Grammar Skills Research Articles

Using Motor Tempi to Understand Rhythm and Grammatical Skills in Developmental Language Disorder and Typical Language Development.

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) show relative weaknesses on rhythm tasks beyond their characteristic linguistic impairments. The current study compares preferred tempo and the width of an entrainment region for 5- to 7-year-old typically developing (TD) children and children with DLD and considers the associations with rhythm aptitude and expressive grammar skills in the two populations. Preferred tempo was measured with a spontaneous motor tempo task (tapping tempo at a comfortable speed), and the width (range) of an entrainment region was measured by the difference between the upper (slow) and lower (fast) limits of tapping a rhythm normalized by an individual's spontaneous motor tempo. Data from N = 16 children with DLD and N = 114 TD children showed that whereas entrainment-region width did not differ across the two groups, slowest motor tempo, the determinant of the upper (slow) limit of the entrainment region, was at a faster tempo in children with DLD vs. TD. In other words, the DLD group could not pace their slow tapping as slowly as the TD group. Entrainment-region width was positively associated with rhythm aptitude and receptive grammar even after taking into account potential confounding factors, whereas expressive grammar did not show an association with any of the tapping measures. Preferred tempo was not associated with any study variables after including covariates in the analyses. These results motivate future neuroscientific studies of low-frequency neural oscillatory mechanisms as the potential neural correlates of entrainment-region width and their associations with musical rhythm and spoken language processing in children with typical and atypical language development.

ENGLISH VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR PROFICIENCIES OF SMPN 17 STUDENTS IN BENGKULU CITY

The objectives of this research were to find out “how the student’s English vocabulary and grammar proficiencies were” . The population was all students of SMP N 17 Bengkulu City. The samples were approximately 57 students, with detail were 4 classes of 7th grade. The design of the research was descriptive quantitative. The instrument was English grammar and vocabulary test to measure students’ skill. The results of the research showed that the total average score from grade 7th, their total average score was 33, their average vocabulary score was 20 and then their average grammar score was 44. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the 7th grade students’ vocabulary and grammar skills of SMPN 17 Bengkulu City were still low, also the difference between their average grammar and vocabularyscores of grade 7 was very far, but both’s scores were still under the minimum score (75). This phenomenon could have been prevented if junior high school students had received English background knowledge when they were still in elementary school.This phenomenon is what the researchers are trying to show that this is the effect of not getting background knowledge of English when they were in elementary school. Of course this will cause problems for these students in the future, because the level of difficulty in terms of English study they will encounter in the future will be more difficult.

The use of game technologies in the formation of grammar skills of schoolchildren in English lessons

This article examines the importance of using game technologies in English lessons for the formation of grammatical skills of students at the level of basic general education. The main problems of communicative teaching of foreign languages are considered and ways of their solution are proposed

ESP: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS IN USING ROLE PLAY STRATEGY TO IMPROVE SPEAKING ABILITY

Abstract Speaking ability is a one-of-a-kind aspect of language development that is very important to be instilled from an early age. The purpose of this research is to examine ESP based on the students' perceptions of using role-play strategies to improve speaking skills. This article discusses how students can improve their speaking skills in ESP. ESP remains for English for Specific Purpose, and it is a component of English as a foreign language or second language. Typically entails teaching English to students or people who have already worked, with emphasis on the vocabulary and skills they require. Role play is a motion consultation program that includes elements of fun as well as a system and purpose. The ability to foster optimism and a sense of togetherness through active learning is one of the benefits of using the role-play method. Most students struggle with speaking when learning a language, particularly English. Problem speaking is typically caused by difficulties involved in expressing things verbally, a restricted vocabulary, restricted grammar skills that make it difficult to communicate with the right rules, and a limited power to pronounce words (pronunciation), making it difficult to the pronunciation of words that are communicated properly right.

