Gram Of Fat Research Articles

Clinical and surgical physician’s perception of nutrition knowledge

BackgroundDue to the significant increase in the prevalence of food-related diseases, the value that physicians place on nutritional advice may have implications for patient treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of the importance of nutritional intervention among physicians in the Universidad San Francisco de Quito’s (USFQ) healthcare system.MethodsThis cross-sectional study employed a telephone survey administered to a subset of all medical doctors (MDs) working in the healthcare system clinics of USFQ between 2021 and 2022. Study participants were recruited through voluntary response sample from a complete list of 253 MD. The single time questionnaire consisted of a 22-item validated survey in which attitudes, self-perceived capacity, and knowledge about nutrition ofmedical doctors were evaluated. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, two-sided t test, bivariate associations and linear and logistic regressions.Results136 MDs completed the survey yielding a response rate of 54%. Our analysis grouped participants into clinical (CE) and non-clinical specialties, hereafter referred to as surgical MDs. While a higher percentage of physicians in CE are confident in their ability to provide examples of recommended food portions based on national or international guidelines, 1 in 10 do not know how to use and interpret BMI or waist circumference, and around 1 in 3 do not know how many calories there are in one gram of fat, protein, or carbohydrates, and their basic metabolic functions. Almost all survey participants believe MDs can have an impact on the eating behavior of a patient if time is used to discuss the problem, however, almost half of survey participants believe nutrition counseling is not an effective use of time.ConclusionIt is important to explore the perceptions and self-confidence of physicians around nutrition related issues. Our results demonstrated that nearly 1 in 4 surgical MDs do not feel capable of recognizing nutritional risk in patients, which highlights the essentiality of physicians having an updated understanding of basic nutrition principles. Future research should examine how commonly MDs refer patients to nutritionists/dietitians, as well as strategies for improving physician knowledge on basic nutrition concepts.

The effects of oral nutritional supplements on functional outcomes and body composition in patients with solid cancer undergoing systemic chemotherapy: A pilot study.

10074 Background: Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome characterized by significant weight loss and depletion of skeletal muscle mass. Despite its profound impact on the well-being of cancer patients, the effective management of cancer cachexia remains a challenging and underexplored aspect of oncology. This study aims to investigate the potential benefits of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) to cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: This is single-arm, prospective pilot study. Patients with cancer cachexia undergoing chemotherapy were included. Patients received ONS twice a day for 8 weeks. The ONS contained 200 kcal, 22.5 gram of carbohydrates, 7.5 gram of fat, and 12.5 gram of protein per 200 mL. Primary endpoints were improvements of lean body mass and physical performance. The secondary endpoints were changes of health-care related quality-of-life (HRQoL), nutritional status, and gut microbiomes profiles. EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire, body composition analysis, 4-meter-walk test, hand grip strength test, and fecal microbiome analysis were conducted at baseline and after 8 weeks. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V3 and V4 region) was amplified using PCR and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The QIIME 2 pipelines were used to analyze the raw data. Results: From January 2023 to October 2023, total of 10 patients were included. There were no significant differences of the mean daily energy intake (p=0.62) and calf-circumferences (p=0.2) between baseline and after 8 weeks. However, participants exhibited a statistically significant improvement in hand-grip strength (p=0.002) and 4-meter walk test (p=0.021) after 8 weeks. In the body composition analysis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, no differences were observed in body weight (p=0.43), fat mass (p=0.62), fat-free mass (p=0.27), and fat-free mass index (p=0.38). Also, no significant differences were detected in the results of HRQoL survey (p=0.85). In the microbiome analysis, no differences of microbiome composition at phylum and genus levels, α-diversity, and β-diversity were observed between baseline and after 8 weeks. Conclusions: While ONS have shown potential in enhancing physical functions of patients with cancer cachexia undergoing chemotherapy, this did not correlate with the anticipated microbiome changes or improvements in body composition. The absence of expected microbiome alterations, despite enriched protein and dietary fiber, underscores the complexity of cachexia and indicates that its management may extend beyond nutritional supplementation alone. Further research should explore the broader context of cachexia, including nutrition, metabolic processes, and the impact of chemotherapy.

