Gram Of Sample Research Articles

Antidiabetic Activity Test of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Arrowroot Root Extract (Marantaarundinaceae) Enzyme Inhibition Α-Glucosidase

According to the data World Helath Organization (WHO) there are approximately Around 220 million people in this world suffer diabetes. Although this disease is not contagious, diabetes mellitus can be emergency. One of the food plants that has water-soluble polysaccharides (PLA) and a low glycemic index value compared to other tubers is arrowroot tuber.(Maranta arudinaceae L) contains high enough nutrients as processed food ingredients, with a flour content of 19.14- 21.7%, 25-30% carbohydrate content, a low glycemic index is below the value of rice, wheat, potatoes and cassava which is 96, 100 , 90 and 54 and arrowroot tubers of 32 , can increase insulin sensitivity to secondary metabolites and slow down glucose absorption and prevent insulin hormone secretion from the pancreas, so that blood sugar does not increase within 2 hours after eating. This study aims to determine the magnitude of the enzyme inhibitionα-glucosidaseand value (IC50) from the ethyl acetate fraction of arrowroot bulbs with a positive control, namely acarbose The method was carried out by extraction for 4x 24 hours as much as 420 grams of sample with 2 Liters100ml 96% ethanol which was then fractionated using ethyl acetate. With test results non-specific parmeter ash content was 6.96%, drying shrinkage was 7.46%, moisture content was 5.91%, ethanol soluble essence content was 6.24%, water content test was 9.16%. Results of analysis of the activity of antidiabetic enzymesα-glucosidasein the ethyl acetate fraction of arrowroot tubers, the IC50 value was obtained50 of 12255,4 ppm, and a standard comparison of acarbose with a value of IC50 0.2008v,From data analysis of enzyme inhibition activityα- glucosidaseArrowroot tubers have less potential to inhibit enzymesα-glucosidasebut still has the potential as an anti-diabetic because it has the bioactive PLA (water-soluble polysaccharide) compound, its metabolite compounds and its low glycemic index value compared to other flours.

Monitoring residual solvents in pharmaceutical products using a portable pre-concentration GC-PID

Pharmaceutical manufacturing utilizes solvents at different stages of production. Some of the harmful solvent residuals may be retained in the final product; therefore, they need to be monitored for quality control and to meet the regulation requirement. Here, a novel method capable of rapidly analyzing residual solvents in pharmaceutical products was developed using a compact-portable gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (GC-PID). The method consists of modified Tedlar® bag sampling, online pre-concentration, separation of volatiles by miniaturized GC, and micro-PID detection. The method detection limits of selected residual solvents were in the range of 26.00 – 52.03 pg/mL which is much lower than the pharmaceutical compliance concentration limits. Limits of detection > 520 pg of analyte per grams of sample was also determined for the over-the-counter drugs. The method performance showed rapid speed (5 min), linear calibration (r2 < 0.99), and repeatable retention time (RSD < 0.4 %). Direct analysis of residual solvents in solid samples was conducted without the need for complex sample preparation. The method validation using over-the-counter pharmaceutical products yielded excellent accuracy (recovery > 91.2 %) and precision (RSD < 6.5 %) for the selected residual solvents, including 1,4-dioxane, benzene, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, xylenes, and toluene. This portable and rapid method could be deployed during the pharmaceutical drug manufacturing processes for quality control.

