnaire from the SILL. Result of this research are the most strategies that used by student. 52,5% apply new words in grammar, 53% learn grammar from film, 52,6% learn grammar through reading article or newspaper, 50,8% learn grammar from writing description or letter, and 54,2% learn grammar from translation. 51,8% student learn grammar from the difficulties task, 66,2% student learn grammar through paying attention of speaking, 66,8% student learn from others smart friend in grammar, 54% student learn grammar from teacher, 51,6% student learn grammar based on the motivation, and 52,8% student learn grammar from the error analysis. The other researches need to apply from this research. The current research can study language learning strategies based on the memory, compensation and affective strategies. The research can add based on the gender to get the different result of language learning strategies from the student.

Actualizing Learning English Grammar Strategy Using New Inventory for University Students

Learning grammar strategies have been explored by students and teachers. Moreover, research on this issue has been done by several researchers. However, new inventory to measure learning English grammar strategy has been developed and not implemented to identify students’ learning strategy. Thus, the present study aimed to implement and identify the students’ English learning grammar strategy by using new inventory. Besides, this study also wanted to know the challenges of students in implementing those strategies. This study used Mixed method with sequential explanatory. The participants of this research were 30 students of English Language Department in one of the universities in Bengkulu. The instrument of this study used questionnaire of Grammar Learning Strategy Inventory (GLSI) and the interview guideline. Those instruments have been validated by two expert judgments and tried out to another class. The quantitative data were analysed by using simple statistic calculation and using percentage for every learning strategy type. However, the qualitative data analysis comprised several steps namely data collection, data condensation, data display, and conclusion. The result shows that students used all strategies in learning grammar, but the dominant one is cognitive strategy, while the least one is social strategy. The challenges in implementing learning strategy or in learning grammar were poor knowledge of grammar, ineffective time management, less group work, and less sociable because of Covid-19.

A mixed methods approach to exploring grammar learning strategies in self-regulation task phases: Evidence from grounded theory and regression analysis

While research into various dimensions of language learning strategies has been thriving over the recent years, grammar learning strategies (GLS) have largely remained under-explored. The present mixed methods research aimed to explore GLS in the three stages of classroom grammar tasks, while striving to determine the sequence of GLS and their contribution to grammar proficiency. In the qualitative phase, 13 participants partook in stimulated recall and semi-structured interviews after completing consciousness-raising (CR) tasks. Then, the grounded theory (GT) methodology was applied to conceptualize a theoretical model. For the quantitative phase, a modified version of Pawlak’s Grammar Learning Strategy Inventory and a grammar proficiency test were administered to 249 participants. The theoretical model of GT indicated that learners set goals and expected an outcome in the ‘forethought’ phase. Then, they employed strategies to pay attention to the form or meaning of the grammatical feature. Learners also attempted self-instruction by using facilitators in the ‘performance’ phase. Furthermore, their self-evaluation played an essential role in the ‘self-reflection’ phase. The results also indicated an interplay between the forethought and self-reflection phases, whereas the interaction between the performance phase and the other two phases appeared to be unidirectional. Additionally, it was revealed that GLS in the forethought and self-reflection phases as well as ‘total grammar strategy use’ significantly predicted grammar proficiency. The findings will serve classroom pedagogy via contributing to the body of knowledge about strategy instruction in general and GLS in particular.

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH STORY GRAMMAR STRATEGY AT SMP NEGERI 08 SATAP DODA BUNTA

The objective this research is to improve students’ reading comprehension through story grammar strategy at SMP Negeri 08 Satap Doda Bunta. This research used a pre-experimental research design with one group pretest and posttest design. The population of this research was the students of VIII grade of SMP Negeri 8 Satap Doda Bunta consisted of twenty-eight students. The sample of this research was all the population of the research. In collecting data, the researcher used test. The test consisted of pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed statistically. After being analyzed, it was found that the result of the t-counted was 9,245. With 27 degree of freedom, and a the significance level of 0,05, the t-table was 1,703.Therefore, the result of t-counted is greater than t-table. It is clear that the research hypothesis is accepted. In other words, story grammar strategy can effectively improve the reading comprehension of VIII grade students at SMP Negeri 8 Satap Doda Bunta.