Gambaran Sifat Organoleptik dan Daya Terima Bakso Ikan dengan Penambahan Daun Kelor (Clarimori) pada Anak Sekolah Dasar

Background : Fish balls are one of the foods that are very popular and favored by the people of Indonesia. Fish balls are usually made from a mixture of fish meat or surimi, tapioca flour as a filler and seasoning – seasoning. ResearchMethod : This study uses experimental methods in the laboratory with a complete randomized design (RAL). Test organoleptic properties using the hedonic test method. The acceptability test was conducted with a target of 30 elementary school children aged 8-12 years. Result: The results of organoleptic studies of fish ball products are known that the best treatment level is t3 (addition of 20% Moringa leaves). The nutritional content of fish balls in 100 grams is energy 134 kcal, protein 18 grams, fat 1.3 grams, and carbohydrates 11 grams. Meanwhile, in 1 serving (75 grams) the nutritional content is 100 kcal of energy, 13 grams of protein, 1 gram of fat, and 9 grams of carbohydrates. The acceptability of clorimori meatballs for school children aged 8 – 12 years is 23 children in the category of good acceptability. Conclusion : The addition of Moringa leaves with the best results is in t3 treatment (20%). In 1 serving (75 grams) with nutritional content of 100 kcal energy, 13 grams of protein, 1 gram of fat, and 9 grams of carbohydrates. The acceptability of fish balls given to 30 elementary school children in the MarongJamaq Utara neighborhood showed good acceptance of 76.7% and less acceptability of 23.3% of people.

Evaluating human milk as a drug delivery vehicle for clofazimine to premature infants

Human milk is proposed as a drug delivery vehicle suitable for use in neonatal patients. Clofazimine, traditionally used for the treatment of leprosy and tuberculosis, is emerging as a treatment for cryptosporidiosis in infants, however its poor aqueous solubility has led to its commercial formulation as a waxy lipid formulation in a capsule, a format that is not suitable for infants. In this study, the evaluation of pasteurised human milk for the delivery of clofazimine was investigated using an in vitro lipolysis model to simulate gastric and intestinal digestion. The total lipid composition of the human milk was characterised alongside the liberated fatty acid species following digestion for comparison to alternative lipid-based delivery systems. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to measure the presence of crystalline clofazimine during digestion and hence the extent of drug solubilisation. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the mass of clofazimine solubilised per gram of human milk fat (drug-to-fat ratio) in digested and undigested human milk. The digestion process was essential for the solubilisation of clofazimine, with digested human milk solubilising a sufficient dose of clofazimine for treatment of a premature infant. Human milk solubilised the clofazimine to a greater extent than bovine milk and infant formula during digestion, most likely as a result of differing lipid composition and increased long-chain fatty acid concentrations. These findings show that human milk enhances the solubility of clofazimine as a model drug and may be a suitable drug delivery vehicle for infant populations requiring therapeutic treatment.

Features of the appointment of enzyme replacement therapy in children with Cystic Fibrosis in the Russian Federation. Cross-sectional study

Relevance: Controversial issues of enzyme replacement therapy for cystic fibrosis continue to be studied, without losing relevance against the background of taking targeted drugs. Studies show that there is a large scale in the dosage of pancreatin that goes beyond the recommended values and there is no unified approach to prescribing the drug related to national and individual characteristics. Currently, there is insufficient data to substantiate consensus recommendations on enzyme therapy from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. There is a need for scientific substantiation of the accepted therapeutic algorithm, search for optimal doses, calculation methods, correction, development of an individual approach to the appointment of pancreatin in cystic fibrosis. Objective: to study the features of pancreatin dosing in children with pancreatic insufficiency of cystic fibrosis in the Russian Federation Material and methods. 140 children (boys - 73, girls - 67) with CF aged from 1 year to 18 years (average age 8,9±5,8 years) were examined in the Department of cystic Fibrosis Scientific and Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Ministry of Health of the City of Mytishchi (clinical base of the scientific and clinical Department of cystic fibrosis). The study was conducted in 2018. The nutritional status (anthropometric indicators) of the pancreatin dose per day and for each meal was assessed using 2 calculation methods: units/kg of body weight and units/g of fat in food. Separately, these indicators were analyzed in a group of patients homozygous for the genetic variant F508del of the CFTR gene Design: cross-sectional study Results. The study showed that 67% of patients in the general group and 68% in the subgroup of patients homozygous for the genetic variant F508del of the CFTR gene received doses of pancreatin in reference values (up to 10,000 EU/kg of body weight per day). When calculating the pancreatin dose by the method per gram of fat in food, most of the patients (59%) in the general group and 47% of patients in the F508del homozygous subgroup received pancreatin doses of less than 2000 EU/g of fat, which is less than the reference values (2000-4000 EU/g). The results are consistent with the data of recent studies indicating an acceptable dosage range of pancreatin 1000-4000 EU/g of fat in food. The median daily dose of pancreatin of the subgroup with the genetic variant F508del of the CFTR gene was 1700 EU/g of fat in food, and in the general group 1500 EU/g of fat (p≥0.05), which can be attributed to the peculiarities of dosing and the need for pancreatin in the Russian pediatric population of patients with cystic fibrosis. The BMI percentile did not differ in subgroups with different doses of pancreatin when calculated by two calculation methods. The median daily dose of pancreatin in patients homozygous for the genetic variant F508del of the CFTR gene and the general group did not differ statistically. Conclusion. Most of the children in the general group and in the subgroup of homozygous F508del genetic variant received pancreatin in the range of 6000-10000 EU/kg of body weight. Most patients in the general group received less than 2000 EU/g of fat, unlike the subgroup with the F508del/F508del mutation - 2000-4000 EU/g of fat (p≥0.05). The median pancreatin of the subgroup with the F508del/F508del mutation was 1700 EU/g of fat in food, in the total group 1500 EU/g of fat (p≥0.05). High doses of pancreatin are not associated with nutritional status (BMI percentile).