Shrimp Digestive Bacteria Performance for Shrimp Waste Chitin Extraction

Generally, chitin is isolated chemically. An environmentally friendly alternative to chitin extraction is enzymatic extraction. The research aims to determine the effectiveness and optimum conditions for enzymatic chitin extraction of shrimp waste (heads, shells, and tails) using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and proteolytic bacteria from the shrimp's digestive tract (faeces and intestines). The research stages were isolation, enrichment, and determining shrimp digestion's bacterial colonies, microscopic identification of shrimp digestive bacteria, and determining the effectiveness and optimal conditions for shrimp waste's chitin isolation. Aerobic and Anaerobic Total Plate Count (TPC), LAB, and proteolytic bacteria from shrimp's digestive tract per gram of sample were respectively 5.52 and 5.59 log CFU; 4.76 and 4.56 log CFU; 6.46 and 6.20 log CFU. Microscopic morphology shows that LAB and proteolytic bacteria of shrimp digestive are gram-positive as cocci or rods. The deproteinization value of shrimp waste reached 31%, especially for treatment with a pH of 5.0–7.0 (during proteolytic bacteria fermentation) and pre-treatment of boiling, drying and coarse grinding of shrimp waste (PP2) before extraction. However, the demineralization value of shrimp waste is only 4.5% (PP1) and 3% (PP2), with LAB as the primary fermentation agent because proteolytic bacteria have been unable to reduce the mineral content in shrimp waste further.

Evaluation of Gram Stain-Guided Antibiotic Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit Patients.

Background: Despite high negative predictive values (NPVs) seen with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, utilization of both respiratory sample Gram stain and MRSA nares PCR in patients with pneumonia may contribute to overuse of laboratory resources. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a Gram stain demonstrating no Gram-positive organisms from a respiratory sample is sufficient to allow for de-escalation of vancomycin therapy. Methods: This single center study retrospectively identified intensive care unit (ICU) patients started on vancomycin for presumed pneumonia at University of Wisconsin (UW) Health in Madison, WI between August 2022 and March 2023. Patients with respiratory sample demonstrating no Gram-positives on Gram stain met inclusion criteria if the sample was ordered within 24 h of vancomycin initiation. The primary outcome was NPV of respiratory sample Gram stain demonstrating no Gram-positive organisms with respect to MRSA detection of the respiratory culture. Secondary outcomes included the NPV of combined MRSA nares PCR plus respiratory sample Gram stain, and difference in time to event in patients that had both a respiratory sample and MRSA nares PCR ordered. Results: A total of 370 patients were screened for study eligibility; of which 99 patients met inclusion criteria. NPV of respiratory sample Gram stain was 99% for MRSA culture. The combined NPV of respiratory sample Gram stain plus MRSA nares PCR was 98.9% for MRSA culture (n = 88). Respiratory sample was ordered 2.3 h faster compared to MRSA nares PCR (4.3 vs 6.6 h, P = .036). Respiratory sample Gram stain resulted 4.5 h faster compared to MRSA nares PCR (10.7 vs 15.2 h, P = .002). Conclusion: Respiratory sample Gram stains demonstrating no Gram-positive organisms may be used to de-escalate vancomycin and deprioritize the use of MRSA nares PCR.

Development and Formulation of Millet based Nutri-Bar

Whole grains like millet and rice are rich in nutrients and fiber, making them an excellent ingredient for developing a nutritious snack bar. The nutri bar was formulated using popped pearl millet and black rice flakes as primary ingredient. Three samples (F1, F2 and F3) with different composition are prepared. The proximate composition, chemical and sensory analysis was determined for all the samples. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale to assess the bar's taste, colour, texture, and overall acceptability. Results showed that the sample F3 has rich content of 12.8 gm of protein, 77.6 gm of carbohydrate, 366 Kcal of calories, 9.4 gm of dietary fiber were recorded per 100 grams of sample. Hence sample F3 is considered as the perfect formulation as it scored 8.5/9 in hedonic scale. Keywords: popped pearl millet, black rice flakes, sensory, nutrition, snack bar.

Multifunctional Eco-Friendly Adsorbent Cryogels Based on Xylan Derived from Coffee Residues.