НАВЧАННЯ СТУДЕНТІВ-ГЕРМАНІСТІВ ГРАМАТИКИ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ (ІНФІНІТИВНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ) ЗА ТЕХНОЛОГІЄЮ "ПЕРЕВЕРНУТИЙ КЛАС"

Background. The mastery of grammar is a crucial aspect of the communicative competence of German Philology students. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify efficient grammar teaching methodologies. One such approach is the "Flipped Class" technology that employs a combination of interactive classes and selfdirected learning to enhance students' grammar proficiency in speaking and listening. This approach also fosters students' independence and critical thinking abilities, as they are required to not only do grammar exercises but also plan educational activities, search for relevant literature, and assess their own educational progress. Purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for, develop, and test the effectiveness of the "Flipped Class" technology in building grammatical competence in German Philology students' speaking skills. Results and discussion. The "flipped class" technology for teaching German grammar optimizes and rationalizes the allocation of time between independent and classroom work while creating individual trajectories of acquiring grammar knowledge and skills. This technology enables students to improve their language grammar skills and speech grammar skills in listening during independent work, while primary grammar skills and language skills, as well as reproductive grammatical skills in speaking, are developed during the classroom session. In addition, it allows students to develop learning autonomy and reflection. The use of this technology involves eight stages, where students do sets of grammar exercises and tasks, as well as tasks for the application of educational tactics and reflection. The results of the approbation show that the level of grammatical knowledge and skills of most students who studied infinitive constructions using the above-mentioned technology was higher than their average level of success.

Developing a Serial Search Task to Evaluate Procedural Memory and Investigating the Relationship Between Procedural Memory and Grammar in Farsi-speaking Children: A Preliminary Study

Objective: Procedural memory is a key component of long-term memory that can be assessed in different modalities, such as verbal and motor. Learning through procedural memory occurs in three stages: initial learning, consolidation, and retention. Several tasks evaluate procedural memory, but none have concurrently studied procedural learning in various modalities and learning stages. Besides, according to the declarative-procedural model, there may be an association between the performance of individuals in procedural learning and their state of the grammar of a language. Therefore, this study aimed to design a Serial Search Task (SST) for the simultaneous evaluation of procedural memory in motor and verbal modalities during three stages of learning and determine its reliability. Moreover, the relationship between procedural memory and grammar skills was examined. Materials & Methods: This study is methodological research in the first stage and descriptive analytics in the second stage. First, based on the literature review and the opinions of three speech-language pathologists, some words with appropriate psycholinguistic features were chosen from the Persian picture naming set. Then, corresponding pictures were determined. The task was designed using Java programming language. The face validity of the task was evaluated, then after revisions, the reliability was determined. Face validity was assessed in 10 normal children, and the test-retest reliability was evaluated in 15 normal children aged 7-9 years; all of them were chosen using the convenience sampling method. In the second stage, to assess the relationship between grammatical skills and the SST, 20 normal children aged 7-9 years were selected by a mixed sampling method. Every child had exposed to a verbal modality in three stages: initial learning, consolidation (24 hours later), and retention (one week later). Then the same stages were performed in the motor modality. Each child's language skills were determined using the test of language development-primary (TOLD-P3), and the relationship between the two skills was determined. Statistical methods included the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The correlation values between two performances in the initial learning stage for the reaction time variable in verbal (r=0.84, P<0.001) and motor (r=0.80, P˂0.001) modalities and the variable of response accuracy in verbal (r=0.81, P=0.011) and motor (r=0.77, P=0.026) modalities were obtained. In the consolidation and retention stages, the correlation values for the reaction time variable in verbal (r=0.737, P=0.002) and motor (r=0.743, P=0.001) modalities and the variable of response accuracy in verbal (r=0.624, P=0.013) and motor (r=0.916, P<0.001) modalities were obtained. The relationship between grammar and procedural learning in the verbal modality was significant in the consolidation stage (P=0.045, CI:0.016-0.797, r=0.491). Conclusion: SST is a reliable task to assess different stages of procedural memory in both verbal and motor modalities. Therefore, this task can be used to evaluate procedural memory in normal children aged 7-9 years. The current study's findings confirmed the predictions made by the declarative-procedural model during the consolidation stage in the verbal modality.

The Role of Grammar in Teaching Foreign Languages

In the teaching of foreign languages, after all the attempts and reforms, the understanding has been increasingly strengthened that without reliable linguistic knowledge it is impossible to achieve strong linguistic communication skills, which were considered the goal of teaching foreign languages, and that grammatical skills play an important role in the development of language skills. The role of grammar in teaching foreign languages is ambiguous. Grammar skills are equally important for speaking, writing, reading and listening. Grammar is a language stimulant. It generates meaning through relationships between lexical items. In this paper, we will try to show through theory all the possibilities of conducting a lesson with the maximum study of grammar, as well as to imagine how this actually happens in practice. We investigate which method is more often used in classes on the grammar of German as a foreign language. Particular attention is paid to deductive and inductive methods.