The Sum of Plasma Fatty Acids iso16:0, iso17:0, trans11-18:1, cis9, trans11-CLA, and cis6-18:1 as Biomarker of Dairy Intake Established in an Intervention Study and Validated in the EPIC Cohort of Gipuzkoa.

The questioned reliability of 15:0, 17:0, and trans9-16:1 acids as biomarkers of dairy fat intake also questions the relationship between the intake of these products and their health effects. Two studies were conducted in the same geographical region. In an intervention study, volunteers followed a diet rich in dairy products followed by a diet without dairy products. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids (FA) were analyzed, and their correlations with dairy product intakes were tested. The FA biomarkers selected were validated in the Gipuzkoa cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) observational study. The correlation coefficients between plasma concentrations of iso16:0, iso17:0, trans11-18:1, cis9, trans11-18:2, and cis6-18:1 and the dairy fat ingested are similar in both studies, indicating that their concentration increases by 0.8 µmol/L per gram of dairy fat ingested. The biomarkers are positively related to plasma triglycerides (r = 0.324 and 0.204 in the intervention and observational studies, respectively) and total cholesterol (r = 0.459 and 0.382), but no correlation was found between the biomarkers and atherogenicity indexes. In conclusion, the sum of the plasma concentration of the selected FAs can be used as biomarkers of dairy product consumption. A linear relationship exists between their plasma concentrations and ruminant product intake. These biomarkers allow for obtaining consistent relationships between dairy intake and plasma biochemical parameters.

Comparison of Fat Harvested from Flank and Falciform Regions for Stem Cell Therapy in Dogs.

Background: Adipose tissue has recently gained attention as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) for applications in treating degenerative joint disease in veterinary patients. This study aimed to quantify the stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) and colony forming units (CFU) of AdMSCs from the falciform and flank regions and compare dogs of different ages and weights. Methods: Fat tissue was harvested from the flank (21 dogs) and falciform regions (17 dogs). The fat tissue was enzymatically digested and the number of nucleated cells in the SVF was counted. The SVF was cultured in vitro and the cell growth was assessed by counting the CFU per gram of fat and the aspect ratio of the cells. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the number of nucleated cells in the SVF from the two sites. The CFU/g of fat from falciform was 378.9 ± 293 g and from flank was 486.8 ± 517 g, and this was also insignificant. Neither age nor weight of the patient had an impact on the SVF or CFU/g. No surgical complications were reported from either of the sites. Harvesting fat for stem cell therapy for intra-articular therapy of degenerative joint disease can be an easy and fast process when obtaining the fat either from the flank or the falciform region, and it is not age or weight dependent. The harvest site for clinical canine patients can be left to the surgeon’s discretion and comfort.