GENDER NEUTRALITY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: TEACHER TALK AND COURSEBOOKS

State of the problem. The article explores the phenomenon of gender neutrality in language education and presents the results of classroom discourse analysis and coursebook content analysis. The purpose of the study is to reveal to what extent teachers of English as a foreign language (L2 teachers) in Russia use gender-neutral language and gender-neutral behaviour strategies in the classroom and how gender neutrality is presented in the English coursebooks (created both by Russian and international authors). The novelty is determined by the fact that this is the first attempt to analyse teacher talk and English coursebook contents in terms of their gender neutrality in the Russian socio-cultural context. Results. Results show that many lessons and coursebooks analysed use some gender-neutral vocabulary and grammar strategies, but contain gender-stereotyping and unequal representation of personalia and case names. The proposed hypothesis that English teachers in Russia use gendered lexical and grammatical means, as well as gender stereotypes in the classroom was validated to a certain extent. The overall result demonstrates that more than 60% of teachers are not gender-neutral. As for the coursebooks, most of them seem to be gender-neutral in terms of grammar, and half of them seem to be gender-neutral in terms of vocabulary. At the same time, 60% of coursebooks contain gender stereotypes and 90% do not represent males and females equally (with male superiority in number). Conclusion. Special guidelines on gender-neutral English in the classroom for English teachers in Russia should be created to provide some recommendations on the use of gender-neutral language and the use of coursebooks. These guidelines should refer to the Russian socio-cultural context and contain all the necessary footnotes for teachers to explain to them the importance of gender neutrality in the English language and to help them to explain the phenomenon to the students, who might experience certain challenges while acquiring the concept of gender neutrality that is only minimally represented in the Russian language.

Comparative Study Of Bilingual And Monolingual Children In Acquiring Grammar Strategies

Foreign languages have been taught worldwide starting from elementary schools. While some children learn English as a second language, there are many bilinguals who study English as the third language. This small scale study aims to illustrate the dissimilarities between bilingual and monolingual students in learning the English language, specifically, acquiring English Grammar strategies. Two 3rd grade primary school pupils attended in this study. The research compiled three stages and data analysis revealed accordingly.

Shape Grammar Strategies for Representing the Built Heritage

Traditional architecture style represents the evolutionary style and experienced characteristics of an urban environment that give a sense of place and identity. This style includes a mixture of technical and cognitive values that are difficult to conserve compared to other material resources. The process of organizing and classifying the architectural elements of these constructions in a virtual digital manner is one of the means of preventive conservation of the built heritage.
 Many international experiments have employed the shape grammar in analyzing the structure of the historic elements because of its ability to combine the dimensional and morphological values, to classify them into a variety of categories with common characteristics according to the local architectural language. The study seeks to determine the approaches of the shape grammar to derive the rules and its relationships that used in the virtual reconstruction according to the traditional architectural principles, and highlighting the digital applications and software that deals with the shape grammar in this field. The methodology of this study adopted the analysis of studies that employed the shape grammar in the built heritage domain to determine the potential of these systems, to be presented as a documentation procedure for information management of built heritage.

On the Relationship between EFL Learners’ Grammar Learning Strategy Use and Their Grammar Performance: Learners’ Gender in Focus

This study sought to investigate the interplay between grammar strategies employed by intermediate EFL learner and their performance on a grammar test. To undertake the study, eighty homogenized intermediate students, comprising 37 males and 29 females, took part in the study. Having been homogenized via quick placement test (QPT), the participants were asked to respond to Oxford’s (1990) grammar learning strategies questionnaire (hereafter, GLSQ). Next, the participants were asked to take a grammar test. The findings revealed a significant relationship among six subscales of GLSs and EFL learners’ performance on the grammar test. In addition, the results indicated a significant difference between male and female students in term of their performance on the grammar test. More precisely, female students outperformed the male counterpart as far as their performance on grammar test was concerned. In addition, the results attested that cognitive strategy and compensation learning strategy were the most and the least strategy types employed by the participants. The findings have pedagogical implication for both English as a foreign or second language.

Effects of Story Grammar Strategy on Korean EFL College Students’ Reading Comprehension Competence

Effects of Story Grammar Strategy on Korean EFL College Students’ Reading Comprehension Competence

Collaborative Strategic Reading in EFL Reading Classroom

This study aims to find out whether the collaborative strategic reading can significantly improve the students` reading comprehension achievement and what the students` perceptions on the use of collaborative strategic reading in EFL reading classroom are. The result showed that collaborative strategic reading can significantly improve the students reading achievement. The paired sample test showed the comparison of pretest and posttest score displayed the difference between scores. The mean difference was 15.000 and the value of t-obtained was 7.301. It was identified that sig. (2-tailed) or p value (0.00) was less than alpha value (0.05). The students` dominant perceptions on the use of collaborative strategic reading were: students can summarize the text easily after using collaborative strategic reading and they can answer the questions of the narrative text after using story grammar strategy, collaborative strategic reading allows the students to think critically and can guide them in comprehending the text.

Strategies for Better Learning of English Grammar: Chinese vs. Thais

The success of language learning significantly depends on multiple sets of complex factors; among these are language-learning strategies of which learners in different countries may show different preferences. Needed areas of language learning strategy research include, among others, the strategy of grammar learning and the context-based approach to learning strategies. To fill in these gaps, this study aimed at finding the grammar learning strategies adopted by high school students as well as exploring the national differences between Chinese and Thai students. The results showed that in general the strategies significantly taken up by the high achievers in the grammar test included the metacognitive, the memory, the social and the cognitive. In terms of the national differences, the strategies that characterized the Thai students were the social and the affective. Regarding the Chinese, even though they generally applied all strategy categories at lower frequencies, they were found to prefer different sub-strategies in the following three categories: memory (revision and space reliance), cognitive (note taking) and metacognitive (lesson preview). The findings lead to implications for learners of grammar, interesting future research in grammar strategies and culturally responsive grammar teaching.