Efficacy of Problem-Based Learning Strategy to Enhance EFL Learners’ Paragraph Writing and Grammar Skills

Efficacy of Problem-Based Learning Strategy to Enhance EFL Learners’ Paragraph Writing and Grammar Skills

ПРИНЦИПЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ ИНОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ГРАММАТИКЕ С УЧЕТОМ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

The article deals with the problem of teaching foreign grammar to students of secondary school. It actualizes the development of the potential of the theory of accounting for the properties of the nervous system, describes the main difficulties in the formation of grammar skills, and provides the results of observations in the educational process.

Efficacy of Téduray Literature Module in Teaching English

In order to hold the attention of the Teduray (Indigenous Peoples) learners and help them respect and maintain their own folklore, it is important to revive Teduray folktales and include them into the teaching of English. During the academic year 2021–2022, it was administered to Salumping National High School's Grade 7 pupils. This study was carried out to ascertain the efficacy of the Module where all Teduray original folktales, folksongs, poems, riddles, and proverbs were recreated with the assistance of knowledgeable elders and translated from Teduray dialect to English language, and Module that contained various activities to develop the grammar skills, vocabulary, writing, and reading comprehension, which were assessed in terms of their content, relevance, acceptability, and instructional value. Based on the findings, the "Module," which is made up of all the original Teduray folktales, folksongs, poetry, riddles, and proverbs that were revived with the assistance of wise elders, was assessed as good and met the expectations of the target users. Comparing the experimental group to the control group, the group who used the software saw an improvement in their academic performance. The module on Teduray folktales should be used by the teachers during their classes, especially the English teachers and Teduray teachers during English 7 class. The noticeable progress of students' learning is attributed to Module; therefore, it should be adopted by the Indigenous Peoples (IPs) schools with Teduray members and be integrated into their classroom program.

Exploring The Effect of Memory Strategies On Students’ Grammar Skills: Indonesian Learner Context

One of the major problems faced by Indonesian young learners when learning English grammar is being difficult to memorize sentence pattern with present tense. Grouping with vertical and horizontal lines were believed as an effective memory strategy to memorize the sentence pattern. Therefore, this study targeted to explore whether or not the use of memory strategy was applicable for students when constructing sentences. The research used quasi-experimental design. Each of the classes consisted of 10 participants chosen through total purposive sampling technique. Statistical technique using SPSS program was applied to confirm the hypotheisis. Based on the test of normality, it was found that the probability value of 0.134 is greater than the significance level of 0.05. This indicated that the data were in a normal distribution. Therefore, test of significance was done through parametric test and it showed that the significance value of 0.025 was equal to the probability level of 0.025, which means that there is no significant difference between experimental and control groups’ ability. In conclusion, the use of vertical and horizontal lines were not more effective in improving the students’ grammar skills than the conventional strategy. However, the strategy can be further developed and applied in teaching students with intermediate level.

Penerapan Media Roda Putar untuk Meningkatkan Gramatika Bahasa Arab di MA Assunniyyah Kencong

Abstract
 Arabic grammar is the science of legislation and rules in Arabic or better known as nahwu and shorof. Learning Arabic grammar for students is not easy, boring learning and containing memorizing materials makes students' interest in learning and students' abilities in learning materials decrease. The use of rotary wheel media can help students improve Arabic grammatical skills. This study aims to describe the application of the rotating wheel media to improve Arabic grammatical skills. The results of the application of this rotating wheel show that the majority of students are capable of learning Arabic grammar based on assessment indicators. This rotary wheel media can be used as an alternative media in Arabic learning to improve Arabic grammar skills for students.

Does Poverty Affect Early Language in 2-year-old Children in Germany?

