Grammar Of Language Research Articles

PROFESSOR IVAN TSVETAEV AND HIS METHODS OF THE EPIGRAPHIC RESEARCH: INTERPRETATION OF THE BRONZE FROM FALERII NOVI (CIL I2.365)

Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev (1847-1913) was an outstanding Russian сlassical philologist, art historian and archaeologist, professor at the Moscow State University. He was known as the founder of the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts. As a researcher, Tsvetaev was interested in Latin literature and Italic languages. The article is based on the linguistic analysis and interpretation of bronze tablet from Falerii Novi (CIL I2.365), published by Tsvetaev in the Ministry of Public Education journal in November 1883. Tsvetaev’s article is supplemented with comments of modern reading and explanation of some linguistic features, the historical grammar of Latin and other Italic languages, as well as a modern interpretation of the text and linguistic characteristics of the inscription language, which is still the subject of discussion. The article reveals an outstanding role of Tsvetaev in the development of the studies in Italic languages.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the type 1 diabetes mellitus self-management scale for parents

Background/aimDiabetes has become a global epidemic, necessitating effective self-management strategies. This is particularly crucial for parents of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, as they must make numerous daily decisions and perform complex care activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive diabetes self-management scale specifically for parents of children with type 1 diabetes. This scale aims to holistically address behaviors impacting diabetes self-management and to evaluate its psychometric properties.Materials and methodsA methodological, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 190 parents of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The scale items were reviewed by five experts to ensure they adequately covered the parents' evaluation of their children's diabetes self-management. Following this, a Turkish language expert assessed the draft scale for language accuracy, comprehensibility, and grammar. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (numbers and percentages), Cronbach's α reliability coefficient, factor analysis, and correlation analysis.ResultsThe Cronbach's alpha for the overall scale was 0.893, and the Cronbach's alpha for the subscales was between 0.757 and 0.845. The item-total score correlations ranged between 0.408 and 0.660 (p < .05). The exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale explained 61.427% of the total variance, and the factor loadings of items ranged from 0.574 to 0.859. The confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the factor loadings of the scale items ranged from 0.574 to 0.859.Conclusion: The validity and reliability analyses revealed that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Turkish culture.

The Verbal System of Baritle Neo-Aramaic

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive study of verbal inflection in the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Baritle (northern Iraq). Similar to other Semitic languages, Baritle uses ‘root and pattern’ morphology and verb roots are generally triliteral. Whereas the core structures of the Baritle verb system align with those found in other North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages, Baritle exhibits distinctive variations in several noteworthy aspects. This study of the verbal inflection of Baritle identifies the inflections by number and type. It finds that the verb in Baritle has different functional categories indicating tense, aspect, and mood. It also finds that the verb has various bound pronominals representing the grammatical categories of person, number, and gender of its arguments. This paper documents an endangered language and contributes to the typology of the grammar of natural languages.

Sequence of learning the grammar of Turkic languages in an English-speaking audience

Sequence of learning the grammar of Turkic languages in an English-speaking audience

형태론으로 바라본 국어사 교육

This paper examines educating the history of Korean language from the perspective of morphology. Although the current school grammar is very limited in terms of the history of Korean language, the changes in the school grammar according to the needs of the times draw attention to the importance of educating the history of Korean language and expect a new role. Among the educational contents that I think are necessary for better educating the history of Korean language in school grammar, I looked at four topics related to morphology: 1)phonological inventory and the basic forms of morphemes, 2)the loss and return of /k/, 3)loose and strict compounds, and 4)traditional life vocabulary reflecting culture. These topics provide a valuable opportunity to rediscover the meaning and importance of morphology in educating the history of Korean language, as well as to better understand the history of Korean language through morphology.

Utilising gamified formative assessment to support English language learning in schools: a scoping review

ABSTRACT Gamified formative assessment (henceforth GFA) has been suggested as having a strong potential to improve English language learning. However, most previous reviews have examined gamification or computer-assisted formative assessment (hereafter CAFA) separately and included diverse disciplines. Moreover, most relevant studies were found to be conducted in higher education and neglect younger learners. To address these gaps, this scoping review synthesised existing empirical studies to examine the implementation and effects of GFA for school-aged (preschool, primary and secondary school students) English language learners and to identify potential research avenues. This scoping review drew on 30 articles (35 interventions) from 2016 to 2023. The results indicated: (1) points and leaderboards were the most popular gamification elements in GFA; (2) immediate simple written feedback was the most common feedback type provided by GFA; (3) immediate GFA delivered through quizzes was beneficial to students’ academic performance in overall English language proficiency, vocabulary, and grammar; (4) GFA could enhance students’ learning satisfaction, motivation, and engagement. Despite the positive findings, it is important to note that some reviewed studies suffered from relatively weak methodology and theoretical foundations. Therefore, future theory-driven research utilising rigorous experimental and longitudinal methodology is needed to meaningfully extend the understanding towards the use of GFA for young English learners.

THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF ALEXANDER XHUVAN'S PEDAGOGICAL OPINION

The study of A. Xhuvan's activity, with particular emphasis on the drafting and publication of primary and secondary school texts (then also high school), is still important today, due to the fact that science constantly finds new information about his works. . The studies so far have partially given scientific opinion on this great personality of education. We will analyze the data from the year 1919, when he published the first text "Language book or grammar: First part", he (either as author or co-author) published or reprinted nearly 40 textbooks of Albanian grammar and syntax, elementary , reading books, anthologies, texts of ancient Greek and Arberian literature, of stylistics and general literature, of pedagogy and psychology, etc., among which are the texts: "Didactics and Education" (1926), "Beginnings of Stylistics" of general literature" (co-author with Kostaq Cipo, 1930); "Additional psychology in the work of education" (1933), which Norbert Jokli called a "monumental" work, then "Didactics" (1937), "Education" in manuscript, etc. We will analyze his studies and texts, the way in which the two rare types of a man naturally intertwine, that is, A. Xhuvani the scholar and A. Xhuvani the linguist. His texts are used, not only in Albania, but also in the Albanian territories abroad, even in the diaspora. They also served as a methodological model for other authors of Albanian textbooks. Even in Kosovo, the first grammars of the Albanian language were drawn up according to the model of Alexander Xhuvan's texts. In addition to textbooks, he was also an editor, reviewer, translator, etc. With the textbooks of A. Xhuvan, a new stage in Albanian textology began. Meanwhile, he intensified cooperation with many magazines and newspapers of the time, such as: "Pedagogical Magazine", "Normalisti", "Kumtari assimuer", "New School", "Teacher", "National School", etc., where he dealt with various issues pedagogical, educational, teaching etc... Xhuvan's pedagogical thought is a model thought that should be guided today and that his works deserve more in-depth studies.

Arabic Language Literacy as an All-Important Aid in English Language Teaching to Arabic-Speaking Students

Current research points to the importance of native language literacy in the development of second language literacy. Knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the second language. But such knowledge and skills will only transfer if they have been thoroughly learned. Due to the low standard of Arabic proficiency among both English teachers and learners, literacy in Arabic is not made use of in developing literacy in English. In particular, the teaching of English could greatly benefit from the use of Arabic grammatical and phonetic concepts that are not sufficiently developed in English grammar and language. Only a select number of such concepts are reviewed in this paper to serve as indicators of the advantages to be gained by a deeper study and knowledge of Arabic language phonetics and grammar.

A MIXED METHOD APPROACH IN GRAMMAR TEACHING (BUKOVYNA, THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY)

The unique aspect of studying other languages is not only the acquisition of basic information, but also the development of communicative competency abilities, which are practical skills required in everyday practice or communication with representatives of foreign-speaking societies. Our present research focuses on the devlopment and implementation of a mixed method of learning for teaching grammatical material in English and German in Bukovyna schools during the first half of the twentieth century. The purpose of our research is to compare the prerequisites for the development and formation of the methodology of teaching English and German grammatical competence in Bukovyna schools between 1932 and 1940, as well as to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of reproductive and receptive grammatical skills in the specified territory and within the defined time for further study of listening, reading, and speaking. Consequently, instructional tactics demonstrated the right selection and organization limits. The development of fundamental grammar abilities is seen as critical in teaching foreign language grammar, since it serves as a foundation of grammatical information. The explanation of grammatical phenomena in German and English was given in the original language, supported by examples from the texts, and strengthened by the completion of exercises. The structure of the grammar appendices, which included extra exercises to reinforce grammatical constructions and the authors' personal explanations of the textbooks in addition to rules and tables, also made a difference in the way the grammatical material of the languages mentioned was taught. The most recent strategy in textbooks at the time was to promote communicating with native speakers (for example, via correspondence), which improved grammatical and lexical mastery of a foreign language. It came to light that acquiring grammatical content using a mixed technique was an approach for producing grammatically and lexically correct spoken speech. Practical application (speaking) demonstrates comprehension of the fundamental principles of grammar and their proper application. Authentic literary reading was essential for developing grammatical knowledge. Translation exercises examined different languages' grammatical structures, with the goal of improving the capacity to use them in context and accurately acquire them when speaking.