The Investigation of the English Grammar Learning Strategy of High School Students in China

The article conducts a questionnaire survey and interview on the students in a high school in Hubei Province of China. The result indicates that the level of high school students’ grammar learning strategy is low. Among the three factors of grammar learning strategy, the cognitive strategy ranks first, then the meta-cognitive strategy and social-affective strategy. And the grammar learning strategy is not correlated with English grammar achievement. The research result demonstrates that there is great difference between female students and male students in English grammar strategy using and grammar score. This outcome is conducive to knowing better about high school students’ condition of grammar learning strategy using, and supplying some reference for enhancing the high school English teaching efficiency.

Noticing grammar in L2 writing and problem-solving strategies

Noticing plays an important role for second language acquisition. Since the formulation of the output hypothesis (Swain, 1985), it has been proven that producing output can lead to noticing. Studies on noticing have revealed little focus on grammar, and an in-depth investigation of grammar noticing has not been conducted so far. Studies into problemsolving strategies applied to resolve noticing in writing have provided differing classifications. The current study investigates the noticing of ten young learners (15 to 16 years) of L2 English while performing a writing task, with a special focus on grammar. The problem-solving strategies these learners applied are analyzed. With regard to the linguistic areas, results suggest that verb forms, especially the use of modals, and the choice of prepositions, are the main issues encountered in morphology. In syntax, learners mainly dealt with the length of sentences and the ways of connecting clauses. Learners relied on their intuition and existing knowledge, common sense and rephrasing as grammar problem-solving strategies. These results open a new area of study into noticing grammar and suggest some implications for teaching.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRAMMAR LEARNING STRATEGY USE AND LANGUAGE ACHIEVEMENT OF IRANIAN HIGH SCHOOL EFL LEARNERS

This paper sought to explore the relationship between grammar learning strategy use and language achievement of Iranian high school EFL learners. The participants of the study were 300 students from three different proficiency levels (Elementary, pre-intermediate, and intermediate), 230 of whom completed and returned an Oxford Solution Test, and a Likert-scale Grammar learning strategies questionnaire (GLSQ) containing 35 statements. The participants were divided to the above mentioned proficiency groups based on Oxford placement test categorization and their total GPAs. The results of descriptive statistics, interview session, and rank-ordering indicated that cognitive and social affective strategies were the most frequently grammar strategies used by Iranian EFL learners. The analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data revealed that Iranian high school EFL learners used a variety of learning strategies while learning and using grammar structures; however, the results of one-way ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference in the frequency of use of grammar learning strategies among different proficiency levels. Additionally, the results of ANCOVA analysis showed that gender did not play a significant role in strategy use. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there was a positive relationship between language achievement and grammar strategy use. The findings of the study might provide Iranian EFL teachers and learners with some helpful implications for teaching and testing, and learning grammar strategies respectively at high schools, as well as useful directions for future studies in this domain. Keywords: grammar learning strategies, language proficiency, language achievement, gender

한국 대학생의 영어 문법 학습 전략 사용 연구

The present study sought to examine the use of grammar learning strategies of Korean college students in two aspects. First, it explored the relationship between learner background factors and their use of grammar learning strategies. Second, it investigated to what extent the learners’ use of grammar learning strategies would predict their grammatical knowledge and whether it would have different effects on their grammatical knowledge measured by two grammar tests with a differing level of vocabulary and readability. To this end, 107 Korean college students were asked to complete a grammar learning strategy questionnaire and take the two grammar tests. The results show that the learners reported using more explicit discovery strategies and more implicit strategies over explicit consolidation strategies, and that higher grade students reported more uses of grammar strategies than did lower grade students. Furthermore, the use of explicit discovery strategies was found to positively predict the scores of grammar tests with a lower level of vocabulary and readability. On the other hand, the results suggest that the use of implicit strategies would predict grammatical knowledge measured by the grammar test loaded with difficult vocabulary and higher readability. Theoretical, methodological and pedagogical implications are discussed.

STORY GRAMMAR STRATEGY: AN APPROACH TO TEACH READING NARRATIVE TEXT

Teaching English as Foreign Language emphasizes on teaching discourse in the classroom. This paper is presented focusing on conceptual paper in teaching reading. Specifically, this study focuses on written discourse discussing on the use of narrative text to teach students’ reading skill. In foreign language teaching, teaching reading is one of important goal that students want to achieve. This paper focuses on one of English text type that is narrative text. It covers the theoretical basis dealing with the method of teaching reading, the use of narrative text that applies the text discourse analysis and the use of story grammar strategy. Furthermore, it also covers the teaching procedure (pre-teaching, whilst-teaching, post-teaching), reflection, and conclusion. Finally, it presents the reflection and conclusion of this analysis. The result shows that students’ comprehension can be enhance through story grammar in the teaching of reading narrative text along with appropriate assessment for them.