AbstractPrevious studies reported negative effects of financial deprivation on child development during early childhood. As already shown, child development, in particular language development, is associated with family background, e.g., educational level. However, less is known about the impact of (restricted) financial resources on early language skills. Therefore, the present study investigates whether family income, measured as a metric variable by net equivalence income, and poverty, operationalized as income groups based on official income thresholds, impact vocabulary and grammar skills of 2-year-old children even when taking the educational level of the mother as well as aspects of the home-learning environment (joint picture book reading) and other relevant variables into account. Drawing on a German sample of N = 1782, we found that especially poverty is significantly associated with early language skills over and above maternal education and joint picture book reading. Hence, our results indicate the relevance to consider the effect of (restricted) financial resources and especially poverty on child development during early childhood additionally to other indicators of social background.

UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR ONLINE USING GOOGLE MEET

The research deals with learning English especially grammar in online class. Therefore, undergraduate students’ perception of learning English grammar online using Google Meet was investigated. The quantitative study was applied to this research. A survey research design was used to obtain the data. A number of 31 undergraduate students of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya took a part in this research as participants. They have ever received an English class in their early semesters as students. The participants were given the questionnaire through Google Form to express their perceptions. The SPSS 22 Statistical Package is used to tabulate the data using descriptive analysis. The result of this study shows that students have the perception that their grammar skill was improved during online learning. The students’ expression towards learning online using Google Meet was positive. It is known from the result that students, in general, were indecisive to say the online learning was better. Moreover, their grammar skills development didn’t influence their choice for choosing online learning. In addition, the interesting method and classroom approach was recommended to help manage the online learning about grammar using Google Meet.

BUNPO: A COURSE IN JAPANESE LITERATURE WITH USING A PROJECT-BASED LEARNING MODEL

The Japanese language is very in demand nowadays in Indonesia, especially among the younger generation. This is due to the higher job opportunities in Japan and their interest in Japanese culture. As a result, there is a rise in job training institutions that distribute a workforce in Japan, and more universities have opened Japanese courses to produce high-quality students. The Japanese Language course at Universitas Bung Hatta has been active for more than 20 years. However, the current learning method is outdated and still not sustainable within the conditions of today’s digital era. Therefore, there are still many aspects that need to be improved. This study will apply and test the Project-Based Learning method for Bunpo students to prove whether this method can strengthen the student’s skills in the Japanese language equivalent to N3 (max. N1). The method of this research uses experimental research methods with qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative is narrative descriptive research, while quantitative sees the significance of the method applied from the results of the Pre-Test and Post-Test with the T-test. In addition, this study will use an experimental method with students to test the effectiveness of the Project-Based Learning method. The objects the researchers observed were students in the Japanese literature program at Universitas Bung Hatta. The study found that there was a significant effect on the optimization of Japanese grammar skills (Bunpo) for students of Japanese literature at Universitas Bung Hatta with the T-test, with the value of tcount = 4.40 > ttable = 1.77.

Референциальные особенности текстов нарративного жанра при освоении первого и второго языка

The paper regards the process of the development of several features of the narrative speech genre in the discourse field of Russian culture while learning Russian as a second language. Referentiality in general linguistic sense is an area concerning naming of objects and characters by language means. In this paper we analyse the problems of the referential choice (what factors influence the speaker’s choice of a referential expression) and anaphora resolution (how the listener/reader binds an anaphoric pronoun to a coreferential noun phrase). The main goal of our paper is to study referential features of narratives produced by foreign students acquiring Russian as a second language (RSL), compared with adult Russian speakers and children acquiring Russian as a first language (RFL). Also, we describe referential mistakes made by RSL learners. The analysis of the data demonstrates that the main referential features (abilities to make the right referential choices, form anaphoric chains, etc.) are related to the age-specific cognitive development and do not depend on the native language. Both groups of adults show similar patterns in using nouns and pronouns for the introduction or reintroduction of a referent and for the topic maintenance, and build continuous anaphoric chains. Particular anaphoric mistakes of RSL learners are related to the level of their grammar skills and differ from the mistakes made by RFL children: while children’s mistakes base on the cognitive factor, RSL students’ mistakes are mostly grammatical.