Category of learning modality in English texts

In the literature of linguistics, modality is a semantic category that expresses the attitude of the speaker to the content of his expression, the target designation of the speech, the relationship of the content of the expression with reality. The category of modality is a linguistic universal and stands out as one of the main categories of language. This article examines the category of modality, one of the most popular and interesting areas in modern English grammar. Different types of modality are defined, examples and features of working of modal words in English texts are given, detailed explanation is given to the presented usage examples. The relevance of the research is related to the necessity of a comprehensive review of the category of modality from the point of view of the theoretical grammar of the modern English language, the importance of systematizing modal words, and determining their status in linguistics.

Expressive language variation, growth and predictors in Mandarin-exposed young children with autism spectrum disorder

Utilizing the Putonghua Communicative Development Inventory-Toddler Form, this longitudinal study assessed expressive language development (including lexicon, grammar, and decontextualized language) twice over a year’s span in two subgroups (high verbal, low verbal) of 77 2–6-year-old Mandarin-exposed children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both subgroups showed the steeper increase of structural language (lexicon and grammar) vs. the flatter growth of decontextualized language. Moreover, children’s initial language skills (but not autism severity or language environment) predicted language outcomes one year later in both groups. The use of decontextualized language also predicted structural language development in the low verbal group. These findings confirmed the uneven expressive language growth across multiple language domains in subgroups of children with ASD and underscored the contribution of early language skills to their expressive language development. Moreover, the slow growth and significant predictivity of decontextualized language warrant targeted intervention in promoting children with ASD’s talk beyond the ‘here-and-now’ situation in communication.

ASPECT-TAXIC RELATIONS THROUGH TYPOLOGY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF FRENCH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES)

The article attempts to show that in the French and Russian linguistic cultures multidimensional and rather intricate connections develop in the sphere of aspect-taxic relations. In French, such the relationships appear more fully and prominently within the framework of the sequence of tenses. The focus is on the correlation of the action with the moment of speech or with the "point of reference", explicitly or implicitly formed by a specific discursive situation. In the Russian language, aspectual-taxic relations are a complex bicentric or polycentric formation formed within the functional and semantic field of aspectual-temporal relations. Bipolar structures (the so-called taxi pair) are most often considered, one of which is positioned as supporting while the other as a dependent one. The purpose of the study was to identify the inter-categorical relationships that are between the categories of aspect and taxis within the designated linguistic cultures. Materials and methods. The theoretical basis for the proposed analysis is the research which, in our view, most fully covers the issues discussed in the article. The practical basis is the empirical material reflecting complicated and rather filigree relationships of studied in the article grammatical categories. In accordance with the objective, comparative and descriptive methods were used as a methodological basis for linguistic review of factual material. The results of the analysis made during the research may be considered in studying separate sections of theoretical and practical grammar of the French language. The results of the proposed analysis may be used in special courses and special seminars on the contrastive study of languages of different typological nature, as well as serve as a basis for special courses and special seminars on aspectology.

NEW APPROACHES TO THE TEACHING OF THEORETICAL DISCIPLINES OF THE "FOREIGN LANGUAGES" CYCLE IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article studies peculiarities of organization of teaching of theoretical linguistic disciplines in the context of informatization of education. It emphasizes the importance of using internet technologies in the system of higher education, reveals main theoretical groundings of their implementation into the educational process and training teachers of English as a foreign language. The author analyses didactic parameters of using web-resources in the process of teaching linguistic theoretical academic subjects, taking as an example Theoretical grammar of the English language. The article gives an overview and brief analysis of some on-line linguistic databases, resources, free language theory courses which are widely available. The author demonstrates various possibilities of using specialized on-line resources for teaching the theory of the English language and organizing research work of undergraduate and graduate students. Reform of higher education in Ukraine is caused the needs of today society due to the building of information society and integration in the global intellectual space dimension. Modification of the requirements of educational process in higher education, its quality and semantic parties should ensure the quality of training to world standards. That is one of the main vectors and targets of the improvement of higher education in Ukraine should create a system of quality assurance and professional development aimed at forming professional independence and acquire new knowledge and skills in the conditions of intensive informational society. In this context particularly urgent search for new and upgrade existing forms of educational process appears. Thus, approaches to teaching theoretical subjects in a foreign language must be updated in view of the need for a informative professional competence. The systematic use of the Internet for relevant practical, research, creative tasks will improve professional skills improvement, skills will form the search, selection and analysis of scientific material. Further research prospects seen in a detailed study of the experience of using online technology in teaching linguistic disciplines at leading universities abroad.