Instant Porridge with Red Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) and Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) as A Complementary Feeding

Complementary feeding is used for infants aged 6-24 months to meet nutritional needs other than breast milk. The addition of local food ingredients could increase the nutritional value of instant baby porridge, such as red beans and oyster mushrooms, as a source of protein and fiber. This study was conducted to evaluate instant porridge preference and nutritional contents with red beans and oyster mushrooms. Quasi-experiment completely randomized method was used in this study. There were 3 formulations of porridge based on the composition of rice flour and red bean (60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). All formulas were added with 1 gram of dry oyster mushrooms. Based on an organoleptic test conducted by 25 infant mothers, the ratio of 70:30 was the best formula. This formula contained 39.2 grams of carbohydrates, protein 6.1 grams, 1 gram of fat, and 1.1 grams of fiber per serving. Instant porridge formula 2 fulfils the nutritional needs of infants aged 6-12 months of carbohydrates, protein, fat and fiber, respectively 37.3%, 40.1%, 2.9%, and 10%.

Detection of 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone in Low-Dose Irradiated (0.5 Gy) Goose Fat by Triple-Quad GC-MS/MS

Aim of this work was the development of a sensitive procedure to detect low-dose irradiation in the scale of 0.5 Gy to 20 Gy in goose fat by detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB). The general procedure to detect 2-alkylcyclobutanone (2-ACB) according to EN 1785 was optimized by using acetonitrile for extraction of 2-DCB from the lipid fraction before clean-up with silica gel. Gas chromatographic separation was realized by a 15 m TG-5 HT column, and detection was done by using a triple-quad tandem-mass spectrometer in SRM-mode. At the irradiation level of 2 Gy, the optimized procedure showed high repeatability (3.9%), a good intermediate precision (20.9%) and an acceptable recovery rate of 57.8%, with 0.25 ng 2-DCB per gram of fat. With this procedure, a reliable proof of 2-DCB was possible for the irradiation intensities 20, 5 and 2 Gy for three mass transitions; for 0.5 Gy, a proof was possible for one mass transition.

Nutritional Profile and Organoleptic Qualities of Milk Chocolate Incorporated with Different Spices

An innovative spicy chocolate was developed in this study by partial replacement of cocoa nibs with different selected spice powders of: Ginger (G11), Garlic (G12), Clove (C13), Cinnamon, (C14), Turmeric (T15), Aframomum danielli (A16), Aframomum melegueta (A17), Thyme (T18), Black Pepper (B19) and Clappertonia (C20). Milk chocolate without spices (C10) served as Control. The proximate compositions were carried out using standard methods. The Total Calorific values (TCV) was determined using the Atwater factors (physiological fuel values) of 4kcal, 4kcal and 9kcal per gram of carbohydrate, protein and fat respectively. The sensory evaluation was carried out by panel of tasters consisting of 13 males and 18 female staff of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria who were used to consuming chocolates. The result showed significant differences in the proximate chemical compositions of the chocolates (p<0.05). Apart from black pepper with a An significantly lower protein and ash contents when compared to the control chocolate, all the other spices significantly caused an increase in percentage protein and ash in the control milk chocolate. The trend of protein increase is T18 > G11 > T15 > C20 =A17 > A16 > C14 > C13 > G12 > C10 > B19 > respectively. The range of values obtained for the proximate compositions were (%)The Total Calorific Value (TCV) also showed significant differences among all the samples at p<0.05 with the TCV of the control chocolate being the highest. The addition of spices contributed to acceptable tastes, aroma, flavor and general acceptability of milk chocolates. In Conclusion, this study showed that the incorporation of Spices in chocolate increased the protein and ash content of milk chocolate, the organoleptic acceptance while reducing the TCV values This is a desirable findings in view of the fear of high calorific values of Milk Chocolate which may predispose consumers to Obesity when consumed.in large quantities.