TikTok and Grammar Skills in English: Perspectives of English Major Students

This descriptive quantitative study aimed at establishing the advantages and disadvantages of watching TikTok to the English grammar skills development of college education students specializing in English enrolled at a state university in Western Visayas during the second term of the academic year 2021-2022. Field experts validated the researcher-structured questionnaire transformed into the Google form was utilized to gather data online considering the government-imposed restrictions related to the pandemic at the time of instrument administration. Findings revealed that the majority of the respondents are 20-year-old, females, and had an average final grade of between 1.75–1.99 in all the English subjects during the last semester of the preceding academic year. A number of them spend 30 minutes to an hour watching TikTok videos that have English grammar-related content in a day. The majority of them had 3 days per week watching TikTok videos with English grammar-related content. Almost all of them revealed that watching TikTok aids them in discovering and comprehending new words in English. However, there were instances that the TikTok videos instead confuse their grammar use. This implies that watching the TikTok application has a more positive impact on the grammar skills in English of college students than its negligible flaws in the process.

Learning English Grammar by Means of M-Learning: A Case Study

Purpose. The paper deals with the effective implementation of mobile applications for learning grammar in the EFL course for students of non-linguistic higher educational institutions. The tasks for the research are the following: to discover the didactic properties of mobile applications that enable students’ progress in learning English grammar and to apply them; observe students’ attitudes towards mobile learning applications for training English grammar skills and their grounds. Methodology. Quantitative outcomes of the experiment were calculated by means of the knowledge ratio technique. Scaling method was applied to organize the data into numerical form for comparative analysis of the experimental groups and control groups’ achievements. A case study was conducted on the basis of Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine. A sample consisted of two experimental groups (35 students), and two control groups (36 students), aged 18-19, who studied second year at different faculties during 2021-2022 in the University and participated voluntarily in the study. In experimental groups the studying process was organized with the implementation of tablets and cellphones with the ability to access the Internet via Wi-Fi as mobile learning tools and mobile learning applications. A series of the interviews were held to learn students’ attitudes towards mobile apps. Results. English grammar command levels in experimental groups are predominantly sufficient and high in contrast to the predominantly low and initial levels in control groups. The attitudes of students towards mobile apps for learning EFL are mostly positive. Conclusions. It was concluded that the implementation of mobile learning tools provided the efficient mastering of English grammar by students of non-linguistic higher educational institutions. Improving of EFL teachers’ methodological preparation for the introduction of mobile learning requires further researches in this sphere.

Teaching Chinese Students to the Russian Political Speech

The article is devoted to problem of teaching Chinese students (humanitarian specializations) to the Russian political speech (I RFL level). Parts of authors lessons are given in the paper as an example: vocabulary of political lexica (Russian- Chinese translation), text, post-text tasks (developing lexica and grammar skills of students). There are methodical recommendations of working with political speech during Russian language lessons in Chinese students’ groups. It is possible to use the thesis, offered national oriented methods, and recommendations during teaching the Russian political speech to Chinese students of the 1 st certificate level of Russian. It is proven, translation of lexical meaning of a word is the main method during teaching Russian language to Chinese students. Preparation of national oriented lexical study books for Chinese students will increase positive results of language learning.

Language Ability to Predict Subtypes of Speech Sound Disorder

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in vocabulary, grammar, pragmatics, and early literacy skills according to subgroups of speech sound disorders (SSDs). Additionally, this study attempted to examine whether language ability could predict the subtype of SSDs suggested by Dodd’s model for differential diagnosis. Methods: Sixty-two children with SSDs aged 3-9 years were classified into groups with articulation disorders (AD), phonological delays (PD), and consistent/inconsistent phonological disorders (CPD/IPD). Vocabulary and grammar skills were evaluated, and pragmatics and early literacy skills was evaluated based on parental reports. Results: Children with SSDs exhibited significant differences in receptive/expressive vocabulary, receptive/expressive grammar, and early reading performance; but no significant differences were found in pragmatics and early writing. In general, children with AD showed significantly better performance in language than children within the other SSD subgroups, and the children with IPD showed lowest performance. This study showed that grammar was the best predictor of the subtypes of children with SSDs and was most vulnerable to children with SSDs. Conclusion: This study is significant in investigating and examining all aspects of language - vocabulary, grammar, pragmatics, and early literacy - of children with SSDs. This study suggests that the reception and expression of the grammar skills of children with SSDs should be evaluated in the clinical field.