Конфликтни зони между писмена норма и устна реч във френския език и свързаните с тях проблеми при преподаването на френско произношение на българи

Outlining the context of increased attention to linguistic issues in French society, the article introduces a number of concepts related to the definition of norm types in the French language, specifies nuances in the terminology adopted in the main grammars of the French language and in some new publications in the field of French phonetics, phonology and sociolinguistics. Two phonetic phenomena (liaison and French schwa) have been outlined as conflict zones between the written norm and oral speech in the phonetic implementation of the graphic elements of the spelling system. Due to the substantial divergence between oral and written code in these phenomena, as well as in relation to the multitude of factors that intervene in deciding on their (non)realization, they are at the root of serious difficulties in learning French pronunciation. The article offers some tips for emphasizing their teaching.

Contributions of the Linguistic Documentation to the Strengthening of the Ikpeng Language at School

In this paper, we present the activities and products developed during the Ikpeng language documentation project that contributed to the strengthening of the teaching of mother language of this indigenous society at the school, a space in which the use and teaching of the Portuguese language predominates. The Ikpeng linguistic documentation process was set within the Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas (PRODOCLIN), promoted by Museu do Índio/FUNAI, in partnership with UNESCO, during the period from 2009 to 2012. Among the main contributions of the documentation project are a sociolinguistic diagnosis, the creation of a lexical database, the elaboration of a descriptive grammar of the Ikpeng language, the publication of a monolingual book of traditional narratives and training courses in linguistics for indigenous teachers. The products resulting from the documentation were developed based on the demands of the school context of the Ikpeng society, to preserve and value the language and ancestral memories of this indigenous society. The Ikpeng language is spoken by the homonymous people, who live in the Parque Indígena do Xingu – MT.

Analysis of Politeness Strategies from the Perspective of the Interpersonal Function of Language in Systemic Functional Grammar

Politeness strategies play a crucial role in maintaining social harmony and establishing interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal function of language in Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) provides a framework to analyze how language is used to interact with others. Our research aims to analyze the interpersonal functions of politeness strategies in conversation from the perspective of mood, modality, and person in SFG, with a focus on politeness theory, face theory, and politeness strategies. It shows how language is used to manage social relationships and establish social hierarchies in communication, and how understanding politeness strategies can help communicate more effectively and respectfully in different contexts.

Development of Applied Linguistics

The aim of the article is to review the development of applied linguistics in Lithuania, analyse the general tendencies of the development of this science, and present the more prominent groups of researchers in applied linguistics, the schools that have been formed or are being formed, and the contribution of some researchers to the research of different branches of applied linguistics. The article focuses on the work started after the restoration of independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, because only from that time onwards did the work of Lithuanian applied linguistics enter the international mainstream of this science. It discusses some of the research and practical work related to the research that helps or has helped in certain periods to solve problems related to language in life. First of all, the article introduces the works on teaching Lithuanian as a foreign language, which are connected with the beginning of applied linguistics in Lithuania, and which have laid the appropriate methodological foundations for the formation of communicative competence, for the development of a new type of textbooks, pedagogical grammars of the Lithuanian language, and for the creation of a system of assessment of competences. After discussing the origins of applied linguistics in Lithuania, the paper discusses the further development of this science. Research in the field of language acquisition, sociolinguistics, language attrition, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, politeness and impoliteness, corpus and forensic linguistics, and other branches of applied linguistics is presented, and the real-life linguistic issues, analysed by Lithuanian researchers, are highlighted. The final section of the article describes the most important works of dissemination of applied linguistics and presents the research journal Taikomoji kalbotyra (“Applied Linguistics”), the international conferences on applied linguistics that have taken place in Lithuania, and the networks of researchers.

Can You Give Me a Lift?