Agricultural and animal farming practices contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as NH3, CH4, CO2, and NOx, causing local environmental concerns involving health risks and water/air pollution. A growing need to capture these pollutants is leading to the development of new strategies, including the use of solid adsorbents. However, commonly used adsorbent materials often pose toxicity and negative long-term environmental effects. This study aimed to develop responsive eco-friendly cryogels using xylan extracted from coffee parchment, a typical residue from coffee production. The crosslinking in cryogels was accomplished by "freeze-thawing" and subsequent freeze-drying. Cryogels were characterized in terms of morphology by using scanning electron microscopy, porosity, and density by the liquid saturation method and also moisture adsorption and ammonia adsorption capacity. The analysis showed that the porosity in the cryogels remained around 0.62-0.42, while the apparent densities varied from 0.14 g/cm3 to 0.25 g/cm3. The moisture adsorption capacity was the highest at the highest relative humidity level (80%), reaching 0.25-0.43 g of water per gram of sample; the amount of water adsorbed increased when the xylan content in the cryogel increased up to 10% w/v, which was consistent with the hygroscopic nature of xylan. The ammonia adsorption process was modeled accurately by a pseudo-second-order equation, where the maximum adsorption capacity in equilibrium reached 0.047 mg NH3/g when xylan reached 10% w/v in cryogels, indicating a chemisorption process. The cryogels under investigation hold promise for ammonia adsorption applications and GHG separation, offering a sustainable alternative for gas-capturing processes.

The potential biomass, carbon stock and CO2 sequestration of forest litters at Sibolangit nature park

Several factors generated CO2 releasing into the atmosphere in large quantities and persist. The CO2 concentration is continuously increase (exceeding 400 ppm in 2019) leading to more negative impact of global warming and climate change. Biomass is a key parameter in estimating and predicting ecosystem productivity, carbon storage, nutrient sharing, and fuel accumulation in assessing an ecosystem. This study aims to analyze the biomass, carbon stock and carbon sequestration of forest litters at Sibolangit nature park. The research data was recorded at Sibolangit Tourism Park, located in Sibolangit, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. 0.5 m x 0.5 m plot was placed based on the simple random sampling method to collect the litters. The 5% sampling intensity was applied resulting in total of 30 sampling plots. All litter in the sample plots was collected and weighed to determine the wet weight. 100 grams of sample was then placed in a sample plastic and labelled. The litter biomass was calculated using the formula according to SNI7724-2011. This research calculated the biomass, carbon stock, and carbon sequestration of litter at Sibolangit nature park, i.e., 86.92 ton ha−1, 40.85 ton ha−1, and 149.94 ton ha−1. The results support the role of Sibolangit nature park in climate change mitigation by reduction of carbon emission.

Pathogen inactivation from faecal waste via black soldier fly treatment

Sustainable development goal 6.2 advocates for increasing access to equitable and adequate hygiene and sanitation for all by 2030, and its indicator target is to raise the proportion of the population using safely managed sanitation. On the contrary, it is approximated that only 54% of people globally have access to safely managed sanitation, while 2.4 billion lack access. Recent innovations have however seen the development of low-cost technologies that can be customized depending on the region. The container based sanitation (CBS) is one of the options for safely managing the waste compared to conventional sewerage systems that are expensive. However, the need for emptying and transportation of filled fecal sludge (FS) containers on daily basis, leads to high operational costs and increases the operational exposures risks to fecal pathogens amongst the CBS operators. The study determined the performance efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in inactivation of E.coli via seeded container based sanitation- Urine diverting dry toilet model. Sample was transported to the lab for analysis of E.coli after every 3 days from Seeded households and samples from Non seeded households in replication. One gram of sample was used in serial dilution up to factor 5.The inoculum was plated in Tryptone Bile Glucuronic (TBX) agar for enumeration according to manufacturer’s instructions. Plates with 30-300 colonies were considered viable for counting. The study used statistical analysis IBM SPSS software from the sets of experiments. The E.coli (CFU/ml) mean varied between 7.3±1.3 and 10.1±2.8 for Seeded treatments while non-seed treatments ranged between 7.5±1.6 and 10.4±3.2. A significant variation occurred between the two treatments at p&lt;0.05(SH and NH). Findings from this study showed that there was reduction of E.coli coliforms with Bioconversion of organic waste using the BSF technology has been noted to reduce the E.coli load and reducing the volume of the bio-waste. Sanitation policy makers can apply the findings of this study in formulation of policies on safe handling and disposal of fecal matter from onsite sanitation facilities.