CHANGE OF THE ACID NUMBER OF WHEAT GRAIN FAT WHILE STORED IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS

To establish the deadline for freshness and shelf life of wheat during long-term storage, the indicator is considered — acid number of fat (ANF) mg KOH per gram of fat in the stored grain sample. To study the nature of the change of this indicator from temperature and relative humidity of the air, the present studies were performed. Samples of grain, harvest 2017, were placed in a desiccator over salt solutions, which were used to set a certain relative air humidity above the surface of the solution in the range from 35% to 75%. In each desiccator were placed two samples of wheat grain III and IV class weighing about 500 g each. The grain layer in the desiccators was 70–80 mm. To monitor the state of the samples, the Logger 100 TV temperature and relative humidity recorders were placed inside the grain layer with a recording interval of readings after 2 hours. Periodically sampled grain from each desiccator for the determination of ANF and humidity. Acid number of fat was determined by the accepted standard method.The uniformity of humidity values in the desiccators 60% and 75% occurred after two months of storage. For a relative humidity of 35%, 44% arrived after approximately one month of storage. Some fluctuations in relative humidity values are associated with temperature changes at the storage location (laboratory room), as well as with the opening of a desiccator when taking grain samples to determine humidity and ANF. Fluctuations in relative humidity did not exceed 3%. Significant changes (growth) of ANF were observed in the fourth to fifth month of storage the samples at temperatures above 20 °C, at a storage temperature of 10 °C, practically no significant changes in ANF were observed during 9 months of storage.

A first approach for an evidence-based in vitro digestion method to adjust pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in cystic fibrosis.

BackgroundPatients with cystic fibrosis have to take enzymatic supplements to allow for food digestion. However, an evidence-based method to adjust Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT) is inexistent, and lipid content of meals is used as a rough criterion.ObjectiveIn this study, an in vitro digestion model was set up to determine the theoretical optimal dose (TOD) of enzymatic supplement for a selection of foods, which is the dose that allows for maximum lipolysis extent.MethodsA static in vitro digestion model was applied to simulate digestion of eight foods covering a wide range of lipid contents. First, the dose of the enzymatic supplement was fixed at 2000 lipase units per gram of fat (LU/g fat) using intestinal pH and bile salt concentration as variables. Second, intestinal pH and bile salt concentrations were fixed and the variable was the dose of the enzymatic supplement. Lipolysis extent was determined by measuring the free fatty acids released from initial triglycerides content of foods after digestion. Results in terms of percentage of lipolysis extent were fitted into a linear-mixed segmented model and the deducted equations were used to predict the TOD to reach 90% of lipolysis in every food. In addition, the effect of intestinal pH and bile salt concentration were investigated.ResultsThe predictive equations obtained for the assessed foods showed that lipolysis was not only dependent on the dose of the enzyme supplement or the lipid content. Moreover, intestinal pH and bile salt concentration had significant effects on lipolysis. Therefore an evidence-based model can be developed taking into account these variables.ConclusionsDepending on food characteristics, a specific TOD should be assigned to achieve an optimal digestion extent. This work represents a first step towards an evidence-based method for PERT dosing, which will be applied in an in vivo setting to validate its efficacy.

Effect of Decantation Time on Viability and Apoptosis in Adipocytes After Liposuction.

The effect of decantation time on viability and apoptosis in adipocytes has not been described. The objective of the study was to describe viability and apoptosis in adipocytes up to 2h after harvesting. Twenty patients who underwent esthetic liposuction from the abdomen were included. The lipoaspirate was obtained from the infra-umbilical area with the tumescent technique. Liposuction was performed with a 60-ml syringe and a 3-ml cannula. Lipoaspirates were centrifuged at 50g for 5min at 0, 60 and 120min after harvesting. One gram of fat was digested with 0.1% type 1 collagenase and incubated at 37 degrees for 30min. Adipocytes were counted on 10 random microscopic fields. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay. A fluorescence microscope was used to visualize the staining nuclei and cells. Regarding viability, immediately after harvesting, 57.6 ± 18.9% of the cells were viable, whereas 60min after liposuction the viability decreased to 51.62 ± 8.8% and 120min after liposuction the percentage of viable cells was 46.8 ± 16.9%. The percentage of apoptotic cells at time 0 was 38.2 ± 8.0%, whereas it was 51.24 ± 8.1% at 60min and 62.9 ± 16.1% at 120min after collection. Apoptosis and mortality of adipocytes after liposuction increase directly proportional to the time of decantation. Lipoinjection should be performed as soon as possible after harvesting. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Prediction of body fat loss in relation to change in nutrient intake among housewives participating in the MyBFF@home study