Static Analysis (SA) is the practice of examining computer program source code for errors or vulnerabilities outside the compiler’s capabilities. To carry out Static Analysis on computer programs, various tools exist that parse and examine each line for known issues. These tools do not compile the program, nor do they run the program. Instead, they analyse the source code directly and infer properties about the program without executing it - thus “static” analysis. Static analysis is not new. Early UNIX contained a program called “lint” for static analysis; a tool that has now existed since the late 1970s (Johnson 1978). Increasingly, however, modern static analysis practices indicate a more focused intent; find cybersecurity weaknesses. At the 22nd European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, the authors presented the background of Intermediate Representations (IRs) and described how this “middleware” representation can be utilized for static analysis of source code for cybersecurity weaknesses. By examining an IR, potential flaws in the source code can be located. When utilizing the IR as opposed to the original high-level language, the static analysis process becomes independent of the original source language; if several languages such as C, Rust, and others all compile into the same IR, static analysis of the IR allows the analysis process to no longer be tied to the high-level language grammar or syntax. The previous paper implemented a literature survey of available IR analysis tools to discover prior work; the authors have subsequently advanced the research and are actively using an IR framework, LLVM, for vulnerability analysis. In this research, source code in a high-level language is first compiled to LLVM and the resulting IR is used for analysis. This approach uses a “code-to-IR” SA analysis preparation paradigm. At the same time, there is the potential for binary “lifters” to be used. These tools “lift” an executable program – binary machine instructions – back to LLVM. In this way, the paradigm can also be reversed such that static analysis of LLVM can be performed on source code compiled into LLVM, or on executable programs in the field that are “lifted”. This begs: how effective are these “lifters”? In this work, the authors present experiences in installation and operation of several binary “lifters” available as open-source projects. Some are supported better than others, some operate better than others, and some don’t operate at all. Those that do lead to the follow-up: Is the “lifted” code suitable for static analysis, or is it too obfuscated relative to the original program? This paper describes just that – our efforts and results in locating a binary “lifter” suitable for bringing executable program test cases back to LLVM for analysis by the cybersecurity vulnerability tool concurrently under development.

Two-Way Sign Language Translator for Visually Impaired People

Hearing disabilities affect people all over the world. Nearly 360 million people have a disabling hearing loss. In the recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of deaf and dumb victims due to birth defects, accidents and oral diseases. Since deaf and dumb people cannot communicate with a hearing person, they have to depend on some sort of visual communication. Sign Language is not understood by the majority of hearing people. The objective of our project is to form a bridge between the hearing-impaired community and the hearing community; to further commence a two-way communication. We propose a two-way sign language translator that converts Voice to sign language and vice versa in real time. We process the video frame by frame using the OpenCV Library in Python. Furthermore, we use background subtraction method called Gaussian Mixture-based Background/Foreground Segmentation Algorithm on each frame to subtract the background. Contours of this processed image are then passed into a Deep Neural Net (DNN) to classify the frame to the corresponding written language equivalent words. For conversion from sign language to voice, we use basic Natural Language Processing and gtts to accurately conserve the grammar in the sign language. The enrolment rate and literacy among the hearing-impaired children is far below the average for the population at large. This technology will then help the normal schools better integrate the hearing-impaired community thus making education more accessible and cheaper for them. Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) is a vital aspect of human-computer interaction and emotional intelligence applications. This SER that employs Mel- frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) as the basis for feature extraction, followed by a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a customized architecture for emotion classification. The methodology 2 involves transforming audio samples into MFCC images, enabling the application of CNNs typically used in computer vision tasks. This fusion of traditional audio analysis with deep learning techniques harnesses the power of MFCC's spectral representation and CNN's spatial pattern recognition. By modifying the CNN architecture, the model can better discern emotional cues in the MFCC images, enhancing SER performance. This strategy offers SER a viable path forward, with the ability to identify complex emotional expressions. In order to increase the accuracy of emotion recognition, it tackles the requirement for feature-rich representations and sophisticated modelling techniques. KEYWORDS: OpenCV, DNN, SER, CNN, MFCC

Bilingualism-induced language change: what can change, when, and why?

Abstract Contact between languages has become increasingly recognized as a major source of historical change, as linguistic properties are introduced from one language into another. Yet contact does not necessarily lead to such changes. In fact, arguably most of the properties that contrast between two languages in contact at a given place and time do not change. This paper argues that historical and contact linguistics should now look more systematically at different kinds of bilingualism rather than contact per se and should incorporate recent sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic findings from this literature, since these can help us understand both when change occurs and when it does not. In this context we build on the general model of bilingualism, CASP (short for “complex adaptive system principles”), proposed by Filipović and Hawkins and explore its predictions for whether and when changes will occur in one or the other language of a bilingual. In the event that the relevant speech community comprises monolinguals in addition to bilinguals, these changes may then spread to the wider community when social and demographic circumstances favor this. The paper gives illustrative data supporting CASP’s predictions for change in both language usage and grammar among bilinguals.