Total Phenolic content and Potential of Black Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.var Nigra) Extract as an Antioxidant and Anti-Gout

Research to find antioxidants and anti-gout has been done using black betel leaf. The sample was extracted at room temperature for 30 minutes using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method, and a yield of 8.47% was obtained. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the ethanol extract of black betel leaves and showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds consisting of alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and steroid glycosides, with a total phenolic content of 758,534±0.003mg GAE per gram of sample. Antioxidant activity analysis was carried out using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods, which showed IC50 and EC50 values of 115.562±0.14mg/L and 119.273±0.385 mg/L, respectively. The antioxidant activity of black betel leaf extract is in the medium category (100–150 mg/L). The anti-gout activity test was carried out using allopurinol as a control, which showed the ability of black betel leaf extract to reduce uric acid up to 14.48±0.01%. The ability of black betel leaf extract as an anti-uric acid is five times better than allopurinol, which is commonly used as a gout drug. The research results obtained opened up the opportunity to find a natural medicine for gout.

Re-Valorization of Red Habanero Chili Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) Waste by Recovery of Bioactive Compounds: Effects of Different Extraction Processes

Inadequately managed agricultural waste significantly impacts the environment, health, and economy. This pollution stems from the underutilization, inadequate awareness, and insufficient treatment of agricultural waste. Fruit and vegetable wastes are valuable sources of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to revalorize discarded waste from red habanero chili peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) by extracting bioactive compounds through different extraction processes: maceration (ME), maceration assisted by ultrasound (US), Soxhlet extraction (SE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and supercritical fluid extraction with a co-solvent (SFEC). The extraction processes had significant effects on extraction efficiency and phytochemical profile (capsaicinoids and carotenoids recovery). The results indicated that the highest-efficiency process was SFEC, in addition to its high phytochemicals recovery (14.9 mg of total capsaicinoids and total carotenoids 292.09 µg per gram of sample). Concerning the phytochemical profile of the extract, the maceration process yielded the highest concentration of compounds, followed by US and SFEC. These data reveal that the use of the SFE and SFEC processes is recommended for extracting phytochemicals with biological activity from red habanero chili pepper waste for diverse industrial applications.

Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds and Antihyperglycemic Potential of Robusta Coffee from West Lampung

West Lampung Regency in Lampung Province produces high quality robusta coffee with a distinct, strong bitter flavour. Bitter flavour indicates the amount of bioactive substances produced by plants called phytochemicals. The aim of this study is to analyse the phytochemical compounds and antihyperglycemic potential of robusta coffee beans from West Lampung, Indonesia. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was carried out using the thin layer chromatography method and spectrophotometry. Animal experimental design using robusta coffee on hyperglycemia conditions in mice which was induced by alloxan 170 mg/kgBW subcutaneously and given by 1 ml of brewed robusta coffee for 10 days. The robusta coffee from West Lampung contained total caffeine 4,014.87 µg/g, total flavonoid content (TFC) 93.6 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of sample, with total alkaloid content (TAC) 0.848 mg of quinine equivalent per gram of sample, total tannin content (TTC) 182.3 mg of tannic acid equivalent per gram of sample, and total saponin content (TSC) 24.2 mg of quillaja bark equivalent per gram of sample. The administration of 1 ml/mice/day of robusta coffee brewed for 10 days did not show a decrease in blood sugar level in hyperglycemic mice, due to the short duration of the study, so the role of coffee in decreasing hyperglycemia conditions has not been optimally observed.

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for Isobutanol Production from Banana Peel

Each year, near 40 million tons of banana peels are discarded around the world. This plant biomass could potentially be utilized for energy production. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is an effective method for producing biofuels from plant biomasses. Since SSF with enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are performed simultaneously in the same reactor, the production process is simpler than most existing methods. Here, we describe isobutanol production using SSF with hydrothermally treated banana peel samples and an Escherichia coli strain able to utilize glucose and xylose to produce isobutanol. To enhance the glucose and xylose concentrations, the reaction conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant biomass using two kinds of saccharification enzymes were optimized, including the enzyme unit ratio, reaction temperature and sample gram. When the optimized conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were applied to SSF, the glucose and xylose produced from the hydrothermally treated samples were consumed, producing isobutanol. Moreover, the isobutanol concentration increased with an increasing initial culture pH, reaching 1.27 g/L at pH 6.5, which was consistent with the optimal initial culture pH for isobutanol production by this E. coli strain. Taken together, these results indicate that the established method is potentially useful for industrial isobutanol production.

Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Quantification of the RNA Genome of the Hepatitis E Virus in Slaughtered Pigs in Serbia.

The goal of this study conducted in Serbia was to detect HEV in pig liver samples from slaughterhouses, retail outlets, and environmental swabs over the course of a year. All positive HEV samples were measured and expressed as HEV gene copy numbers per gram of sample, and a representative number of samples were sequenced using the Sanger approach. A total of 45 HEV-positive samples were re-amplified using nested RT-PCR employing CODEHOP primers targeting ORF2 (493 nucleotides). The average prevalence of the HEV genotype 3 in all pig liver samples from the slaughterhouses was 29%, while HEV prevalence was 44% in liver samples from animals younger than 3 months. HEV RNA was found in thirteen out of sixty (22%) environmental swab samples that were taken from different surfaces along the slaughter line. Our findings confirmed seasonal patterns in HEV prevalence, with two picks (summer and winter periods) during the one-year examination. Among HEV-positive samples, the average viral particles for all positive liver samples was 4.41 ± 1.69 log10 genome copies per gram. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the majority of HEV strains (43/45) from Serbia were grouped in the HEV-3a subtype, while two strains were classified into the HEV-3c subtype, and one strain could not be classified into any of the HEV-3 subtypes.

Keanekaragaman Tanaman Sayur Lokal Pekarangan dan Potensinya sebagai Sumber Nutrisi

Yards have a role in maintaining community food security with one of the food sources being local vegetables. This group of plants has advantages, including having adapted to the local environment, being easy to obtain, and containing substances that are beneficial to the body. This research aims to determine the diversity and nutritional potential of local garden vegetables in Bantul Regency. Data collection was carried out using survey methods and semi-structured interviews using questionnaire instruments. The location for data collection was determined purposively, covering areas in 7 sub-districts (kepanewon) in Bantul Regency. Plant samples are then documented and identified. Proximate, mineral and vitamin analyzes were carried out on kedi (Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh), tayuman (Bauhinia purpurea L.), and mulberry (Morus sp.) plants. The research results showed that there were 71 species from 27 families of local vegetables in residents' yards. The types of local vegetable plants recorded are in the Fabaceae family. Meanwhile, the plants that are often found in residents' yards are chilies (Capsicum spp.), bananas (Musa paradisiaca L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl.), spinach (Amaranthus sp.), and jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). Comparison of the results of nutritional analysis of three vegetables shows that among the three plants in 100 grams of sample there is the highest value of sodium in kedi leaves, namely 22.73 mg; protein content 7.36%, vitamin A 209.88 mg, and potassium 441.78 mg in tayuman; and energy from total fat 24.57 Kcal, total energy 84.85 Kcal, and calcium 485.43 mg in mulberries.

INVESTIGATING THE TOXICITY OF BETALAIN COMPOUNDS: IN SILICO ANALYSIS AND IN VIVO PREDICTIONS FOR STANDARDIZED BETA VULGARIS L. EXTRACT