BackgroundDiet compositions are likely to be one of the influential factors for body fat deposition. The aim of this paper was to determine the nutrient changes and its association to body fat loss among the overweight and obese housewives in the MyBFF@home study.MethodsData of participants in the MyBFF@home study (intervention and control groups) were analysed. Participants in the intervention group received personalised dietary counselling consisted of reduced calorie diet 1200–1500 kcal/day, while the control group was assigned to receive women’s health seminars. The dietary assessment was done during the intervention phase at baseline, 1 month (m), 2 m, 3 m and 6 m using a 3-day food diary. Body fat was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyser (In-body 720) at baseline and at the end of the intervention phase. The mean differences of nutrient intake and body compositions during the intervention phase were measured with paired t-test. The changes in body fat and nutrients intake were calculated by subtracting baseline measurements from those taken at 6 months. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the extent to which the changes in each gram of nutrients per 1000 kcal were predictive of changes in body fat mass.ResultsThere were significant reductions in energy, all macronutrients, dietary fibre, calcium and iron intake in both study groups after the intervention phase (p < 0.05). In the intervention group, body fat loss increased with the reduction of each gram of carbohydrate, protein and fat per 1000 kcal, (p < 0.05), and decreased with the reduction of each gram of calcium and fibre intake per 1000 kcal (p < 0.05). In the control group, body fat loss increased with the reduction of each gram fat per 1000 kcal (p < 0.05) and decreased with the reduction of each gram iron per 1000 kcal.ConclusionChanges in the intake of various nutrients have different effects on body fat loss between the intervention and control group.

Food Consumption And Energy Intake In Rural Areas of Bangladesh

Background: Food supply at national level is satisfactory in Bangladesh though per capita energy intake and diversity of food are important concerns with food security in rural areas. Objectives: This nutritional survey was carried out to observe the food diversity at household level and to estimate per capita energy intake in rural areas for assessing the existing situation.Methodology: A total 648 households were surveyed in three villages selected by cluster sampling technique. Informations were collected on the basis of 24 hours' recall of respondents about the food items and the amount consumed at the household on the previous day and eating occasions by structured partially close ended questionnaire.Results: Food diversity was on the 'Border line' (3-6 score) at 65.28% of the household. Rice and oil were consumed at every house but per capita intake of meat, fish, fruits and vegetables were 64.67, 62.07, 20.11 and 57.78 gram respectively where those were consumed. Per capita food energy intake per day was 2695 kcal from 150.45 gram (616.85 k cal) of protein, 397.50 gram (1590.01 k cal) of carbohydrate and 52.49 gram (488.13 k cal) of fat from all sources giving 22.89%, 59.00 % and 18.11% of the dietary energy respectively.Interpretation &amp; Conclusion: Diversity of foods and consumption of animal protein, vegetables and fruits intake were lower in amount.Recommendation: Recommendation was made to initiate health education program for inclusion of varieties of food and increase daily consumption of animal protein, fruits and vegetables.KYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-1, Jul 2016, Page 687-690

Vitamin Fortification of Fluid Milk.

Vitamin concentrates with vitamins A and D are used for fortification of fluid milk. Although many of the degradation components of vitamins A and D have an important role in flavor/fragrance applications, they may also be source(s) of off-flavor(s) in vitamin fortified milk due to their heat, oxygen, and the light sensitivity. It is very important for the dairy industry to understand how vitamin concentrates can impact flavor and flavor stability of fluid milk. Currently, little research on vitamin degradation products can be found with respect to flavor contributions. In this review, the history, regulations, processing, and storage stability of vitamins in fluid milk are addressed along with some hypotheses for the role of vitamin A and D fortification on flavor and stability of fluid milk.

Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy and Coefficient of Fat Absorption in Children and Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis.

Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is the proven therapy to substantially reduce fat malabsorption in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Few details of the daily practice regarding PERT and the resulting coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) are known. We therefore recorded the PERT and CFA in a large cohort of pancreatic insufficient pediatric patients with CF. We retrospectively studied 1719 completed 3-day dietary food records, including the pancreatic enzyme intake registrations, and 1373 CFA assessments of 224 patients with CF, ages 0-17 years. The clinical characteristics, PERT, expressed as an intake of lipase unit (LU) per gram of fat per day and LU per kilogram per day, and the CFA were described for the group as a whole and separately for those on enteral tube feeding. Cross-sectional relationship between the CFA and the LU per gram of fat per day and LU per kilogram per day were determined for each year of age. We also addressed the effect of the interventions done in patients with CFA outcomes <85%. The LU per gram of fat per day was relatively stable throughout the age groups, whereas the LU per kilogram per day fell markedly with age. The median CFA in the age group 17 varied between 86% and 91%, however, with a CFA below 85% in 325 of 1373 (24%) of the measurements. No relationship was found between PERT and CFA. The patients with persistent CFA less than 85% had significant lower z scores weight for age and weight for height (P = 0.01) than those with CFA at least 85%. In this study population, no correlation between an enzyme dosage and the degree of fat malabsorption was found; however, a CFA below 85% was found in 24% of the measurements.

Evaluation of the oral (13)C-bicarbonate technique for measurements of energy expenditure in dogs before and after body weight reduction.

BackgroundOverweight and obesity are the most common nutritional disorders in dogs and may lead to various secondary diseases and decreased lifespan. In obesity research, measurement of energy expenditure (EE) and determination of the energy requirements are essential. The objective with this study was to validate and evaluate the suitability of the oral 13C-bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) for measuring EE in dog obesity studies. A further objective was to investigate the impact of body weight (BW) reduction and changes in body composition on the EE when measured under conditions corresponding to the basal metabolic rate (BMR).ResultsThe EE in five privately owned, overweight dogs was measured simultaneously with the o13CBT and indirect calorimetry (IC) for comparison of the results. Two measurements per dog were performed under the same standardised conditions (i.e. fasted and resting state) at the start, and after completing a 12-week BW reduction program. Additionally, measurements of body composition by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were conducted at the beginning and at the end of the BW reduction program. There were no differences in EE results obtained by the o13CBT and IC. Overweight and the BW reduction did not affect the estimates for the respiratory quotient (RQ) or the recovery factor for the 13C-tracer (RF), both needed when using the o13CBT. The dogs lost 16% (SD ± 2.0) of their initial BW in reduced fat mass (P < 0.001), whereas fat free mass (FFM) remained unchanged. There was no effect of the BW reduction on the determined EE expressed in kJ/kg BW/d, or in kJ/kg BW0.75/d. However, EE was lower (P < 0.001) after the BW reduction program when expressed in relation to FFM (kJ/kg FFM/d).ConclusionsResults from the present study show that the o13CBT can be a used in obesity research to determine EE in fasted dogs and under resting conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest that the BMR does not change with reduced BW in overweight dogs as long as the FFM remains unchanged. This indicates that the BMR to maintain one gram of fat is equal to maintaining one gram of FFM in overweight dogs.

Everything You Know about Calories is Wrong

The article discusses the inaccuracy of counting calories. The author argues that the calorie counts on food labels can greatly differ from the calories the human body actually extracts. Topics include how the body digests and uses food, a method for calculating the average number of calories in one gram of fat, protein, and carbohydrate by American chemist Wilbur Olin Atwater, and flaws in the way calories are calculated, which are based on Atwater's method.

LB035-SUN SUPERIOR PREFERENCE FOR A SPECIFIC FRUIT-BASED ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT AMONG OLDER ADULTS

Rationale: Malnutrition is common in hospitalized patients, however, it is not always identified and treated appropriately by physicians. One of the reasons is lack of clinical nutrition education for physicians. Firstly, physicians are generally unaware of the incidence of malnutrition and its impact on their patient’s health and the treatment outcomes. Secondly, most physicians have limited nutrition knowledge. Total Nutrition Therapy (TNTTM) is a 2-day, postgraduate, continuing educational seminar developed for physicians to learn the global standard of clinical nutrition. Objective: To evaluate the effect of TNTTM seminar on the knowledge of clinical nutrition in Japanese physicians. Methods: The TNTTM seminar in Japan was started in 1999 and has been held more than 400 times and educated more than 17,000 physicians. Since 2004, the participants in the Kinki area have completed a short pre and post test about clinical nutrition knowledge. The content of the test includes the definitions for abbreviations, the composition of TPN solutions, energy produced by 1 gram of carbohydrate, protein, and fat, and other basic knowledge related to clinical nutrition practice. The pre and post test scores were compared to evaluate the seminar outcome. Results: The number of physicians who attended TNTTM seminars in the Kinki area for last 6 years was 1024. The average pretest score was very low: only 50% of the physicians correctly estimated the energy yield per gram of macronutrients. 41.9% of the participants correctly selected the definitions for abbreviations and 67% correctly answered questions about other basic nutrition knowledge. The scores significantly improved after the seminar. Conclusion: We may conclude that nutrition education for physicians with TNTTM seminar can improve the physicians’ knowledge regarding clinical nutrition and also can raise the awareness of the importance of clinical nutrition.