Objective: Extensive research has been conducted on beetroot's antioxidant, hematoprotective, and cardioprotective properties. However, there currently needs to be more available evidence pertaining to the toxicity assessment of the extract. The toxicity assessment was conducted using both in silico and in vivo methods. Prior to testing, the extracts were standardized in accordance with the guidelines set by the Indonesian Food Drug Authority (BPOM), which is the regulatory authority for food and drugs in Indonesia. Methods: The experimental subjects consisted of 25 male Wistar rats in good health, weighing between 150 and 170 grams. These rats were separated into five groups, each including five rats. Group 1 will serve as the control group, while groups 2 through 5 will be designated as the treatment groups. The analysis of chemical toxicity was conducted using pK-CSM, SwissADME, and Pro-Tox II methodologies. Results: The results indicated that the standardized ethanol extract contained 4.341% water, 3.67 % total ash, and 1.53 % acid-insoluble ash. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were absent at a concentration of 0 parts per million (ppm). Subsequently, the total plate count and yeast mould count were 0.47 5 x 10-4 (CFU/g) and a of 0.382 x 10-4 (CFU/g) respectively. This finding implies that the extract meets BPOM requirement. This study also measured the betalain content of red beetroot, yielding a total concentration of 11.34 0.37 mg/100 gram of sample. Haematological experiments showed that beetroot extract affected rat blood haematology. Compared to the control group, rats given the extract had higher red blood cell and platelet counts. Additionally, the Insilico toxicity test conducted on the active component derived from beetroot revealed LD50 of the compounds ranged from 305 mg/kg so that were categorized into classes IV and presence of hepatotoxic potential. During the in vivo experiment, there has been a notable rise in hepatic and renal parameters. Furthermore, one mortality event occurred in the test subject at a 5,000 mg/kg body weight dosage. Conclusion: Single oral administration of the extract at a dose larger than 5,000 mg per kilogram of body weight does not result in lethal effects, however showed potential toxicity to the liver.

Assessing the performance of various sorbents in micro-solid phase extraction cartridges for pesticide residue analysis in feed.

Newly designed micro-solid phase extraction cartridges are now available, reflecting the increasing shift towards laboratory automation, especially in the clean-up step for the analysis of pesticide residues in food and feed. In the present study, the introduction of different sorbents on the newly designed PAL µSPE CTC cartridges was investigated for the removal of matrix interferents and the recovery of pesticides. Eight cartridges containing different sorbent combinations and different amounts were used including EMR-lipid (not activated), Z-sep, chitin, C18, PSA, and GCB. The evaluation of co-extractive removal for each cartridge showed that the optimal choice for removing fatty acids was the cartridges containing PSA and Z-sep as clean-up sorbents. However, the presence of C18 and EMR-lipid was still required for the removal of sterols and tocopherols. Two grams of sample, fish feed (FF) and rapeseed cake (RSC) were extracted using QuEChERS citrate buffer, followed by a freeze-out step. The recoveries and repeatability of QuEChERS using µ-SPE clean-up were evaluated for 216 pesticide residues (112 compounds analyzed by GC-MS/MS and 143 compounds by LC-MS/MS, from which 39 compounds were analyzed using both techniques). The best results, with recovery between 70 and 120% and RSD <20%, were achieved when FF samples were cleaned-up with 15 mg EMR-lipid and 20 mg MgSO4. This was achieved for 94% of GC-amenable compounds and 86% of LC-amenable compounds. In the case of RSC, the best results were seen when samples were cleaned-up with the cartridge containing only 20 mg Z-sep and 20 mg MgSO4. This was achieved for 88% of GC-amenable compounds and 90% of LC-amenable compounds. Although these cartridges yielded optimal results in terms of recovery, their use could require more instrument maintenance, especially for GC-MS/MS, due to the lower removal of co-extractives.

Impact of solid-state fermentation utilizing Saccharomyces boulardii on the chemical composition and bioactive constituents of rice husk

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of solid-state fermentation, utilizing Saccharomyces boulardii on brown rice husk, black rice husk, and smoked rice husk substrates in terms of the availability of different compounds. The fermentation process was carried out at 37 °C for a maximum of 12 h, using yeast (2.5 % w/w) and water (25 %). During fermentation, black rice husks (BLRH) exhibited an increase in vitamins, protein, and fiber content, whereas brown rice husks (BRRH) showed an increase in carbohydrate and fiber, and smoked rice husks (SRH) decreased lipid and fiber content. The solid-state fermentation process also enhanced the availability and accessibility of minerals, except for smoked rice husk. The levels of phenolic compounds in fermented black, brown, and smoked rice husks were 1165, 1108, and 1051 μg per gram of sample, respectively. Importantly, black rice husk fermented for 8 h demonstrated the most favorable results in terms of nutrient and bioactive compound availability. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed correlations among the variables, which could be manipulated to improve the accessibility of diverse compounds.

Agave cupreata fructans, encapsulation as pro and prebiotics

The agave or maguey belongs to the agaváceas family, with long and fibrous leaves, among this species is the Agave cupreata, endemic to the state of Guerrero, the agave has various properties, among them is the high content of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) derived from the hydrolysis of fructans. It has been shown that it possesses prebiotic properties, due to its β bonds it cannot be hydrolyzed by intestinal tract secretions. Therefore, they beneficially affect the host and stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are colonizing the intestinal microbiota and preventing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the objective is to design a prebiotic and probiotic with agave fructans. With Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and L. acidophilus La5, encapsulate them and evaluate their antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Materials and methods: an extraction of agave juice was carried out in a 1:1 ratio between grams of sample and water, in crude and cooked agave, later it was inoculated and fermented with LAB for 4 days, it was decided to encapsulate to evaluate the antimicrobial effect. against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Results: the antibiogram indicated that E. coli is resistant to ampicillin, however the cooked and crude agave juice inhibited to E. coli, the same way cooked and crude agave juice, inhibited the growth of S. typhi, but it did not show resistance to antibiotic. Conclusion: the agave juice inoculated with (BAL) has an inhibitory action against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.

Preliminary assessment of bacterial antibiotic resistance and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus titer in three Florida commercial citrus groves

Over the last 16 years, the U.S. citrus industry has been devastated by citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. The causal agent, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is an unculturable bacterium transmitted by the invasive Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), and by grafting. In 2017 and 2019, the Environmental Protection Agency approved foliar applications of the antibiotics streptomycin (STR) and oxytetracycline (OTC) in commercial citrus groves in Florida. This study provides a preliminary assessment of antibiotic spray effects on three commercial citrus groves by quantifying CLas titer from leaves and antibiotic resistant bacterial colony count from leaf, root+rhizosphere, and soil samples. Two groves used antibiotic spray treatment and followed conventional management, one used no antibiotic treatment and was accredited as an organic grove. Samples were plated onto TSA medium containing either STR (100 μg/mL), OTC (15 μg/mL), or no antibiotic (control) then colony-forming units (CFU) per gram of sample were estimated. Among leaf samples, there were no significant differences in CFU or CLas titer based on grove. For soil samples, we found a larger number of resistant CFU in the organic grove. Root+rhizosphere samples from all groves (organic and conventional) showed high prevalence of both STR and OTC-resistant bacteria indicating that plant selective processes during root colonization might favor antibiotic resistant acquisition. The lack of significant difference in CLas titer among the three groves is supported by other studies which suggest that antibiotic spray might not be an effective control for CLas. This research further highlights the need for continued monitoring of antibiotic efficacy to control plant pathogens in commercial settings.

Counting Bacterial Colony and Reducing noise on Low-Quality Image Using Modified Perona-Malik Diffusion Filter with Sobel Mask Fractional Order

In the field of microbiology, the counting of bacterial colonies is fundamental and mandatory. This is done to estimate the number of bacterial cells in every 1 milliliter or gram of sample. The counting takes a long time and is tedious, so it requires an accurate and fast counting method. The image quality used is very low and contains noise. Therefore, a preprocessing method is needed to reduce the noise. The Perona-Malik filter method is known to be able to remove noise well. However, it is difficult to determine the appropriate gradient threshold parameter ( ) for each different image. To find the appropriate value of , the original Sobel Mask method and Sobel Mask Fractional-Order are used to estimate the value of . The experimental results show the results of noise reduction using PMD with a value of from the original Sobel Mask and Sobel Mask Fractional-Order. The results of the accuracy of determining the value of k with the Sobel Mask Fractional-Order (α=1.0) show higher results based on the F-Measure values for samples 1, 2, and 3 respectively 97%, 98%, and 90%.